Background
Methods
Study design and data
Measures
Smoking status
Smoking cessation because of pictorial CPHWs
Intention to quit smoking
Warnings impact score (WIS)
Assessment of the validity of warnings
Smoking risk assessment
Use of neutral covers
Cigarette dependence
Additional variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics and bivariate analysis
M(SD) or n(%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–23 years | >23 years | ||||
All smokers | Regular | Occasional | Regular | Occasional | |
N
| 460 | 55 | 47 | 276 | 82 |
Intention to quit smoking | |||||
Not at all | 123 (27.2) | 13 (24.1) | 8 (17.4) | 83 (30.2) | 19 (24.7) |
Somewhat | 166 (36.7) | 20 (37.0) | 16 (34.8) | 103 (37.5) | 27 (35.1) |
Quite a lot | 100 (22.1) | 16 (29.6) | 14 (30.4) | 52 (18.9) | 18 (23.4) |
A lot | 63 (13.9) | 5 (9.3) | 8 (17.4) | 37 (13.5) | 13 (16.9) |
Change in feelings because of the new CPHWs | |||||
No, feelings have not changed | 381 (84.3) | 48 (88.9) | 33 (71.7) | 239 (87.9) | 61 (76.2) |
Yes, I feel bad smoking | 51 (11.3) | 4 (7.4) | 10 (21.7) | 23 (8.5) | 14 (17.5) |
Yes, I feel very bad smoking | 20 (4.4) | 2 (3.7) | 3 (6.5) | 10 (3.7) | 5 (6.2) |
Forgoing cigarettes because of pictorial CPHWs | |||||
No | 417 (91.4) | 46 (85.2) | 40 (85.1) | 264 (96.0) | 67 (83.8) |
Yes, I smoke a little less | 32 (7.0) | 7 (13.0) | 5 (10.6) | 10 (3.6) | 10 (12.5) |
Yes, I smoke much less | 7 (1.5) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (3.8) |
Frequency of reading warnings | |||||
Never | 182 (39.9) | 20 (37.0) | 17 (36.2) | 114 (41.6) | 31 (38.3) |
Once | 74 (16.2) | 14 (25.9) | 9 (19.1) | 42 (15.3) | 9 (11.1) |
Repeatedly | 103 (22.6) | 8 (14.8) | 14 (29.8) | 60 (21.9) | 21 (25.9) |
Often | 46 (10.1) | 4 (7.4) | 5 (10.6) | 26 (9.5) | 11 (13.6) |
Almost always | 51 (11.2) | 8 (14.8) | 2 (4.3) | 32 (11.7) | 9 (11.1) |
Attitude toward pictorial warnings (good idea) | 151 (34.4) | 16 (30.2) | 27 (64.3) | 67 (25.4) | 41 (51.2) |
Warnings Impact Score (range: 0–4) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.1) |
Assessment of the validity of warnings (range: 1–7) | 4.6 (2.0) | 4.1 (2.1) | 5.0 (1.7) | 4.6 (2.0) | 4.8 (2.1) |
Smoking risk assessment (range: 3–21) | 12.7 (4.1) | 12.8 (4.4) | 12.9 (4.0) | 12.5 (4.1) | 13.0 (4.2) |
Use of neutral covers (yes) | 82 (18.3) | 9 (17.0) | 6 (13.0) | 62 (23.0) | 5 (6.2) |
Cigarette dependence (FTCD; range: 0–10) | 3.2 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | 0.6 (0.8) | 3.8 (2.3) | 0.5 (0.8) |
Number of years smoking | |||||
≤3 years | 69 (15.4) | 20 (36.4) | 30 (68.2) | 10 (3.6) | 9 (12.2) |
4–10 years | 91 (20.3) | 35 (63.6) | 13 (29.5) | 29 (10.5) | 14 (18.9) |
>10 years | 289 (64.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 237 (85.9) | 51 (68.9) |
Household income | |||||
≤2000 Euros | 135 (37.3) | 22 (52.4) | 9 (24.3) | 82 (37.8) | 22 (33.3) |
2001–3000 Euros | 141 (39.0) | 12 (28.6) | 14 (37.8) | 81 (37.3) | 34 (51.5) |
>3000 Euros | 86 (23.8) | 8 (19.0) | 14 (37.8) | 54 (24.9) | 10 (15.2) |
Educational level | |||||
Still in school/compulsory education | 54 (11.7) | 12 (21.8) | 11 (23.4) | 25 (9.1) | 6 (7.3) |
Apprenticeship certificate/vocational school | 210 (45.7) | 19 (34.5) | 12 (25.5) | 153 (55.4) | 26 (31.7) |
High school diploma | 130 (28.3) | 23 (41.8) | 22 (46.8) | 58 (21.0) | 27 (32.9) |
University degree | 66 (14.3) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (4.3) | 40 (14.5) | 23 (28.0) |
Age (years) | 37.4 (15.4) | 20.1 (2.0) | 20.5 (2.0) | 44.0 (14.4) | 36.5 (11.1) |
Sex (female) | 227 (49.3) | 32 (58.2) | 30 (63.8) | 126 (45.7) | 39 (47.6) |
Smoking cessation because of pictorial CPHWs
Intention to quit smoking
Change in feelings because of the new CPHWs
Foregoing cigarettes because of pictorial CPHWs
Frequency of reading warnings
General attitude toward pictorial warnings
Assessment of the validity of warnings
Smoking risk assessment
Use of neutral covers
Determinants of the health warnings impact
Warnings impact score | |||
---|---|---|---|
b
| β [95% CI] |
p
| |
(Intercept) | −0.81 | 0.03 [ −0.33, 0.40] | 0.86 |
Assessment of the validity of warnings | 0.06 | 0.13 [0.03, 0.22] | 0.01 |
Smoking risk assessment | 0.05 | 0.22 [0.13, 0.32] | 0.00 |
Use of neutral covers (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | −0.01 | −0.01 [ −0.24, 0.22] | 0.96 |
Cigarette dependence (score FTCD) | −0.05 | −0.13 [ −0.25, −0.01] | 0.04 |
Smoking status (ref.: regularly) | |||
Occasionally | 0.29 | 0.29 [0.04, 0.54] | 0.02 |
Number of years smoking (ref.: ≤3 years) | |||
4–10 years | −0.09 | −0.09 [ −0.40, 0.23] | 0.59 |
>10 years | −0.35 | −0.35 [ −0.70, 0.00] | 0.05 |
Household income (ref.: ≤2000 Euros) | |||
2001–3000 Euros | 0.03 | 0.03 [ −0.19, 0.25] | 0.82 |
>3000 Euros | 0.04 | 0.04 [ −0.22, 0.30] | 0.76 |
Educational level (ref.: still in school/compulsory) | |||
Apprenticeship/vocational | −0.13 | −0.13 [ −0.43, 0.16] | 0.38 |
High school diploma | 0.15 | 0.15 [ −0.16, 0.46] | 0.36 |
University degree | −0.11 | −0.11 [ −0.49, 0.26] | 0.55 |
Age group (ref.: 15–23 years) | |||
>23 years | 0.19 | 0.19 [ −0.13, 0.50] | 0.25 |
Sex (ref.: male) | |||
Female | −0.01 | −0.01 [ −0.19, 0.17] | 0.95 |
Predicting the intention to quit smoking
Intention to quit smoking (ref.: not at all) | |||
---|---|---|---|
b
| OR [95% CI] |
p
| |
(Intercept) | 0.66 | 1.93 [0.74, 5.01] | 0.18 |
Warnings Impact Score | 0.60 | 1.82 [1.32, 2.51] | 0.00 |
Assessment of the validity of warnings | −0.06 | 0.94 [0.74, 1.20] | 0.64 |
Smoking risk assessment | 0.54 | 1.72 [1.29, 2.28] | 0.00 |
Use of neutral covers (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | −0.29 | 0.75 [0.42, 1.34] | 0.33 |
Cigarette dependence (FTCD) | 0.05 | 1.05 [0.78, 1.42] | 0.74 |
Smoking status (ref.: regularly) | |||
Occasionally | 0.06 | 1.06 [0.54, 2.08] | 0.87 |
Number of years smoking (ref.: ≤3 years) | |||
4–10 years | 0.73 | 2.07 [0.84, 5.07] | 0.11 |
>10 years | −0.09 | 0.91 [0.35, 2.40] | 0.86 |
Household income (ref.: ≤2000 Euros) | |||
2001–3000 Euros | −0.10 | 0.90 [0.51, 1.60] | 0.72 |
>3000 Euros | 0.03 | 1.03 [0.52, 2.03] | 0.93 |
Educational level (ref.: still in school/compulsory) | |||
Apprenticeship/vocational | 0.61 | 1.84 [0.89, 3.79] | 0.10 |
High school diploma | 0.37 | 1.45 [0.68, 3.12] | 0.34 |
University degree | 0.47 | 1.60 [0.63, 4.07] | 0.32 |
Age group (ref.: 15–23 years) | |||
>23 years | −0.04 | 0.96 [0.38, 2.43] | 0.93 |
Sex (ref.: male) | |||
Female | 0.18 | 1.20 [0.75, 1.92] | 0.45 |