Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2/2016

14.06.2016 | Original Article

Rho GTPases: RAC1 polymorphisms affected platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients

verfasst von: Ting Zou, Jiye Yin, Wei Zheng, Ling Xiao, Liming Tan, Juan Chen, Ying Wang, Xiangping Li, Chenyue Qian, Jiajia Cui, Wei Zhang, Honghao Zhou, Zhaoqian Liu

Erschienen in: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology | Ausgabe 2/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. The toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy is a main reason limiting its clinical effects. RAC1, as a member of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), was reported to be related to most cancers, such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, testicular germ cell cancer, and lung cancer. Its potential of becoming a drug target in cancer treatment has been investigated in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity.

Methods

We enrolled 317 lung cancer patients randomly. Nineteen polymorphisms of HSP genes and Rho family genes were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY. The logistic regression was performed by PLINK to compare the relevance of polymorphisms and toxicity outcome.

Results

We found that the polymorphisms of RAC1 rs836554, rs4720672, and rs12536544 were significantly associated with platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity (p = 0.018, p = 0.044, and p = 0.021, respectively).

Conclusions

RAC1 rs836554, rs4720672, and rs12536544 polymorphisms may be novel and useful genetic markers to predict the toxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapy in lung cancer patients.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang T, Li J, Xia T, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Zhao J (2015) Association between COX-2 polymorphisms and non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(3):3168–3173PubMedPubMedCentral Zhang T, Li J, Xia T, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Zhao J (2015) Association between COX-2 polymorphisms and non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(3):3168–3173PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortes-Funes H, Martin C, Abratt R, Lund B (1997) Safety profile of gemcitabine, a novel anticancer agent, in non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs 8(6):582–587CrossRefPubMed Cortes-Funes H, Martin C, Abratt R, Lund B (1997) Safety profile of gemcitabine, a novel anticancer agent, in non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs 8(6):582–587CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Han B, Guo Z, Ma Y, Kang S, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wu X (2015) Association of GSTP1 and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms with clinical outcome of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(4):4113–4119PubMedPubMedCentral Han B, Guo Z, Ma Y, Kang S, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wu X (2015) Association of GSTP1 and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms with clinical outcome of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(4):4113–4119PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu X, Han L, Duan L, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhou B, Ma R, Yuan R, Zhou H, Liu Z (2013) Association between eIF3alpha polymorphism and severe toxicity caused by platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 75(2):516–523CrossRefPubMed Xu X, Han L, Duan L, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhou B, Ma R, Yuan R, Zhou H, Liu Z (2013) Association between eIF3alpha polymorphism and severe toxicity caused by platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 75(2):516–523CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Yin J, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Qian C, Xiao L, Zou T, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z (2014) WISP1 polymorphisms contribute to platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci 15(11):21011–21027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chen J, Yin J, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Qian C, Xiao L, Zou T, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z (2014) WISP1 polymorphisms contribute to platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci 15(11):21011–21027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Wu L, Wang Y, Yin J, Li X, Wang Z, Li H, Zou T, Qian C, Li C, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z (2015) Effect of transporter and DNA repair gene polymorphisms to lung cancer chemotherapy toxicity. Tumour Biol 37(2):2275–2284CrossRefPubMed Chen J, Wu L, Wang Y, Yin J, Li X, Wang Z, Li H, Zou T, Qian C, Li C, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z (2015) Effect of transporter and DNA repair gene polymorphisms to lung cancer chemotherapy toxicity. Tumour Biol 37(2):2275–2284CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Aslan JE, McCarty OJ (2013) Rho GTPases in platelet function. J Throm Haemost JTH 11(1):35–46CrossRef Aslan JE, McCarty OJ (2013) Rho GTPases in platelet function. J Throm Haemost JTH 11(1):35–46CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Chi X, Wang S, Huang Y, Stamnes M, Chen JL (2013) Roles of rho GTPases in intracellular transport and cellular transformation. Int J Mol Sci 14(4):7089–7108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chi X, Wang S, Huang Y, Stamnes M, Chen JL (2013) Roles of rho GTPases in intracellular transport and cellular transformation. Int J Mol Sci 14(4):7089–7108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Marinkovic G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V (2015) The ins and outs of small GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 354(2):91–102CrossRefPubMed Marinkovic G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V (2015) The ins and outs of small GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 354(2):91–102CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Matos P, Skaug J, Marques B, Beck S, Verissimo F, Gespach C, Boavida MG, Scherer SW, Jordan P (2000) Small GTPase Rac1: structure, localization, and expression of the human gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277(3):741–751CrossRefPubMed Matos P, Skaug J, Marques B, Beck S, Verissimo F, Gespach C, Boavida MG, Scherer SW, Jordan P (2000) Small GTPase Rac1: structure, localization, and expression of the human gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277(3):741–751CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundaram S (2015) Rac1 is a novel interactor of drosophila guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEFmeso. Mol Cell Biochem 404(1–2):259–262CrossRefPubMed Sundaram S (2015) Rac1 is a novel interactor of drosophila guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEFmeso. Mol Cell Biochem 404(1–2):259–262CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bid HK, Roberts RD, Manchanda PK, Houghton PJ (2013) RAC1: an emerging therapeutic option for targeting cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 12(10):1925–1934CrossRefPubMed Bid HK, Roberts RD, Manchanda PK, Houghton PJ (2013) RAC1: an emerging therapeutic option for targeting cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 12(10):1925–1934CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen QY, Xu LQ, Jiao DM, Yao QH, Wang YY, Hu HZ, Wu YQ, Song J, Yan J, Wu LJ (2011) Silencing of Rac1 modifies lung cancer cell migration, invasion and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and enhances chemosensitivity to antitumor drugs. Int J Mol Med 28(5):769–776PubMed Chen QY, Xu LQ, Jiao DM, Yao QH, Wang YY, Hu HZ, Wu YQ, Song J, Yan J, Wu LJ (2011) Silencing of Rac1 modifies lung cancer cell migration, invasion and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and enhances chemosensitivity to antitumor drugs. Int J Mol Med 28(5):769–776PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Nahleh Z, Tfayli A, Najm A, El Sayed A, Nahle Z (2012) Heat shock proteins in cancer: targeting the ‘chaperones’. Future Med Chem 4(7):927–935CrossRefPubMed Nahleh Z, Tfayli A, Najm A, El Sayed A, Nahle Z (2012) Heat shock proteins in cancer: targeting the ‘chaperones’. Future Med Chem 4(7):927–935CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaigorodova EV, Bogatyuk MV (2014) Heat shock proteins as prognostic markers of cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 14(8):713–726CrossRefPubMed Kaigorodova EV, Bogatyuk MV (2014) Heat shock proteins as prognostic markers of cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 14(8):713–726CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Sankhala KK, Mita MM, Mita AC, Takimoto CH (2011) Heat shock proteins: a potential anticancer target. Curr Drug Targets 12(14):2001–2008CrossRefPubMed Sankhala KK, Mita MM, Mita AC, Takimoto CH (2011) Heat shock proteins: a potential anticancer target. Curr Drug Targets 12(14):2001–2008CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Shinozuka K, Tang H, Jones RB, Li D, Nieto Y (2015) Impact of polymorphic variations of gemcitabine metabolism, DNA damage repair, and drug-resistance genes on the effect of high-dose chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 22(5):843–849CrossRefPubMed Shinozuka K, Tang H, Jones RB, Li D, Nieto Y (2015) Impact of polymorphic variations of gemcitabine metabolism, DNA damage repair, and drug-resistance genes on the effect of high-dose chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 22(5):843–849CrossRefPubMed
21.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L (2012) A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 150(2):251–263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L (2012) A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 150(2):251–263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R (2012) Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma. Nat Genet 44(9):1006–1014CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R (2012) Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma. Nat Genet 44(9):1006–1014CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourgine J, Garat A, Allorge D, Crunelle-Thibaut A, Lo-Guidice JM, Colombel JF, Broly F, Billaut-Laden I (2011) Evidence for a functional genetic polymorphism of the Rho-GTPase Rac1. Implication in azathioprine response? Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(6):313–324CrossRefPubMed Bourgine J, Garat A, Allorge D, Crunelle-Thibaut A, Lo-Guidice JM, Colombel JF, Broly F, Billaut-Laden I (2011) Evidence for a functional genetic polymorphism of the Rho-GTPase Rac1. Implication in azathioprine response? Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(6):313–324CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Szondy K, Rusai K, Szabo AJ, Nagy A, Gal K, Fekete A, Kovats Z, Losonczy G, Lukacsovits J, Muller V (2012) Tumor cell expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 is influenced by HSP72 [HSPA1B A(1267)G] polymorphism and predicts survival in small Cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Cancer Invest 30(4):317–322CrossRefPubMed Szondy K, Rusai K, Szabo AJ, Nagy A, Gal K, Fekete A, Kovats Z, Losonczy G, Lukacsovits J, Muller V (2012) Tumor cell expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 is influenced by HSP72 [HSPA1B A(1267)G] polymorphism and predicts survival in small Cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Cancer Invest 30(4):317–322CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81(3):559–575CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81(3):559–575CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Fortin Ensign SP, Mathews IT, Symons MH, Berens ME, Tran NL (2013) Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in glioma cell invasion and tumor progression. Front Oncol 3:241CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fortin Ensign SP, Mathews IT, Symons MH, Berens ME, Tran NL (2013) Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in glioma cell invasion and tumor progression. Front Oncol 3:241CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Loirand G, Pacaud P (2014) Involvement of Rho GTPases and their regulators in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Small GTPases 5(4):1–10CrossRefPubMed Loirand G, Pacaud P (2014) Involvement of Rho GTPases and their regulators in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Small GTPases 5(4):1–10CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrows D, Schoenfeld SM, Hodakoski C, Silkov A, Honig B, Couvillon A, Shymanets A, Nuernberg B, Asara JM, Parsons R (2015) PAK kinases mediate the phosphorylation of PREX2 to initiate feedback inhibition of Rac1. J Biol Chem 290(48):28915–28931CrossRefPubMed Barrows D, Schoenfeld SM, Hodakoski C, Silkov A, Honig B, Couvillon A, Shymanets A, Nuernberg B, Asara JM, Parsons R (2015) PAK kinases mediate the phosphorylation of PREX2 to initiate feedback inhibition of Rac1. J Biol Chem 290(48):28915–28931CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Lane J, Martin T, Weeks HP, Jiang WG (2014) Structure and role of WASP and WAVE in Rho GTPase signalling in cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 11(3):155–165PubMed Lane J, Martin T, Weeks HP, Jiang WG (2014) Structure and role of WASP and WAVE in Rho GTPase signalling in cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 11(3):155–165PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Rassool FV, Gaymes TJ, Omidvar N, Brady N, Beurlet S, Pla M, Reboul M, Lea N, Chomienne C, Thomas NS, Mufti GJ, Padua RA (2007) Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and error-prone repair: a model for genomic instability with progression in myeloid leukemia? Cancer Res 67(18):8762–8771CrossRefPubMed Rassool FV, Gaymes TJ, Omidvar N, Brady N, Beurlet S, Pla M, Reboul M, Lea N, Chomienne C, Thomas NS, Mufti GJ, Padua RA (2007) Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and error-prone repair: a model for genomic instability with progression in myeloid leukemia? Cancer Res 67(18):8762–8771CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Sallmyr A, Fan J, Datta K, Kim KT, Grosu D, Shapiro P, Small D, Rassool F (2008) Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) induces increased ROS production, DNA damage, and misrepair: implications for poor prognosis in AML. Blood 111(6):3173–3182CrossRefPubMed Sallmyr A, Fan J, Datta K, Kim KT, Grosu D, Shapiro P, Small D, Rassool F (2008) Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) induces increased ROS production, DNA damage, and misrepair: implications for poor prognosis in AML. Blood 111(6):3173–3182CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong CC, Gierke S, Pitt C, Sagolla M, Cheng CK, Zhou W, Jubb AM, Strickland L, Schmidt M, Duron SG, Campbell DA, Zheng W, Dehdashti S, Shen M, Yang N, Behnke ML, Huang W, McKew JC, Chernoff J, Forrest WF, Haverty PM, Chin SF, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Caldas C, O’Brien T, Friedman LS, Koeppen H, Rudolph J, Hoeflich KP (2015) Small molecule inhibition of group I p21-activated kinases in breast cancer induces apoptosis and potentiates the activity of microtubule stabilizing agents. Breast Cancer Res BCR 17:59CrossRefPubMed Ong CC, Gierke S, Pitt C, Sagolla M, Cheng CK, Zhou W, Jubb AM, Strickland L, Schmidt M, Duron SG, Campbell DA, Zheng W, Dehdashti S, Shen M, Yang N, Behnke ML, Huang W, McKew JC, Chernoff J, Forrest WF, Haverty PM, Chin SF, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Caldas C, O’Brien T, Friedman LS, Koeppen H, Rudolph J, Hoeflich KP (2015) Small molecule inhibition of group I p21-activated kinases in breast cancer induces apoptosis and potentiates the activity of microtubule stabilizing agents. Breast Cancer Res BCR 17:59CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jamieson C, Lui C, Brocardo MG, Martino-Echarri E, Henderson BR (2015) Rac1 augments Wnt signaling by stimulating beta-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor-1 complex assembly independent of beta-catenin nuclear import. J Cell Sci 128(21):3933–3946CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jamieson C, Lui C, Brocardo MG, Martino-Echarri E, Henderson BR (2015) Rac1 augments Wnt signaling by stimulating beta-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor-1 complex assembly independent of beta-catenin nuclear import. J Cell Sci 128(21):3933–3946CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnelzer A, Prechtel D, Knaus U, Dehne K, Gerhard M, Graeff H, Harbeck N, Schmitt M, Lengyel E (2000) Rac1 in human breast cancer: overexpression, mutation analysis, and characterization of a new isoform, Rac1b. Oncogene 19(26):3013–3020CrossRefPubMed Schnelzer A, Prechtel D, Knaus U, Dehne K, Gerhard M, Graeff H, Harbeck N, Schmitt M, Lengyel E (2000) Rac1 in human breast cancer: overexpression, mutation analysis, and characterization of a new isoform, Rac1b. Oncogene 19(26):3013–3020CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu KL, Tsuboi K, Adibekian A, Pugh H, Masuda K, Cravatt BF (2012) DAGLbeta inhibition perturbs a lipid network involved in macrophage inflammatory responses. Nat Chem Biol 8(12):999–1007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hsu KL, Tsuboi K, Adibekian A, Pugh H, Masuda K, Cravatt BF (2012) DAGLbeta inhibition perturbs a lipid network involved in macrophage inflammatory responses. Nat Chem Biol 8(12):999–1007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Oudin MJ, Hobbs C, Doherty P (2011) DAGL-dependent endocannabinoid signalling: roles in axonal pathfinding, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 34(10):1634–1646CrossRefPubMed Oudin MJ, Hobbs C, Doherty P (2011) DAGL-dependent endocannabinoid signalling: roles in axonal pathfinding, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 34(10):1634–1646CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Solari S, Garcia L, Lavanderos S, Valdivia C, Fuentes C, Lagos CF, Martinez-Aguayo A, Baudrand R, Aglony M, Garcia H, Fardella CE (2014) Polymorphisms in the RAC1 gene are associated with hypertension risk factors in a Chilean pediatric population. Am J Hypertens 27(3):299–307CrossRefPubMed Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Solari S, Garcia L, Lavanderos S, Valdivia C, Fuentes C, Lagos CF, Martinez-Aguayo A, Baudrand R, Aglony M, Garcia H, Fardella CE (2014) Polymorphisms in the RAC1 gene are associated with hypertension risk factors in a Chilean pediatric population. Am J Hypertens 27(3):299–307CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Rho GTPases: RAC1 polymorphisms affected platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients
verfasst von
Ting Zou
Jiye Yin
Wei Zheng
Ling Xiao
Liming Tan
Juan Chen
Ying Wang
Xiangping Li
Chenyue Qian
Jiajia Cui
Wei Zhang
Honghao Zhou
Zhaoqian Liu
Publikationsdatum
14.06.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0344-5704
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-016-3072-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2016

Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.