Risk factors for construct/implant related complications following primary posterior hemivertebra resection: Study on 116 cases with more than 2 years’ follow-up in one medical center
Posterior hemivertebra resection has become a safe and effective procedure for congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebra. However, there are still complications following primary posterior hemivertebra resection in recent reports. No risk factors associated with construct/implant related complications were identified so far. The purpose of this study is to analyze complications following primary posterior hemivertebra resection and to investigate the possible risk factors associated with construct/implant related complications in congenital scoliosis cases due to hemivertebra.
Methods
One hundred and sixteen congenital scoliosis cases with hemivertebra (male: female = 62:54), who underwent primary posterior hemivertebra resection from January 2003 to January 2012 in our medical center, were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Medical records were reviewed and long cassette standing spinal radiographs were measured before surgery, after surgery and at the final follow-up. Complications, including construct/implant related complications and non-construct/implant related ones, were recorded by chart review. Potential risk factors, including sex, age, segmental and main scoliosis and their correction rates, usage of cage (yes or not), fusion levels (bisegmental fusion or not), location of hemivertebra and contralateral bar/rib synostosis (with or without), were also collected.
Results
The mean age of initial surgery was 9.8 years old (range, 2–19 years), and the average follow-up was 67 months (range, 24–133 months). The segmental scoliosis was corrected from 34.7° ± 11.9° to 7.1° ± 5.6° post-operatively, and 9.5° ± 7.0° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 79.5 %. The total main scoliosis was corrected from 43.0° ±15.6° to post-operative 11.4° ± 6.8°, and 13.9° ± 7.5° at the latest follow-up, with a mean correction rate of 73.5 %. Complications occurred in 11 out of 116 cases (9.5 %), including 7 (63.6 %) construct/implant related complications (two pedicle misplacement, one rod breakage and four implant removals due to screw dislodgement with the growth) and 4 (36.4 %) non-construct/implant related ones (one proximal adjacent kyphosis, one progressive kyphosis, and two wound non-union). Younger age (≤5 years old), lumbar hemivertebra resection, or bisegmental fusion may contribute to a higher prevalence of construct/implant related complications than other cases, although the number of cases was too small to perform statistical analysis.
Conclusions
The occurrence of construct/implant related complications in patients with hemivertebra resection is most likely multifactorial. Cases with younger age, bisegmental fusion, or lumbar hemivertebra may increase the risk of construct/implant related complications. Measures, such as careful preoperative evaluation and surgical plan with CT scan, sophisticated operation during surgery, usage of cage or cross-links to improve postoperative instant stability, protection in brace and regular follow-up postoperatively, should be taken to reduce construct/implant related complication rate.
Background
Hemivertebrae is the most frequent cause of congenital scoliosis [1]. Except for the incarcerated, unsegmented or balanced ones, most hemivertebra have growth potential similar to a normal vertebrae and create a wedge-shaped deformity during spinal growing period. In general, the curve progresses 1–3.5° per year and develops a severe one at the skeletal maturity, especially for a lower thoracic or thoracolumbar hemivertebra [2]. Thus, earlier surgical intervention is suggested in most cases [3‐18].
Since hemivertebra resection was first described by Royle in 1928 [19], several surgical procedures have been proposed to deal with hemivertebra [4, 5, 8, 12, 18, 20]. Compared with one-stage or two-stage anterior-posterior hemivertebra resection, the advantages of posterior hemivertebra resection, including good correction results in the coronal and sagittal plane, less invasive, lower complication rate and shorter postoperative recovery period, make it more suitable for young children to deal with this kind of deformity [6]. Although posterior hemivertebra resection have been proven to be a safe and effective procedure for congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebra, there are still complications following posterior hemivertebra resection. The reported complication rate is 0–28.5 % and most of the complications are associated with construct/implant failure [8, 10, 12‐14, 16‐18, 21]. As far as we know, there is still no reports about risk factors associated with construct/implant related complications. The purpose of this study is to analyze complications following primary posterior hemivertebra resection and to investigate the possible risk factors associated with the occurrence of construct/implant related complications.
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Methods
Patients
After approval of the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, patients with posterior hemivertebra resection were retrospectively reviewed in our hospital. Inclusion of this study consisted of 1) age <20 years old at the initial surgery; 2) all performed by posterior hemivertebra resection with transpedicular instrumentation; 3) at least 2 years’ follow-up; 4) simple type of congenital deformity, including one or two hemivertebra at the same spinal region; 5) complete radiographic follow-up data. Patients with age more than 20 years old, previous spinal surgery, complex congenital spinal deformity, or syndromic scoliosis were excluded from this study.
From January 2003 to January 2012, 116 patients matched these criteria. These patients included 54 females and 62 males, with a mean age of 9.8 years at the initial surgery (range 2–19 years). 115 patients had only one hemivertebra resection, and only one patients had two hemivertebra resection at the same spinal region (L3 and L4/5 hemivertebra at lumbar region).
Clinical data (age & sex), radiographic data (location of the hemivertebrae, contralateral bar/rib synostosis or not, Cobb angle of main and segmental scoliosis, segmental kyphosis/lordosis), and the follow-up time were obtained through chart review. Cobb angles of main and segmental scoliosis were measured as Ruf’s description before surgery, after surgery and at last follow-up [8]. All the measurements were performed by two experienced surgeons independently.
Surgical procedures
All the patients were treated with posterior hemivertebra resection using transpedicular implants by the correspondence author. Intraoperative monitoring with combination of sensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were performed during the operation. The patient was positioned prone on a radiolucent operation table after general anesthesia. For cases with only one hemivertebra, different fusion strategies were used in this study: bisegmental fusion for lumbar hemivertebra, the upper two and lower one or two segmental fusion for thoracolumbar hemivertebra, and the upper two and lower two segmental fusions for thoracic hemivertebra.
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After exposure of the hemivertebra and vertebra to be fused, pedicle screws were carefully placed under the guide of fluoroscopy. Pedicle instrumentation, including CDH (Medtronic, Titanium, 39cases), ISOLA (Depuy, Steel, 6 cases), Legacy (Medtronic, Titanium, 8 cases), Moss SI (Depuy, Titanium, 17cases), Moss Miami (Medtronic, Titanium, 12cases), Sino (WEGO, Titanium, 2cases), TSRH (Medtronic, Titanium, 2cases), USS (AO, Titanium, 13cases), XIA 4.5 (Stryker, Titanium, 17cases), were used in our operation. There were 111 cases with all pedicle screws and 5 cases with hybrid instrumentation of pedicle screws and hooks. Titanium mesh cages were used in 15 cases. For young cases, pedicle screw with a diameter of 3.5 mm to 5 mm and length of 20 to 30 mm were used.
The posterior elements of the hemivertebra, including the lamina, upper and lower facets and the transverse process were removed to expose the pedicle and the nerve roots above and below. The vertebra body, the upper and lower discs, cartilage and annulus fibrosus were removed till the bleeding bone. The opposite disc and cartilage should be resected as far as possible. Before compression, vertebral barrier structure to compression should be removed. In patients with contralateral bar and rib synostosis, the bar should be cut and the synostosed rib heads should be removed before compression. The osteotomy gap was closed by compression plier gradually and carefully. In patients with large hemivertebra or with obvious kyphosis, a mesh cage with allogenic bone (12 mm or 14 mm for young cases) was applied to reconstruct the anterior column of the spine. After compression, examination was needed to make sure that the exiting nerve roots and the dura were not impinged.
All patients were mobilized after the drainage tube was removed, and plastic braces were recommended to wear for at least 3 months. All the patients were followed at 3, 6, and 12 months after the surgery and then at a year interval. All the complications, including construct/implant related complications (e.g. pedicle fracture, screws out, the breakage of the rods & misplaced pedicle screw) and non- construct/implant related complications (e.g. infections, poor wound healing, cerebrospinal fluid leakage & neurological complications), were recorded in perioperative period and follow-up.
Statistical analysis
All the continuous variables were described by means and proportions. All potential risk factors, including sex, age (≤5 years/old or >5 years/old), fusion levels (bisegmental fusion or not), location of the resected hemivertebra (lumbar or not), contralateral bar/rib synostosis (with or without), pre-operative Cobb angles of segmental and main scoliosis, and their correction rates, were collected. In order to eliminate the bias of age, all the cases were stratified into 3 groups, that is, group A (≤5 years old), group B (6 ~ 10 years old) and group C (>10 years old) for the analysis.
Results
General characteristics
The mean age was 9.8 years old (range: 2–19 years old). Their average follow-up period was 67 months (range, 24–133months). 117 hemivertebra resections were performed in this study (one case had two hemivertebra resection). The mean fusion level was 5 segments (range: 2–11 segments). The segmental scoliosis was corrected from 34.7° ± 11.9° to 7.1° ± 5.6° post-operatively, and 9.5° ± 7.0° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 79.5 %. The total main scoliosis was corrected from 43.0° ±15.6° to post-operative 11.4° ± 6.8°, and 13.9° ± 7.5° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 73.5 %. The segmental kyphosis/lordosis was corrected from 25.2° ± 20.4° to post-operative 6.2° ± 6.1°, and 6.9° ± 6.6° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 75.4 %. The compensatory cranial curve were respectively 18.6° ± 9.5° before surgery, 10.9° ± 7.1°after surgery, and 10.4° ± 6.5° at the last follow-up, with a correction rate of 41.4 %. The compensatory caudal curve were respectively 20.2° ± 11.6° before surgery, 7.4° ± 5.0° after surgery, and 8.4° ± 5.3° at the latest follow-up, with the correction rate of 63.4 %.
In 116 cases, 36 cases were performed with bisegmental fusion (one vertebrae above and below the hemivertebra), which accounted for 31.0 %. The segmental scoliosis was corrected from 30.0° ± 8.0° to 4.8° ± 3.7° post-operatively, and 7.4° ± 4.8° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 84 %. The main scoliosis was corrected from 34.9° ±8.6° to post-operative 8.9° ± 5.1°, and 11.6° ± 5.8° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 74.5 %. The segmental kyphosis/lordosis was corrected from 16.2° ± 10.1° to post-operative 7.0° ± 5.3°, and 6.8° ± 5.4° at the latest follow-up, with a correction rate of 56.8 %. The spontaneous correction rate of the compensatory cranial and caudal curve was 42.7 and 48.1 %.
Complications
Of 116 patients, there were 11 (9.5 %) patients who suffered from complications during the perioperative and follow-up periods, including 7 (6.0 %) construct/implant related ones and 4 (3.4 %) non- construct/implant related ones (Tables 1 and 2). There were 2 neurologic complications (Asia D) occurred associated with construct/implant related complications, one of which had left thigh pain, numbness and powerless, and the other had right calf and foot pain and numbness. And the symptom completely relieved after the revision surgery. No permanent neurologic complications were observed in this study.
Table 1
Summary of clinical data in complication cases
No.
Initial age (years/old)
Sex
Hemivertebra location
Fusion levels
Time of complication occurrence
Complications
Treatment
1
3
F
L2
L1-L3
4 years postoperative
screw migration
Remove implants
2
3
F
L2
L1-L3
7 years postoperative
screw migration
Remove implants
3
3
F
L4
L3-L5
6 months postoperative
rod break without migration
Conservative observation
4
5
F
L2
L1-L3
3 days postoperative
screw misplacement
Revision with hooks
5
17
F
L4
L2-S1
2 days postoperative
screw misplacement
Remove misplaced screws
6
7
M
L3/4
L3-L4
7 years postoperative
pedicle elongation and screw migration
Remove implants
7
2
F
L5/6
L5-L6
3 years postoperative
pedicle elongation and screw migration
Remove implants
8
15
M
T11/12
T8-L2
4 years postoperative
Proximal adjacent kyphosis
Extended fused segments
9
3
M
T11
T10-T12
7 years postoperative
Progressive kyphosis
Extended fused segments
10
15
F
T12/L1
T12-L2
8 days postoperative
Poor wound healing
Debridement
11
11
M
L1
T11-L2
6 days postoperative
Poor wound healing
Debridement
Table 2
Summary of radiograph data in complication cases
No.
Coronal segmental curve (°)
Total main curve (°)
Sagittal kyphosis (+)/lordosis (−)
Measured value (°)
Distance to norm (°)
Pre-op.
Postop.
Latest follow-up
Pre-op.
Postop.
Latest follow-up
Pre-op.
Postop.
Latest follow-up
Norm (°)
Pre-op.
Postop.
Latest follow-up
1
31
0
0
40
5
0
−5
−4
−6
−11
6
7
5
2
37
3
12
28
4
15
20
−4
−2
−11
31
7
9
3
30
12
20
42
14
23
−25
−17
−22
−20
−5
3
−2
4
21
9
0
37
15
0
14
−3
−6
−4
18
1
−2
5
34
16
15
41
21
17
14
−11
−11
−33
47
22
22
6
26
2
4
23
5
4
4
0
−7
−13
17
13
6
7
15
2
2
22
12
4
3
1
−6
−20
23
21
14
8
64
30
32
66
40
43
88
10
14
2.5
85.5
7.5
11.5
9
47
10
6
42
16
7
22
14
10
5.5
16.5
8.5
4.5
10
35
6
8
47
16
10
39
9
10
3.5
35.5
5.5
6.5
11
43
3
3
46
5
5
2
7
−3
−3
5
10
0
Pedicle misplacements in 2 cases were found postoperatively and revision surgeries were performed (Fig. 1). Only 1 titanium rod breakage occurred 6 months after surgery without loss of correction. No revision surgery was done and no other rod breakage, rod migration or scoliosis aggravation was observed in the follow-up (Fig. 2). 4 implants removal surgeries were performed in four cases for pedicle elongation and dislodging of screw in the follow-up without obvious deformity aggravation (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1
A 5-year-old girl with congenital scoliosis. Pre-operative radiographs (a, b) showed semi-segmented hemivertebra of L2. She complained of right leg pain on the third post-operational day. Post-operational radiographs (c, d) showed right L3 pedicle screw in wrong place. Revision surgery was performed with hooks, and his leg pain disappeared after the revision surgery (e, f). And it maintained well in 7 years follow-up (g, h)
Fig. 2
A 3-year-old girl with congenital scoliosis. Pre-operative radiographs (a, b) showed fully-segmented L3 and L4/5 hemivertebra. Post-operative radiographs (c, d) showed excellent correction by hemivertebra resection. Six months later, right rod fracture occurred without obvious migration (e, f). No revision surgery was done and no other rod breakage, rod migration or scoliosis aggravation was observed in 6 years follow-up (g, h)
Fig. 3
A 3-year-old girl with congenital scoliosis. Pre-operative radiographs (a, b) showed semi-segmented hemivertebra of L2. Post-operative radiographs (c, d) showed excellent correction by L2 hemivertebra resection. Radiographs at 7 years follow-up (e, f) showed L1 pedicles elongation and right pedicle screw dislodgement. CT scan and 3D reconstruction showed solid fusion at the fused segments was achieved and right pedicle screws dislodgement (i, j, k, l), and implants was removed (g, h)
×
×
×
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A 15 years old patient developed obvious proximal adjacent kyphosis (24°, normal <10°) at the 4-year follow-up after the surgery. Revision surgery was done to correct the adjacent kyphosis. A 3 years old patient developed obvious progressive kyphosis at the 7-year follow-up after thoracic hemivertebra resection with bisegmental fusion. And revision surgery was needed. Wound non-union occurred in 2 cases. No signs of infection were detected. The wound healed well after debridement.
Risk factors
The association between risk factors and construct/implant related complication were summarized and analyzed in Table 3. Younger age (≤5 years old), lumbar hemivertebra resection or bisegmental fusion appeared to contribute to a higher prevalence of construct/implant related complications, although the number of cases with complications was too small to perform statistical analysis. Sex, age, cage, contralateral bar/rib synostosis, and Cobb angle of segmental scoliosis did not appear to contribute, although this could be due to the small number of cases.
Table 3
Association analysis between risk factors and implant-related complications
Risk Factors
Implant-related complications
Non-implant-related complications
Yes (n=7)
No (n=109)
Sex
Male
2 (28.6 %)
60 (55 %)
Female
5 (71.4 %)
49 (45 %)
Age
≤5 years/old
5 (71.4 %)
29 (26.6 %)
5−10 years/old
1 (14.3 %)
21 (19.3 %)
>10 years/old
1 (14.3 %)
59 (54.1 %)
Location
lumbar spine
4 (57.1 %)
16 (14.7 %)
others
3 (42.9 %)
93 (85.3 %)
Fusion levels
bisegmental fusion
5 (71.4 %)
31 (28.4 %)
others
2 (28.6 %)
78 (71.6 %)
Cage
Yes
0 (0)
15 (11 %)
No
7 (100 %)
94 (89 %)
Contralateral bar/rib synostosis
Yes
0 (0)
5 (6.1 %)
No
7 (100 %)
104 (93.9 %)
Main curve
<40°
4 (57.1 %)
37 (33.9 %)
≥40°
3 (42.9 %)
62 (66.1 %)
Correction rate of main curve
≤80 %
4 (57.1 %)
72 (66.1 %)
>80 %
3 (42.9 %)
37(33.9 %)
Segmental scoliosis
<30°
3 (42.9 %)
39 (35.8 %)
≥30°
4 (57.1 %)
70 (64.2 %)
Correction Rate of segmental scoliosis
≤80 %
3 (42.9 %)
43 (39.4 %)
>80 %
4 (57.1 %)
66 (60.6 %)
Statistical analysis between the groups could not be done owing to the low numbers of cases with implant-related complications in this study
In group A (≤5 years old), cases with construct/implant related complications were all female cases with bisegmental fusion and hemivertebra from L1 to S1. In group B or group C, there was only 1 cases with construct/implant related complication. No statistical analysis was done in these groups.
Discussion
Although posterior hemivertebra resection is a safe and effective technique for congenital scoliosis with hemivertebra, it still has some complications [8, 10, 12, 13, 16‐18, 21]. In the early clinical reports of posterior hemivertebra resection, Shono et al. [12] reported a complication rate of 8.33 % in 12 patients (a superficial infection) for a minimum of 2 years follow-up. In Ruf and Harms’ series, 28.5 % of 28 cases with mean age of 3 years and 4 months treated by posterior hemivertebra resection suffered from complications and 62.5 % of complications were due to construct/implant failures [17]. In 2009, they reported a complication rate of 21.5 and 67.9 % of complications were associated with construct/implant failures [11]. In 2011, Zhang reported a 10.8 % complication rate in 56 cases during a mean follow-up of 32.9 months and 65.7 % of complications were associated with construct/implant failures [22]. In our study, the total complication rate was 9.5 and 63.6 % of complications were associated with construct/implant failures. According to earlier reports and our experiences, we found that construct failures still remained the biggest challenge of posterior hemivertebra resection and most of the patients with construct/implant failure were younger than 5 years’ old, with bisegmental fusion or lumbar hemivertebra resection. These risk factors may contribute to a higher prevalence of construct/implant related complications in posterior hemivertebra resection.
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Younger age may be one of risk factors for construct/implant related complications for patients with posterior hemivertebra resection. According to previous study, poor bone quality and small size of pedicles are the characteristics of young patients [14]. The bone of young children is very soft and easy to break, and the inner transverse diameters of the pedicles are smaller in very young children than in older ones [23, 24], which may increase the difficulty of implantation. Pedicles may be anomaly or missing in some congenital scoliosis cases, which may contribute to construct/implant related complications.
Bisegmental fusion and lumbar hemivertebra resection may be another risk factors for construct/implant related complications. In order to preserve better mobilization, cases with lumbar hemivertebra were more likely to choose bisegmental fusion. With the limited fused segments, bisegmental fusion would increase the stress on the pedicles, especially on the convex side during the compression. Furthermore, the pullout strength of pedicle screw is low and the screw is easy to loosen or dislodge for poor bone quality and smaller sizes of pedicles in very young children [8, 14]. Besides, some young children have lower compliance with brace after surgery, which may increase the stress on pedicles and cause pedicle fracture.
In our study, 71.4 % cases with construct/implant related complications were younger than 5 years old and 85.7 % chose bisegmental fusion. It is possible that delayed surgery and longer fusion might reduce the construct/implant complications, which would affect the patients’ spinal mobilization and life quality in the future. Besides, delayed surgery will result in structural secondary curve, which need longer fusion [11]. Correction of these rigid curve is more difficult and may increase the risk of neurologic compromise [9, 15]. In order to achieve better correction and preserve more spinal mobilization, we recommend earlier hemivertebra resection and short fusion for most congenital scoliosis cases.
Several strategies are recommended to prevent construct/implant related complications. The first thing is that the hemivertebra must be identified and implants must be carefully prepared during the surgery. Preoperative spine CT scan parallel to pedicle and 3D reconstruction are important for preoperative evaluation and surgical plan and helpful to choose appropriate implants for young cases. Secondly, the whole hemivertebra, including the cartilage, endplates above and below should be completely removed until the bleeding bone to decrease the compression resistant force. Furthermore, contralateral bar or rib synostosis should be resected before compression. Mesh cage is recommended to reconstruct the anterior column and correct the kyphosis to provide postoperative instant stability in cases with large hemivertebra or obvious kyphosis. The last is that tutorization in brace after surgery for at least 3 months. Protection in brace for enough time may be helpful for better fusion results.
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This study has several limitations. First, this study was conducted retrospectively and covered a wide range of ages, types and locations of hemivertebra and fusion levels in different cases, and the number of cases with complications was small, which might not draw strong conclusions. Secondly, cases in different ages might have different deformity and flexibility. Although age groups have been used to eliminate these differences, these might still have impact on the final results. Thirdly, most of the cases in this study had not yet reached bone maturity at the last follow-up, and extended follow-up is still needed in the future.
Conclusion
The occurrence of construct/implant failure related complications in patients with hemivertebra resection is most likely multifactorial. Younger age (≤5 years old), lumbar hemivertebra resection or bisegmental fusion may contribute to a higher prevalence of construct/implant related complications than other cases. However, earlier surgeries and short fusion can preserve more mobile segments and prevent secondary compensatory curve progress, which are more important for congenital scoliosis cases. Measures, such as careful preoperative evaluation and surgical plan with CT scan, sophisticated operation during surgery, usage of cage or cross-links to improve postoperative instant stability, protection in brace and regular follow-up postoperatively, should be taken to reduce construct/implant related complication rate.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the patients and their families to participate in the study.
Funding
No funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All the data needed to achieve the conclusion are presented in the paper. The raw data cannot be shared as most patients have not achieve bone maturity and further follow-up are needed in the future.
Authors’ contributions
JZ performed all the surgeries, designed the study and critically revised the manuscript. JG and YZ carried out the data analyses, and drafted the manuscript. SW and HW contributed in designing the study, and in drafting and critically revising the manuscript. YY, XY and LZ were responsible for the data collection and measurement of radiographic data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Parents of patients provided consent for the images of their children to be published.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). All the patients or their parents provided written informed consent signed for this study, as most of the subjects are children.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Risk factors for construct/implant related complications following primary posterior hemivertebra resection: Study on 116 cases with more than 2 years’ follow-up in one medical center
