Background
Methods
Design and setting of the study
Sampling procedure
Susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Characteristics/variables | Categories | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 207 (51.5) |
Girl | 195 (48.5) | |
Age | < 1 year | 130 (32.3) |
1–2 | 123 (30.6) | |
> 2 years | 149 (37.1) | |
Nationality | Both parents Cypriots | 273 (67.9) |
Others | 128 (31.9) | |
Missing | 1(0.2) | |
Breastfeeding | Yes | 300 (74.6) |
No | 97 (24.1) | |
Missing | 5 (1.2) | |
Exposure to smoking | Yes | 142 (35.3) |
No | 255 (63.4) | |
Missing | 5 (1.2) | |
Day care attendancea | Yes | 170 (42.3) |
No | 226 (56.2) | |
Missing | 6 (1.5) | |
Siblings | No | 168 (42.5) |
1 | 140 (35.4) | |
> = 2 | 87 (22.0) | |
Vaccinated | Full | 91 (22.6) |
Incomplete | 53 (13.2) | |
No | 226 (56.2) | |
Missing | 32 (16) | |
Origin of specimen | From a public center | 241 (60.3) |
From the private sector | 159 (39.8) | |
Colonized | Yes | 142 (35.3) |
No | 260 (64.7) |
Risk factors for carriage
Variable/risk factor | Category | Percentage of colonized children (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | p-value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 37.7% | Ref a | Ref a | |
Girl | 32.8% | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 0.91 (0.57, 1.47) | 0.71 | |
Age | < 1 year | 26.2% | Ref | Ref | |
1–2 | 30.9% | 1.26 (073, 2.19) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.74) | 0.83 | |
> 2 years | 47.0% |
2.50 (1.52, 4.18)
c
| 1.31 (0.63, 2.72) | 0.47 | |
Nationality | Both parents Cypriots | 41.0% |
2.27 (1.43, 3.70)
c
|
2.31 (1.29, 4.21)
c
|
< 0.01
c
|
Other | 23.4% | Ref | Ref | ||
Breastfeeding | Yes | 36.0% | 1.09 (0.68, 1.78) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.27) | 0.40 |
No | 34.0% | Ref | Ref | ||
Exposure to smoking | Yes | 37.3% | 1.13 (0.74, 1.73) | 1.43 (0.86, 2.40) | 0.17 |
No | 34.5% | Ref | Ref | ||
Day care attendanceb | Yes | 51.2% |
3.34 (2.18, 5.15)
c
|
2.88 (1.62, 5.20)
c
|
< 0.01
c
|
No | 23.9% | Ref | Ref | ||
Siblings | No | 25.6% | Ref | Ref | |
1 | 41.4% |
2.06 (1.27, 3.35)
c
|
2.72 (1.55, 4.86)
c
|
< 0.01
c
| |
> = 2 | 46.0% |
2.47 (1.44, 4.29)
c
|
2.78 (1.47, 5.34)
c
|
< 0.01
c
| |
Vaccination | Full | 29.7% | 0.85 (0.50, 1.43) |
0.48 (0.25, 0.92)
c
|
0.03
c
|
Incomplete | 47.2% | 1.80 (0.98, 3.30) | 1.64 (0.79, 3.38) | 0.18 | |
No | 33.2% | Ref | Ref | ||
Origin of specimen | From a public center | 34.0% | Ref | Ref | |
From a private center | 37.7% | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) | 0.85 |
Risk factors for drug resistant strains
Variable/Risk factor | Category | Percentage of resistancea (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | p-value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 48.7% | Ref b | Ref b | |
Girl | 32.8% | 0.51 (0.26, 1.01) |
0.39 (0.16, 0.90)
c
|
0.03
c
| |
Age | < 1 year | 44.1% | Ref | Ref | |
1–2 | 47.4% | 1.14 (0.45, 2.91) | 0.89 (0.23, 2.76) | 0.85 | |
> 2 years | 37.1% | 0.75 (0.33, 1.73) | 0.47 (0.14, 1.55) | 0.22 | |
Nationality | Both parents Cypriots | 41.1% | 0.91 (0.40, 2.09) | 0.93 (0.29, 3.03) | 0.91 |
Others | 43.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Breastfeeding | Yes | 41.7% | 1.10 (0.50, 2.48) | 1.36 (0.52, 3.76) | 0.54 |
No | 39.4% | Ref | Ref | ||
Exposure to smoking | Yes | 43.4% | 1.16 (0.58, 2.32) | 1.45 (0.59, 3.57) | 0.41 |
No | 39.8% | Ref | Ref | ||
Day care attendance | Yes | 41.4% | 1.03 (0.52, 2.06) | 1.45 (0.54, 4.02) | 0.47 |
No | 40.7% | Ref | Ref | ||
Siblings | No | 41.9% | Ref | Ref | |
1 | 41.4% | 0.98 (0.44, 2.19) | 0.98 (0.35, 2.76) | 0.97 | |
> = 2 | 40.0% | 0.93 (0.38, 2.23) | 0.67 (0.21, 2.06) | 0.49 | |
Vaccination | Full | 29.6% | 0.63 (0.23, 1.59) | 0.81 (0.24, 2.63) | 0.72 |
Incomplete | 56.0% | 1.91 (0.77, 4.85) | 2.55 (0.82, 8.32) | 0.11 | |
No | 40.0% | Ref | Ref | ||
Origin of specimen | From a public center | 47.6% | Ref | Ref | |
From a private center | 33.3% | 0.55 (0.27,1.09) |
0.32 (0.12, 0.82)
c
|
0.02
c
| |
Antibiotics last month | Yes | 60.6% |
2.86 (1.29, 6.55)
c
|
2.83 (1.09, 7.74)
c
|
0.04
c
|
No | 35.0% | Ref | Ref | ||
Antibiotics last trimester | Yes | 48.5% | 1.80 (0.91, 3.63) | 2.24 (0.95, 5.48) | 0.07 |
No | 34.3% | Ref | Ref |
Variable/risk factor | Category | Percentage of resistancea (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | p-value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 43.6% | Ref b | Ref b | |
Girl | 37.5% | 0.77 (0.39, 1.52) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.70) | 0.48 | |
Age | < 1 year | 41.2% | Ref | Ref | |
1–2 | 44.7% | 1.16 (0.45, 2.97) | 1.39 (0.46, 4.31) | 0.56 | |
> 2 years | 35.7% | 0.79 (0.34, 1.86) | 0.92 (0.28, 3.02) | 0.89 | |
Nationality | Both parents Cypriots | 41.1% | 1.39 (0.61, 3.36) | 3.04 (0.94, 10.70) | 0.07 |
Others | 33.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Breastfeeding | Yes | 41.7% | 1.43 (0.64, 3.33) | 2.27 (0.84, 6.65) | 0.12 |
No | 33.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Exposure to smoking | Yes | 41.5% | 1.13 (0.56, 2.26) | 1.62 (0.66, 4.00) | 0.29 |
No | 38.6% | Ref | Ref | ||
Attendance at a Day care | Yes | 39.1% | 0.93 (0.47, 1.88) | 1.04 (0.39, 2.80) | 0.94 |
No | 40.7% | Ref | Ref | ||
Siblings | No | 48.8% | Ref | Ref | |
1 | 39.7% | 0.69 (0.31, 1.53) | 0.65 (0.24, 1.76) | 0.40 | |
≥2 | 30.0% | 0.44 (0.18, 1.09) |
0.25 (0.07, 0.80)
c
|
0.02
c
| |
Vaccination | Full | 29.6% | 0.60 (0.22, 1.50) | 0.34 (0.10, 1.08) | 0.07 |
Incomplete | 44.0% | 1.12 (0.44, 2.78) | 0.66 (0.21, 2.05) | 0.48 | |
No | 41.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Origin of specimen | From a public center | 42.7% | Ref | Ref | |
From a private center | 35.0% | 0.73 (0.36,1.43) |
0.36 (0.13,0.93)
c
|
0.04
c
| |
Antibiotics last month | Yes | 54.5% |
2.23 (1.01, 5.01)
c
|
3.00 (1.15, 8.17)
c
|
0.02
c
|
No | 35.9% | Ref | Ref | ||
Antibiotics last trimester | Yes | 51.5% |
2.66 (1.32, 5.47)
c
|
3.78 (1.56, 9.80)
c
|
< 0.01
c
|
No | 30.0% | Ref | Ref |