Introduction
Method
Setting
Design
Participants
Procedures
Data Analysis
Results
All participants | Participants included in the test–retest analyses | |
---|---|---|
Number of participants | 30 | 23 |
Gender: male/female (n) | 24/6 | 20/3 |
Age (years) [median (IQR)] | 46.2 (35.2; 54.4) | 46.0 (35.2; 55.5) |
BMI (kg/m2) [median (IQR)] | 25.8 (23.4; 28.3) | 25.7 (23.7; 27.8) |
Marital status [n (%)] | ||
Single | 10 (33.3) | 7 (30.4) |
Living together with partner | 19 (63.3) | 16 (69.6) |
Divorced or widowed | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) |
Highest level of education [n (%)] | ||
Primary school | 1 (3.3) | 1 (4.3) |
Middle or high school | 21 (70.0) | 15 (65.2) |
College or university | 8 (26.7) | 7 (30.4) |
Employed [n (%)] | 14 (46.7) | 12 (52.2) |
Level of amputation (n) | ||
Transhumeral | 5 (16.7) | 3 (13.0) |
Transradial or wrist disarticulation | 25 (83.3) | 20 (87.0) |
Side of deficiency: left/right (n) | 13/17 | 11/12 |
Cause of deficiency (n) | ||
Congenital | 1 (3.3) | 1 (4.3) |
Amputation: trauma | 29 (96.7) | 21 (95.7) |
Amputation of dominant handa [n (%)] | 17 (63.0) | 12 (60.0) |
Time since amputation (years)b [median (IQR)] | 1.7 (1.4; 5.1) | 1.7 (1.4; 5.1) |
At clinic for first fitting with prosthesisc [n (%)] | 6 (20.0) | 5 (21.7) |
Years of prosthesis use [median (IQR)]d
| 1.5 (1.0; 18.0)e
| 1.5 (1.0; 18.8) |
Prosthetic use during FCE-OH testing [n (%)] | 19 (63.3) | 15 (65.2) |
Myoelectric traditional | 11 (57.9) | 8 (53.3) |
Myoelectric with multiarticulating hand | 1 (5.3) | 1 (6.7) |
Body-powered | 4 (21.1) | 3 (20.0) |
(Prototype) cosmetic | 3 (15.8) | 3 (20.0) |
Stability of Construct
Repeatability
n | Mean ± SD or median (IQR) session 1 | Mean ± SD or median (IQR) session 2 | Mean difference ± SD | 95% CI of mean difference |
p
| LoA | Ratio of LoA (%) | ICC (95% CI of ICC) | Interpretation ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overhead lifting test with a container (kg) | 22b
| 8.0 (5.8; 12.0)a
| 8.0 (6.0; 10.5)a
| 0.2 ± 1.6 | −0.5; 0.9 | 0.581 | −3.1; 3.4 | 40.3 | 0.89 (0.77; 0.95) | Good |
Overhead lifting test with a 2.0 kg weight (s) | 23 | 34.2 ± 7.4 | 32.1 ± 6.8 | 2.1 ± 3.7 | 0.6; 3.6 | 0.014* | −5.2; 9.4 | 22.0 | 0.83 (0.64; 0.92) | Good |
Overhead working test (s) | 23 | 216.0 (127.0; 293.0)a
| 185.0 (112.0; 261.0)a
| 37.8 ± 77.0 | 6.3; 69.3 | 0.052 | −116.3; 191.8 | 70.6 | 0.74 (0.48; 0.88) | Moderate |
Repetitive reaching test with unaffected limb (s) | 22c
| 51.0 (47.2; 53.3)a
| 46.3 (40.2; 50.4)a
| 6.5 ± 5.6 | 4.2; 8.9 | <0.001** | −4.7; 17.7 | 23.0 | 0.59 (0.24; 0.81) | Moderate |
Repetitive reaching test with prosthesis (s) | 13d,e
| 57.7 (46.2; 64.2)a
| 55.0 (44.2; 60.3)a
| 5.1 ± 5.4 | 2.1; 8.0 | 0.003** | −5.7; 15.8 | 19.1 | 0.88 (0.65; 0.96) | Good |
Fingertip dexterity test with unaffected hand (n) | 22f
| 12.8 ± 2.3 | 13.4 ± 2.0 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −1.1; −0.1 | 0.022* | −2.9; 1.6 | 17.6 | 0.83 (0.63; 0.92) | Good |
Fingertip dexterity test with prosthesis (n) | 9d,e,g
| 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | −0.7 ± 1.2 | −1.5; 0.0 | 0.098 | −3.1; 1.6 | 56.6 | 0.38 (−0.30; 0.81) | Poor |
Hand grip strength test (kg) | 23 | 43.6 ± 12.3 | 44.6 ± 11.8 | −0.9 ± 4.4 | −2.7; 0.8 | 0.310 | −9.5; 7.6 | 19.4 | 0.93 (0.85; 0.97) | Excellent |
n | Mean ± SD or median (IQR) session 1 | Mean ± SD or median (IQR) session 2 | Mean difference ± SD | 95% CI of mean difference |
p
| LoA | Ratio of LoA (%) | ICC (95% CI of ICC) | Interpretation ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overhead lifting test with a container (kg) | 17 | 8.0 (6.5; 12.0)a
| 8.0 (7.0; 11.0)a
| 0.2 ± 1.2 | −0.3; 0.8 | 0.414 | −2.2; 2.6 | 29.4 | 0.94 (0.84; 0.98) | Excellent |
Overhead lifting test with a 2.0 kg weight (s) | 17 | 34.5 ± 8.0 | 31.2 ± 7.0 | 2.8 ± 3.8 | 1.0; 4.6 | 0.007** | −4.6; 10.3 | 22.8 | 0.82 (0.57; 0.93) | Good |
Overhead working test (s) | 17 | 205.0 (117.5; 313.5)a
| 171.0 (112.0; 278.0)a
| 40.6 ± 83.0 | 1.1; 80.1 | 0.136 | −125.5; 206.6 | 78.5 | 0.73 (0.40; 0.89) | Moderate |
Repetitive reaching test with unaffected limb (s) | 16 | 50.2 (44.2; 52.8)a
| 45.3 (39.2; 50.0)a
| 7.0 ± 5.7 | 4.2; 9.8 | <0.001** | −4.5; 18.5 | 24.2 | 0.57 (0.13; 0.82) | Moderate |
Repetitive reaching test with prosthesis (s) | 9 | 53.0 (43.0; 64.2)a
| 47.3 (40.2; 59.7)a
| 5.7 ± 6.3 | 1.6; 9.9 | 0.017* | −6.9; 18.4 | 23.4 | 0.87 (0.57; 0.97) | Good |
Fingertip dexterity test with unaffected hand (n) | 17 | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 13.4 ± 2.0 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −1.1; 0.0 | 0.049* | −2.8; 1.6 | 17.1 | 0.82 (0.57; 0.93) | Good |
Fingertip dexterity test with prosthesis (n) | 6 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | −1.1 ± 1.2 | −2.1; −0.1 | 0.073 | −3.5; 1.3 | 58.2 | 0.23 (−0.58; 0.84) | Poor |
Hand grip strength test (kg) | 17 | 41.2 ± 11.1 | 41.7 ± 11.8 | −0.6 ± 3.3 | −2.1; 1.0 | 0.498 | −7.0; 5.9 | 15.6 | 0.96 (0.95; 0.99) | Excellent |
FCE-OH test item | n | Session 1 | Session 2 | F-value (df) |
p
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | Trial 6 | ||||
Repetitive reaching test with the dominant hand (s) | 16 | 54.8 ± 8.92**; 3**; 4**; 5**; 6** | 50.3 ± 10.21**; 5**, 6** | 47.9 ± 11.71** | 45.8 ± 7.31** | 43.8 ± 8.91**; 2** | 42.5 ± 7.81**; 2** | 19.2 (2.3) | <0.001** |
Repetitive reaching test with the prosthetic hand (s) | 9 | 61.1 ± 17.95*; 6* | 56.8 ± 18.6 | 53.4 ± 20.1 | 52.2 ± 14.1 | 52.0 ± 13.51*
| 49.9 ± 13.61*
| 6.6 (2.0) | 0.008** |
Fingertip dexterity test with the dominant hand (n) | 17 | 11.6 ± 1.62**; 5**; 6** | 13.4 ± 2.41**
| 13.3 ± 2.8 | 12.5 ± 2.45* | 13.8 ± 2.21**; 4* | 13.8 ± 2.01** | 8.2 (5) | <0.001** |