Background
Methods
Research setting and study design
Outcome
Independent variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics (%) | Original cohort (N = 4231) | Percentage located at 11 years (N = 3565) |
p-value
a
| Analyzed sample (N = 3182) |
p-value
b
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Characteristics | |||||
Household income (quintiles) |
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
| |||
1 (poorest) | 871 (20.6) | 82.7 |
80.6
| ||
2 | 854 (20.2) | 86.3 |
85.1
| ||
3 | 816 (19.3) | 88.7 |
87.6
| ||
4 | 858 (20.3) | 89.6 |
88.7
| ||
5 (wealthiest) | 830 (19.6) | 84.3 |
82.4
| ||
Age at childbirth (years) |
0.001
|
0.001
| |||
≤ 20 | 1032 (24.4) | 85.2 |
83.8
| ||
21–25 | 1129 (26.7) | 83.8 |
82.1
| ||
26–30 | 924 (21.9) | 86.6 |
85.2
| ||
31+ | 1142 (27.0) | 89.4 |
88.2
| ||
Smoking during pregnancy |
0.059
|
0.079
| |||
No | 3067 (72.5) | 86.9 |
85.5
| ||
Yes | 1162 (27.5) | 84.6 |
83.2
| ||
Gestational diabetes mellitus |
0.011
|
0.008
| |||
No | 4100 (97.0) | 86.0 | 84.6 | ||
Yes | 126 (3.0) | 94.2 | 93.7 | ||
Hypertensionc in pregnancy |
0.623
|
0.546
| |||
No | 3220 (76.3) | 86.2 | 84.7 | ||
Yes | 1001 (23.7) | 86.8 | 85.6 | ||
Child Characteristics | |||||
Sex |
0.498
|
0.471
| |||
Male | 2195 (51.9) | 85.9 | 84.5 | ||
Female | 2034 (48.1) | 86.6 | 85.3 | ||
Birth weight | 0.776 |
0.517
| |||
≥ 2500 g | 3803 (90.0) | 86.3 | 85.0 | ||
< 2500 g | 423 (10.0) | 85.8 | 83.6 | ||
Gestational age (weeks) |
0.202
|
0.171
| |||
< 34 | 140 (3.3) | 82.1 |
79.1
| ||
34–36 | 472 (11.2) | 88.3 |
86.8
| ||
≥ 37 | 3603 (85.5) | 86.2 | 84.8 | ||
Weight-for-gestational age |
0.628
|
0.585
| |||
Small | 526 (12.5) | 85.7 | 84.3 | ||
Adequate | 3390 (80.4) | 86.2 | 84.8 | ||
Large | 300 (7.1) | 88.1 | 87.0 | ||
Skin color |
0.159
|
0.095
| |||
White | 2726 (68.2) | 88.3 | 87.1 | ||
Non-white | 1272 (31.8) | 89.8 | 89.0 |
Characteristics | N (%) | HSBPa (N = 53) | HDBPb (N = 74) | HSDBPc (N = 40) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex |
0.018
|
0.019
|
0.525
| |
Male | 1637 (51.45) | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3) | 1.4 (0.8–2.0) |
Female | 1545 (48.55) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) | 3.0 (2.1–3.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) |
Skin color |
0.377
|
0.260
|
0.235
| |
White | 2136 (67.13) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 2.1 (1.5–2.7) | 1.1 (0.6–1.5) |
Non-white | 1046 (32.87) | 1.3 (0.6–2.0) | 2.8 (1.8–3.8) | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) |
Gestational diabetes |
0.029
|
0.735
|
0.144
| |
No | 3074 (96.70) | 1.6 (1.1–2.0) | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
Yes | 105 (3.30) | 4.8 (0.7–8.9) | 2.9 (−0.3–6.1) | 2.9 (−0.3–6.1) |
Hypertension in pregnancy |
0.143
|
0.409
|
0.580
| |
No | 2413 (75,95) | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) | 2.2 (1.6–2.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
Yes | 764 (24,05) | 2.2 (1.2–3.3) | 2.7 (1.6–3.9) | 1.4 (0.6–2.3) |
Mothers’ age at childbirth |
0.832
|
0.081
|
0.181
| |
≤ 20 | 768 (24.15) | 1.6 (0.7–2.4) | 1.3 (0.5–2.1) | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) |
21–25 | 822 (25.85) | 1.5 (0.6–2.3) | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | 1.0 (0.3–1.6) |
26–30 | 697 (21.92) | 1.6 (0.7–2.5) | 3.3 (2.0–4.6) | 2.0 (1.0–3.1) |
> 30 | 893 (28.08) | 2.0 (1.1–2.9) | 2.4 (1.4–3.3) | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) |
Family history hypertension |
0.442
|
0.021
|
0.489
| |
None | 2079 (73.80) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 2.2 (1.6–2.8) | 1.2 (0.7–1.7) |
From mother | 354 (12.57) | 1.7 (0.3–3.0) | 1.7 (0.3–3.0) | 1.1 (0.0–2.2) |
From father | 316 (11.22) | 2.5 (0.8–4.3) | 2.5 (0.8–4.3) | 1.3 (0.0–2.5) |
From both | 68 (2.41) | 2.9 (−1.1–7.0) | 8.8 (2.0–15.6) | 2.9 (−1.1–7.0) |
Household income (quintiles) |
0.148
|
0.053
|
0.256
| |
1 (poorest) | 608 (19.11) | 1.5 (0.5–2.4) | 3.6 (2.1–5.1) | 1.3 (0.4–2.2) |
2 | 649 (20.40) | 0.9 (0.2–1.7) | 1.7 (0.7–2.7) | 1.1 (0.3–1.9) |
3 | 634 (19.92) | 2.1 (0.9–3.2) | 1.3 (0.4–2.1) | 1.1 (0.3–1.9) |
4 | 687 (21.59) | 1.3 (0.5–2.2) | 2.3 (1.2–3.5) | 0.7 (0.1–1.4) |
5 (wealthiest) | 604 (18.98) | 2.6 (1.4–3.9) | 2.8 (1.5–4.1) | 2.2 (1.0–3.3) |
Smoking during pregnancy |
0.463
|
0.144
|
0.935
| |
No | 2325 (73.07) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 2.6 (1.9–3.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
Yes | 857 (26.93) | 1.8 (0.9–2.6) | 1.6 (0.8–2.5) | 1.3 (0.5–2.0) |
Birth weight |
0.452
|
0.057
|
1.000
| |
≥ 2500 g | 2911 (91.48) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 2.2 (1.6–2.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
< 2500 g | 271 (8.52) | 2.2 (0.5–4.0) | 4.1 (1.7–6.4) | 1.5 (0.0–2.9) |
Weight-for-gestational age |
0.752
|
0.715
|
0.772
| |
Small | 392 (12.33) | 2.0 (0.6–3.4) | 2.0 (0.6–3.4) | 2.0 (0.6–3.4) |
Adequate | 2554 (80.31) | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) | 2.3 (1.7–2.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
Large | 234 (7.36) | 1.7 (0.0–3.4) | 3.0 (0.8–5.2) | 0.9 (0.3–0.2) |
Gestational age (weeks) |
0.178
|
0.011
|
0.300
| |
< 34 | 72 (2.26) | 1.4 (−1.3–4.1) | 8.3 (1.9–14.8) | 1.4 (− 1.3–4.1) |
34–36 | 355 (11.16) | 2.8 (1.1–4.5) | 2.5 (0.9–4.2) | 2.3 (0.7–3.8) |
≥ 37 | 2753 (86.57) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) |
Physical activity |
0.441
|
0.896
|
0.138
| |
Active | 896 (28.40) | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) | 2.2 (1.3–3.2) | 1.1 (0.4–1.8) |
No active | 2259 (71.60) | 1.8 (1.2–2.3) | 2.4 (1.8–3.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) |
0.428
|
0.769
|
0.858
| |
1 (lowest) | 622 (19.60) | 1.0 (0.2–1.7) | 2.1 (1.0–3.2) | 1.4 (0.5–2.4) |
2 | 644 (20.29) | 1.7 (0.7–2.7) | 3.0 (1.6–4.3) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) |
3 | 640 (20.16) | 2.2 (1.1–3.3) | 2.5 (1.3–3.7) | 1.6 (0.6–2.5) |
4 | 632 (19.91) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 1.9 (0.8–3.0) | 0.8 (0.1–1.5) |
5 (highest) | 636 (20.04) | 2.0 (0.9–3.1) | 2.2 (1.1–3.3) | 1.1 (0.3–1.9) |
Weekly consumption of package chips |
0.229
|
0.748
|
0.721
| |
None | 299 (9.42) | 2.3 (0.6–4.1) | 2.3 (0.6–4.1) | 2.3 (0.6–4.1) |
Up to 1 package | 1586 (49.97) | 1.9 (1.2–2.6) | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
2 packages | 758 (23.88) | 0.9 (0.2–1.6) | 2.8 (1.6–3.9) | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) |
≥ 3 packages | 531 (16.73) | 1.7 (0.6–2.8) | 2.4 (1.1–3.8) | 1.1 (0.2–2.0) |
BMI-for-age Z score (11 years old)
|
0.011
|
1.000
|
0.240
| |
Normal | 1769 (55.59) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) | 2.4 (1.7–3.1) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) |
Overweight | 712 (22.38) | 1.8 (0.8–2.8) | 2.2 (1.2–3.3) | 1.8 (0.8–2.8) |
Obesity | 701 (22.03) | 2.9 (1.6–4.1) | 2.3 (1.2–3.4) | 2.9 (1.6–4.1) |
Total | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
Characteristics | Repeated High Systolic Blood Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | (95% CI) |
P
*
| Adjusted OR | (95% CI) |
P
*
| |
Sex |
0.015
|
0.025
| ||||
Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 0.49 | (0.28–0.88) | 0.51 | (0.29–0.92) | ||
Skin color |
0.304
|
0.789
| ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Non-white | 0.73 | (0.39–1.35) | 0.91 | (0.47–1.76) | ||
Gestational diabetes |
0.038
|
0.027
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 3.15 | (1.23–8.09) | 2.92 | (1.13–7.58) | ||
Hypertension in pregnancy |
0.155
|
0.236
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.55 | (0.86–2.78) | 1.44 | (0.79–2.64) | ||
Maternal age at childbirth |
0.818
|
0.866
| ||||
≤ 20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
21–25 | 0.93 | (0.42–2.09) | 0.88 | (0.38–2.04) | ||
26–30 | 1.01 | (0.44–2.30) | 0.68 | (0.67–3.41) | ||
> 30 | 1.30 | (0.62–2.71) | 0.89 | (0.30–6.25) | ||
Family history hypertension |
0.657
|
0.704
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
From mother | 1.04 | (0.43–2.49) | 0.80 | (0.31–2.06) | ||
From father | 1.56 | (0.72–3.41) | 1.48 | (0.66–3.31) | ||
From both | 1.82 | (0.43–7.75) | 1.32 | (0.29–6.00) | ||
Household income (quintiles) |
0.144
|
0.240
| ||||
1 (poorest) | 0.55 | (0.24–1.26) | 0.59 | (0.25–1.37) | ||
2 | 0.34 | (0.13–0.88) | 0.37 | (0.14–0.97) | ||
3 | 0.77 | (0.37–1.61) | 0.79 | (0.37–1.70) | ||
4 | 0.49 | (0.21–1.11) | 0.51 | (0.22–1.17) | ||
5 (wealthiest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking during pregnancy |
0.822
|
0.885
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.07 | (0.59–1.96) | 1.05 | (0.54–2.04) | ||
Birth weight |
0.480
|
0.501
| ||||
≥ 2500 g | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
< 2500 g | 1.38 | (0.58–3.26) | 1.44 | (0.50–4.12) | ||
Weight-for-gestational age |
0.830
|
0.972
| ||||
Small | 1.28 | (0.59–2.74) | 0.93 | (0.33–2.64) | ||
Adequate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Large | 1.07 | (0.38–3.00) | 0.89 | (0.30–2.64) | ||
Gestational age (weeks) |
0.252
|
0.135
| ||||
< 34 | 0.91 | (0.12–6.70) | 1.05 | (0.14–7.79) | ||
34–36 | 1.87 | (0.93–3.76) | 2.05 | (1.01–4.16) | ||
≥ 37 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Physical activity at 11 years |
0.381
|
0.290
| ||||
Active | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
No active | 1.33 | (0.69–2.54) | 1.43 | (0.74–2.76) | ||
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) |
0.416
|
0.322
| ||||
1 (lowest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
2 | 1.78 | (0.66–4.85) | 1.80 | (0.64–5.05) | ||
3 | 2.30 | (0.88–6.01) | 2.63 | (0.97–7.14) | ||
4 | 1.48 | (0.52–4.19) | 1.90 | (0.65–5.60) | ||
5 (highest) | 2.14 | (0.81–5.67) | 2.82 | (0.97–8.19) | ||
Weekly consumption of chips |
0.236
|
0.387
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Up to 1 package | 0.80 | (0.35–1.85) | 1.02 | (0.41–2.53) | ||
2 packages | 0.39 | (0.14–1.12) | 0.51 | (0.17–1.58) | ||
≥ 3 packages | 0.72 | (0.27–1.95) | 1.15 | (0.39–3.39) | ||
BMI-for-age Z score (11 years old)
|
0.014
|
0.022
| ||||
Normal | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Overweight | 1.63 | (0.80–3.29) | 1.64 | (0.81–3.31) | ||
Obesity | 2.57 | (1.37–4.80) | 2.44 | (1.29–4.59) |
Characteristics | Repeated High Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | (95% CI) |
P*
| Adjusted OR | (95% CI) |
P*
| |
Sex |
0.017
|
0.047
| ||||
Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 1.76 | (1.10–2.84) | 1.67 | (1.01–2.76) | ||
Skin color |
0.249
|
0.182
| ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Non-white | 1.33 | (0.83–2.13) | 1.43 | (0.84–2.43) | ||
Gestational diabetes |
0.723
|
0.928
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.24 | (0.39–4.02) | 1.06 | (0.31–3.57) | ||
Hypertension in pregnancy |
0.387
|
0.520
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.26 | (0.75–2.10) | 1.22 | (0.67–2.22) | ||
Maternal age at childbirth |
0.078
|
0.114
| ||||
≤ 20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
21–25 | 1.89 | (0.88–4.06) | 2.42 | (1.04–5.66) | ||
26–30 | 2.59 | (1.22–5.47) | 2.76 | (1.18–6.48) | ||
> 30 | 1.83 | (0.85–3.90) | 1.98 | (0.83–4.70) | ||
Family history hypertension |
0.040
|
0.018
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
From mother | 0.76 | (0.32–1.80) | 0.69 | (0.29–1.65) | ||
From father | 1.15 | (0.54–2.46) | 1.12 | (0.52–2.41) | ||
From both | 4.28 | (1.76–10.39) | 3.95 | (1.59–9.85) | ||
Household income (quintiles) |
0.051
|
0.062
| ||||
1 (poorest) | 1.30 | (0.68–2.47) | 1.37 | (0.67–2.83) | ||
2 | 0.60 | (0.28–1.28) | 0.60 | (0.25–1.40) | ||
3 | 0.44 | (0.19–1.03) | 0.41 | (0.17–1.02) | ||
4 | 0.82 | (0.41–1.64) | 0.79 | (0.39–1.61) | ||
5 (wealthiest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking during pregnancy |
0.103
|
0.089
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 0.63 | (0.35–1.13) | 0.56 | (0.28–1.09) | ||
Birth weight |
0.070
|
0.836
| ||||
≥ 2500 g | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
< 2500 g | 1.91 | (1.00–3.67) | 1.11 | (0.40–3.09) | ||
Weight-for-gestational age |
0.753
|
0.783
| ||||
Small | 0.88 | (0.42–1.86) | 0.90 | (0.36–2.24) | ||
Adequate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Large | 1.30 | (0.59–2.89) | 1.32 | (0.57–3.02) | ||
Gestational age (weeks) |
0.025
|
0.020
| ||||
< 34 | 4.15 | (1.73–9.95) | 4.08 | (1.52–10.96) | ||
34–36 | 1.19 | (0.58–2.42) | 1.00 | (0.45–2.23) | ||
≥ 37 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Physical activity at 11 years of age |
0.790
|
0.695
| ||||
Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |||
Inactive | 1.07 | (0.64–1.80) | 1.12 | (0.63–1.99) | ||
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) |
0.764
|
0.523
| ||||
1 (lowest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
2 | 1.42 | (0.70–2.91) | 1.68 | (0.79–3.56) | ||
3 | 1.20 | (0.57–2.52) | 1.07 | (0.48–2.39) | ||
4 | 0.91 | (0.41–2.00) | 0.92 | (0.39–2.20) | ||
5 (highest) | 1.05 | (0.49–2.26) | 1.15 | (0.50–2.68) | ||
Weekly consumption of package chips |
0.779
|
0.454
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Up to 1 package | 0.89 | (0.39–2.02) | 0.77 | (0.33–1.82) | ||
2 packages | 1.19 | (0.50–2.83) | 1.22 | (0.49–3.05) | ||
≥ 3 packages | 1.05 | (0.41–2.65) | 1.27 | (0.44–3.67) | ||
BMI-for-age (11 years old – z score)
|
0.978
|
0.946
| ||||
Normal | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Overweight | 0.95 | (0.53–1.69) | 1.02 | (0.55–1.88) | ||
Obesity | 0.96 | (0.54–1.72) | 0.91 | (0.47–1.75) |
Characteristics | Repeated High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | (95% CI) |
P
*
| Adjusted OR | (95% CI) |
P
*
| |
Sex |
0.440
|
0.790
| ||||
Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 0.78 | (0.42–1.47) | 0.91 | (0.45–1.84) | ||
Skin color |
0.201
|
0.180
| ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Non-white | 1.52 | (0.81–2.85) | 1.54 | (0.82–2.91) | ||
Gestational diabetes |
0.197
|
0.198
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 2.41 | (0.73–7.96) | 2.20 | (0.66–7.31) | ||
HBP in pregnancy |
0.613
|
0.686
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.20 | (0.60–2.42) | 1.16 | (0.56–2.39) | ||
Mothers’ age at childbirth |
0.177
|
0.159
| ||||
≤ 20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
21–25 | 1.25 | (0.43–3.61) | 1.28 | (0.44–3.73) | ||
26–30 | 2.60 | (0.99–6.81) | 2.71 | (1.03–7.13) | ||
> 30 | 1.73 | (0.65–4.63) | 1.79 | (0.67–4.83) | ||
Family history hypertension |
0.748
|
0.703
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
From mother | 0.94 | (0.32–2.71) | 0.83 | (0.27–2.61) | ||
From father | 1.05 | (0.36–3.05) | 1.01 | (0.34–3.01) | ||
From both | 2.49 | (0.58–10.73) | 2.36 | (0.49–11.35) | ||
Household income (quintiles) |
0.252
|
0.352
| ||||
1 (poorest) | 0.61 | (0.25–1.47) | 0.63 | (0.24–1.63) | ||
2 | 0.50 | (0.20–1.25) | 0.50 | (019–1.32) | ||
3 | 0.51 | (0.20–1.28) | 0.56 | (0.21–1.46) | ||
4 | 0.33 | (0.12–0.94) | 0.36 | (0.13–1.03) | ||
5 (wealthiest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |||
Smoking during pregnancy |
0.935
|
0.939
| ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.03 | (0.51–2.07) | 1.03 | (0.44–2.41) | ||
Birth weight |
0.741
|
0.319
| ||||
≥ 2500 g | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
< 2500 g | 1.20 | (0.42–3.39) | 0.51 | (0.13–1.92) | ||
Weight-for-gestational age |
0.346
|
0.355
| ||||
Small | 1.75 | (0.80–3.85) | 1.67 | (0.76–3.69) | ||
Adequate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Large | 0.73 | (0.17–3.05) | 0.68 | (0.16–2.89) | ||
Gestational age (weeks) |
0.259
|
0.186
| ||||
< 34 | 1.24 | (0.17–9.19) | 1.28 | (0.17–9.56) | ||
34–36 | 2.02 | (0.92–4.44) | 2.09 | (0.95–4.62) | ||
≥ 37 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Physical activity at 11 years of age |
0.773
|
0.380
| ||||
Active | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
No Active | 1.11 | (0.54–2.30) | 1.40 | (0.66–2.96) | ||
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) |
0.713
|
0.842
| ||||
1 (lowest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
2 | 0.97 | (0.38–2.45) | 1.15 | (0.45–2.96) | ||
3 | 1.08 | (0.44–2.68) | 1.12 | (0.43–2.93) | ||
4 | 0.54 | (0.18–1.63) | 0.58 | (017–1.98) | ||
5 (highest) | 0.76 | (0.28–2.05) | 0.95 | (0.30–3.01) | ||
Weekly consumption of chips |
0.271
|
0.249
| ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Up to 1 package | 0.56 | (0.24–1.33) | 0.57 | (0.24–1.38) | ||
2 packages | 0.33 | (0.11–1.00) | 0.32 | (0.11–0.99) | ||
≥ 3 packages | 0.48 | (0.16–1.43) | 0.47 | (0.15–1.44) | ||
BMI-for-age (11 years old – Z score)
|
0.567
|
0.838
| ||||
Normal | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Overweight | 1.31 | (0.61–2.84) | 1.15 | (0.48–2.77) | ||
Obesity | 1.47 | (0.70–3.10) | 1.29 | (0.55–3.06) |