Background
Methods
Variable | Values | Description |
---|---|---|
Sex | Male / female | |
Age | Years of age, each decade includes one year older and younger, e.g. 30 = 29–31 years of age etc. | |
Education | High / middle / low | University OR education of >12 years in school / 10–12 years of education in school / compulsory school OR < 10 years of education in school |
Marital status | Married OR living with spouse / single | Single = not married OR widowed OR divorced |
Perceived health | Good / bad | Questionnaire of well-being, original score: very good, pretty good, somewhat good, pretty bad, bad; first two were merge to “good” and latter three to “bad” |
Triglyceride | Normal / high | Triglyceride levels: ≤ 1.69 / ≥ 1.7 mmol/l |
Blood pressure | Normal / high | Systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg AND no self-reported anti-hypertensive drug / self-reported anti-hypertensive drug OR systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg OR diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg |
Body mass index (BMI) | Underweight & normal / overweight / obesity | calculation: (weight in kg) / (height in m)2: ≤ 24.9 / 25.0 – 29.9 / ≥ 30.0 |
Smoking status | Never / formerly / present | |
Physical activity | Physically active / moderately active / sedentary | Physically active = exercise at least 2–3 times/week or walk and/or cycle more than 3 times/week during leisure time or walk or cycle to work more than 5 km per way |
Moderately active = do exercise now and then but not regularly or cycle and/or walk during their leisure time at least 2–3 times per week or cycle and/or walk to work 2–5 km each way | ||
Sedentary = never exercise or walk and/or cycle during their leisure time less than 2–3 times per week or take bus or car to work or cycle and/or walk to work less than 2 km per way. | ||
Snus | No current use / ≤ 4 cans per week / > 4 cans per week | Snus is an oral non-smoking tobacco that is commonly used in Sweden. It is put into the mouth, usually underneath the upper lip. The biological effect of snus use is different from smoking [15]. |
Alcohol abuse | Normal / risk of harmful alcohol consumption | Test for harmful alcohol consumption (CAGE questionnaire: 0–1 / 2–4) |
5 a day | At least 5 a day / less than 5 a day | The average consumption of the following fruits and vegetables was summed (based on Food Frequency Questionnaire): berries (fresh or frozen), apples / pears / peaches / oranges / grape, bananas, carrots, tomatoes / cucumbers, salad / spinach / broccoli; |
At least 5 a day = at least five portions of the above fruits and/or vegetables per day | ||
Less than 5 a day = less than five portions of the above fruits and/or vegetables per day | ||
Family history | No parents and or siblings with T2D / parents or siblings with T2D |
Results
Population
Variable | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Sex
| ||
Male | 13 968 | 46.7 |
Female | 15 969 | 53.3 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Age
| ||
30 years | 4 917 | 16.4 |
40 years | 12 218 | 40.8 |
50 years | 12 802 | 42.8 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Education
| ||
High | 7 386 | 24.7 |
Middle | 15 854 | 53.0 |
Low | 6 353 | 21.2 |
Missing | 344 | 1.1 |
Marital status
| ||
Married/living with spouse | 24 794 | 82.8 |
Single | 4 786 | 16.0 |
Missing | 357 | 1.2 |
Perceived health
| ||
Good | 22 727 | 75.9 |
Bad | 6 646 | 22.2 |
Missing | 564 | 1.9 |
Triglyceride
| ||
Normal | 18 928 | 63.2 |
High | 4 551 | 15.2 |
Missing | 6 458 | 21.6 |
Blood pressure
| ||
Normal | 23 138 | 77.3 |
High | 6 500 | 21.7 |
Missing | 299 | 1.0 |
Body mass index (BMI)
| ||
Underweight & normal | 16 281 | 54.4 |
Overweight | 10 692 | 35.7 |
Obesity | 2 784 | 9.3 |
Missing | 180 | 0.6 |
Smoking status
| ||
Never | 13 753 | 45.9 |
Formerly | 8 721 | 29.1 |
Present | 6 976 | 23.3 |
Missing | 487 | 1.6 |
Physical activity
| ||
Physically active | 4 018 | 13.4 |
Moderately active | 20 115 | 67.2 |
Sedentary | 5 384 | 18.0 |
Missing | 420 | 1.4 |
Snus
| ||
No current use | 24 927 | 83.3 |
≤ 4 cans per week | 3 293 | 11.0 |
> 4 cans per week | 973 | 3.3 |
missing | 744 | 2.5 |
Alcohol abuse
| ||
Normal | 22 927 | 76.6 |
Risk of harmful alcohol consumption | 1 799 | 6.0 |
Missing | 5 211 | 17.4 |
5 a day
| ||
At least 5 a day | 2 203 | 7.4 |
Less than 5 a day | 20 303 | 67.8 |
Missing | 7 431 | 24.8 |
Family history
| ||
No parents or siblings with T2D | 24 273 | 81.1 |
Parents or siblings with T2D | 4 994 | 16.7 |
Missing | 670 | 2.2 |
Test to prevent multicollinearity
Variable | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Uniqueness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
b
|
-0.75
| 0.35 | ||||
Age
b
|
0.70
| 0.38 | ||||
Education
cd
| 0.49 | 0.56 | ||||
Marital Status
cd
| 0.38 | 0.67 | ||||
Perceived Health
b
|
0.74
| 0.43 | ||||
Triglyceride
cd
| 0.37 | 0.59 | ||||
Blood Pressure
d
| 0.67 | 0.52 | ||||
BMI
c
| 0.48 | 0.46 | ||||
Smoking
b
|
0.79
| 0.37 | ||||
Physical Activity
cd
| 0.53 | 0.56 | ||||
Snus
d
| 0.67 | 0.52 | ||||
Risk of Harmful Alcohol Consumption
e
| 0.57 | 0.46 | ||||
5 a day
bcdf
|
0.54
| 0.56 | ||||
Family history
cd
| 0.25 | 0.82 |
Establishment of risk equations
Risk factors | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From state A to state B | Sex | Age | Education | Triglyceride | Blood pressure | BMI | Smoking | Physical activity | Snus | 5 a day | Marital status | Family history |
Reference (non-exposure)
|
Male
|
30 years
|
High
|
Normal
|
Normal
|
Under-weight/normal
|
Never
|
Physically active
|
No current use
|
At least 5 a day
|
Married or living with spouse
|
No Parents and/or siblings with T2D
|
NGT to IFG
| 0.75a (0.67-0.84) | 1.01a (>1.00-1.02) | 1.11a (1.03-1.21) | 1.17a (1.02-1.33) | 1.12 (0.99-1.28) | 1.17a (1.03-1.27) | 1.26a (1.18-1.35) | n.a. | 0.92 (0.82-1.03) | n.a. | n.a. | 1.21a (1.07-1.36) |
n = 15 473 | ||||||||||||
NGT to IGT
| 1.67a (1.41-1.97) | 1.06a (1.05-1.07) | 1.10 (0.98-1.23) | 1.50a (1.24-1.81) | 1.40a (1.18-1.67) | 1.24a (1.11-1.39) | 0.89a (0.80-0.98) | 1.16a (>1.00-1.33) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 1.16 (0.98-1.38) |
n = 15 473 | ||||||||||||
NGT to IFG&IGT
| 0.85 (0.67-1.08) | 1.04a (1.03-1.06) | n.a. | 1.22 (0.94-1.58) | 1.83a (1.44-2.32) | 1.66a (1.41-1.94) | n.a. | 1.16 (0.95-1.42) | 0.79 (0.59-1.05) | 0.72 (0.52- > 1.00) | n.a. | 1.37a (1.11-1.69) |
n = 15 473 | ||||||||||||
IFG to T2D
| 0.65a (0.45-0.92) | 1.05a (1.02-1.09) | n.a. | 1.35 (0.95-1.93) | 1.85a (1.29-2.64) | 1.78a (1.39-2.27) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 1.58 (0.82-3.05) | 1.43 (0.93-2.20) | 1.66 (0.83-3.33) |
n = 1 299 | ||||||||||||
IGT to T2D
| 0.47a (0.28-0.80) | 1.08a (1.03-1.13) | n.a. | 1.76a (1.04-2.98) | 1.42 (0.83-2.40) | 1.65a (1.14-2.38) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 2.39 (0.81-7.10) | n.a. | n.a. |
n = 460 | ||||||||||||
IFG&IGT to T2D
| 0.54 (0.24-1.23) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 2.04a (1.20-3.45) | 1.52 (0.88-2.63) | n.a. | n.a. | 0.35 (0.08-1.43) | n.a. | 2.40 (0.98-5.87) |
n = 120 |