Background
Methods
Recruitment and determination of glucose tolerance status in pregnancy
Assessments at 1- and 3-years postpartum
Statistical analyses
Normal GCT NGT | Abnormal GCT NGT | GIGT | GDM | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 76) | (n = 99) | (n = 59) | (n = 105) | ||
In pregnancy | |||||
Age (years) | 35 ± 4 | 35 ± 4 | 34 ± 4 | 35 ± 4 | 0.71 |
Ethnicity | 0.39 | ||||
White (%) | 75.0 | 74.7 | 67.8 | 65.8 | |
Asian (%) | 6.6 | 9.1 | 11.9 | 17.1 | |
Other (%) | 18.4 | 16.2 | 20.3 | 17.1 | |
Family history of T2DM (%) | 54.0 | 59.6 | 64.4 | 64.8 | 0.46 |
Fasting glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.7 |
< 0.0001
|
1-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 1.3 | 10.2 ± 1.3 | 11.3 ± 1.6 |
< 0.0001
|
2-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 10.4 ± 1.5 |
< 0.0001
|
3-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 1.7 |
< 0.0001
|
At 1-year postpartum | |||||
Months breastfeeding (months) | 11 (6–12) | 10 (6–12) | 9 (4–12) | 10 (3–12) | 0.36 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 (21.5–28.4) | 23.6 (21.8–27.8) | 25.4 (23.1–30.1) | 25.4 (22.5–29.4) | 0.12 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87 ± 12 | 85 ± 11 | 89 ± 13 | 89 ± 14 | 0.05 |
Fasting glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.5 |
< 0.0001
|
2-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 7.0 ± 1.9 |
< 0.0001
|
Current glucose tolerance status |
< 0.0001
| ||||
Normal (%) | 97.2 | 87.4 | 77.8 | 69.7 | |
Pre-diabetes/diabetes (%) | 2.8 | 12.6 | 22.2 | 30.3 | |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 10.0 ± 4.0 | 9.8 ± 3.9 | 8.2 ± 3.1 | 8.5 ± 2.9 |
0.002
|
Chemerin (ng/mL) | 55.8 ± 12.7 | 55.3 ± 14.8 | 58.6 ± 13.9 | 54.8 ± 16.0 | 0.48 |
RBP-4 (mg/L) | 35.8 ± 14.8 | 37.5 ± 13.3 | 34.9 ± 10.3 | 35.3 ± 9.9 | 0.56 |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.2 (0.6–3.7) | 1.0 (0.5–2.9) | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 1.1 (0.7–3.1) | 0.92 |
PAI-1 (pg/mL) | 7354 (6964–7683) | 7308 (6914–7667) | 7114 (6558–7612) | 7175 (6667–7540) | 0.09 |
At 3-years postpartum | Normal GCT NGT | Abnormal GCT NGT | GIGT | GDM | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.5 | 25.3 ± 4.9 | 26.6 ± 4.8 | 26.8 ± 6.1 | 0.15 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88 ± 12 | 86 ± 12 | 89 ± 12 | 90 ± 13 | 0.15 |
A1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.4 |
0.0001
|
Fasting glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.6 |
< 0.0001
|
2-h glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 2.2 |
< 0.0001
|
Current glucose tolerance status |
< 0.0001
| ||||
Normal (%) | 93.4 | 85.9 | 79.7 | 63.8 | |
Pre-diabetes/diabetes (%) | 6.6 | 14.1 | 20.3 | 36.2 | |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 10.4 ± 4.6 | 10.1 ± 4.0 | 8.3 ± 3.6 | 8.6 ± 3.1 |
0.0003
|
Chemerin (ng/mL) | 58.4 ± 14.0 | 59.7 ± 14.0 | 61.6 ± 13.7 | 59.9 ± 13.7 | 0.62 |
RBP-4 (mg/L) | 39.7 ± 15.1 | 45.5 ± 18.4 | 42.2 ± 13.2 | 43.4 ± 18.0 | 0.16 |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.1 (0.4–2.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 1.0 (0.4–2.9) | 1.5 (0.6–3.0) | 0.09 |
PAI-1 (pg/mL) | 7445 (6989–7724) | 7366 (7109–7601) | 7473 (7140–7654) | 7446 (7193–7649) | 0.43 |
Model | Outcome | Significant predictors | Beta | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Change in adiponectin | None | n/a | n/a | n/a |
II | Change in chemerin | Asian ethnicity | − 10.6690 | − 4.06 | < 0.0001 |
Glucose intolerance at 1-year | 6.587417 | 2.85 | 0.005 | ||
III | Change in RBP-4 | Age | 0.426114 | 2.18 | 0.03 |
Asian ethnicity | − 6.472599 | − 2.47 | 0.01 | ||
IV | Change in CRP | Family history of diabetes | − 1.712047 | − 3.13 | 0.002 |
Non-white non-Asian ethnicity | 1.813425 | 2.46 | 0.01 | ||
V | Change in PAI-1 | GDM | 416.1444 | 2.98 | 0.003 |
GIGT | 338.1283 | 2.14 | 0.03 |