Introduction
Demographics
Gambling Behaviour
Gambling Motivations
Health
Methods
Recruitment and Sampling
Measures
Analysis
Problem Gambling
Females | Males | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Non-problem gambler | 3903 | 88.6a
| 3.738 | 82.9 |
Low risk gambler | 324 | 7.4 | 489 | 10.8a
|
Moderate risk gambler | 142 | 3.2 | 214 | 4.7a
|
Problem gambler | 37 | 0.8 | 70 | 1.6a
|
χ2 (3, N = 8917) = 60.56, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.08 |
Demographic Characteristics
Age
Language Spoken at Home
Education
Household Composition
Employment
Gambling Behaviour
Participation
F | M | NP | AR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | AR | NP | AR | F | M | F | M | |
N | 4228 | 179 | 4227 | 285 | 4228 | 4227 | 179 | 285 |
Private betting | 2.2 | 4.5 | 7.8 | 21.8a
| 2.2 | 7.8b
| 4.5 | 21.8b
|
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 3.83, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 66.22, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.12 | χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 136.63, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.13 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 25.64, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.24 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 1.31, ns
| |||||||
EGMs | 33.8 | 86.6a
| 35.3 | 78.6a
| 33.8 | 35.3 | 86.6b
| 78.6 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4406) = 208.29, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.22 | χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 211.84, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.22 | χ2 (1, N = 8454) = 2.35, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 464) = 4.70, p = 0.030, Φ = 0.10 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 5.92, p = 0.015 | |||||||
Table games | 3.2 | 6.7a
| 10.8 | 36.1a
| 3.2 | 10.8b
| 6.7 | 36.1b
|
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 6.57, p = 0.010, Φ = 0.04 | χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 158.11, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.19 | χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 187.54, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.15 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 51.11, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.33 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 5.50, p = 0.019 | |||||||
Horse/harness/greyhound racing | 21.4 | 22.9 | 34.0 | 49.5a
| 21.4 | 34.0b
| 22.9 | 49.5b
|
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 0.24, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 4513) = 28.06, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.08 | χ2 (1, N = 8456) = 169.07, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.14 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 32.56, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.27 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 6.75, p = 0.009 | |||||||
Betting on sports or event results | 2.6 | 3.9 | 9.9 | 25.4a
| 2.6 | 9.9b
| 3.9 | 25.4b
|
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4406) = 1.14, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 4511) = 65.40, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.12 | χ2 (1, N = 8454) = 192.54, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.15 | χ2 (1, N = 463) = 35.67, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.28 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 3.11, ns
| |||||||
Keno | 3.3 | 8.4a
| 4.0 | 8.8a
| 3.3 | 4.0 | 8.4 | 8.8 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 12.80, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.05 | χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 14.57, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.06 | χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 2.82, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 464) = 0.02, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 0.15, ns
| |||||||
Lotto/powerball/pools | 75.3 | 70.9 | 73.1 | 75.8 | 75.3b
| 73.1 | 70.9 | 75.8 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4406) = 1.78, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 0.99, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 8454) = 5.58, p = 0.018, Φ = 0.03 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 1.34, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 2.59, ns
| |||||||
Scratch tickets | 28.2 | 40.2a
| 20.8 | 24.9 | 28.2b
| 20.8 | 40.2b
| 24.9 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4406) = 12.03, p = 0.001, Φ = 0.05 | χ2 (1, N = 4513) = 2.73, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 63.51, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.09 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 12.09, p = 0.001, Φ = 0.16 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 2.05, ns
| |||||||
Bingo | 5.3 | 21.2a
| 1.1 | 3.2a
| 5.3b
| 1.1 | 21.2b
| 3.2 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 77.95, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.13 | χ2 (1, N = 4511) = 9.19, p = 0.002, Φ = 0.05 | χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 119.39, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.12 | χ2 (1, N = 463) = 39.26, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.29 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 1.28, ns
| |||||||
Phone or SMS competitions | 15.4 | 12.2 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 15.4b
| 7.5 | 12.2 | 9.5 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 1.35, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 1.40, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 8454) = 128.36, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.12 | χ2 (1, N = 465) = 0.88, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 2.91, ns
| |||||||
Raffles, sweeps and other competitions | 65.6a
| 50.3 | 55.7a
| 46.3 | 65.6b
| 55.7 | 50.3 | 46.3 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 4407) = 17.62, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.06 | χ2 (1, N = 4512) = 9.53, p = 0.002, Φ = 0.05 | χ2 (1, N = 8455) = 85.92, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.10 | χ2 (1, N = 464) = 0.69, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 8919) = 1.63, ns
|
Frequency
F | M | NP | AR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | AR | NP | AR | F | M | F | M | |
N | 94 | 8 | 328 | 62 | 94 | 328 | 8 | 62 |
Private betting | ||||||||
Weekly | 14.9 | 12.5 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 14.9 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 9.7 |
Less often | 85.1 | 87.5 | 89.9 | 90.3 | 85.1 | 89.9 | 87.5 | 90.3 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 102) = 0.03, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 390) = 0.01, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 422) = 1.72, ns
| Fisher exact test ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 342) = < 0.01, ns
| |||||||
N | 1427 | 155 | 1494 | 223 | 1427 | 1494 | 155 | 223 |
EGMs | ||||||||
Weekly | 5.0 | 22.6a
| 6.0 | 23.8a
| 5.0 | 6.0 | 22.6 | 23.8 |
Less often | 95.0a
| 77.4 | 94.0a
| 76.2 | 95.0 | 94.0 | 77.4 | 76.2 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 1582) = 69.32, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.21 | χ2 (1, N = 1717) = 80.01, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.22 | χ2 (1, N = 2921) = 1.54, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 378) = 0.07, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 3251) = 0.20, ns
| |||||||
N | 135 | 13 | 456 | 103 | 135 | 456 | 13 | 103 |
Table games | ||||||||
Weekly | 0.0 | 7.7a
| 2.0 | 14.6a
| 0.0 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 14.6 |
Less often | 100.0a
| 92.3 | 98.0a
| 85.4 | 100.0 | 98.0 | 92.3 | 85.4 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 148) = 10.46, p = 0.001, Φ = 0.27 | χ2 (1, N = 559) = 32.41, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.24 | χ2 (1, N = 591) = 2.71, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 116) = 0.46, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 486) = 0.91, ns
| |||||||
N | 903 | 41 | 1438 | 142 | 903 | 1438 | 41 | 142 |
Horse/harness/greyhound racing | ||||||||
Weekly | 3.2 | 24.4a
| 14.7 | 43.0a
| 3.2 | 14.7b
| 24.4 | 43.0b
|
Less often | 96.8a
| 75.6 | 85.3a
| 57.0 | 96.8b
| 85.3 | 75.6b
| 57.0 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 944) = 44.42, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.22 | χ2 (1, N = 1580) = 72.55, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.21 | χ2 (1, N = 2341) = 79.20, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.18 | χ2 (1, N = 183) = 4.62, p = 0.032, Φ = 0.16 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 2250) = 2.85, ns
| |||||||
N | 110 | 7 | 419 | 72 | 110 | 419 | 7 | 72 |
Betting on sports or event results | ||||||||
Weekly | 17.3 | 0.0 | 12.9 | 37.5a
| 17.3 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 37.5 |
Less often | 82.7 | 100.0 | 87.1a
| 62.5 | 82.7 | 87.1 | 100.0 | 62.5 |
Difference | Fisher exact test ns
| χ2 (1, N = 491) = 27.02, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.24 | χ2 (1, N = 529) = 1.41, ns
| Fisher exact test ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 436) = 7.52, p = 0.006 | |||||||
N | 141 | 15 | 152 | 13 | 141 | 152 | 15 | 13 |
Keno | ||||||||
Weekly | 19.1 | 40.0 | 10.6 | 45.8a
| 19.1b
| 10.6 | 40.0 | 45.8 |
Less often | 80.9 | 60.0 | 89.4a
| 54.2 | 80.9 | 89.4b
| 60.0 | 54.2 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 156) = 3.53, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 194) = 20.55, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.33 | χ2 (1, N = 311) = 4.56, p = 0.033, Φ = 0.12 | χ2 (1, N = 39) = 0.13, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 348) = 1.37, ns
| |||||||
N | 3185 | 127 | 3091 | 216 | 3185 | 3091 | 127 | 216 |
Lotto/powerball/pools | ||||||||
Weekly | 40.6 | 39.4 | 43.9 | 40.7 | 40.6 | 43.9b
| 39.4 | 40.7 |
Less often | 59.4 | 60.6 | 56.1 | 59.3 | 59.4b
| 56.1 | 60.6 | 59.3 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 3312) = 0.08, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 3307) = 0.82, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 6276) = 6.89, p = 0.009, Φ = 0.03 | χ2 (1, N = 343) = 0.06, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 6894) = 0.10, ns
| |||||||
N | 1194 | 72 | 879 | 71 | 1194 | 879 | 72 | 71 |
Scratch tickets | ||||||||
Weekly | 5.7 | 16.7a
| 8.5 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 16.7 | 7.0 |
Less often | 94.3a
| 83.3 | 91.5 | 93.0 | 94.3 | 91.5 | 83.3 | 93.0 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 1266) = 13.81, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.10 | χ2 (1, N = 950) = 0.19, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 2073) = 6.35, p = 0.012, Φ = 0.06 | χ2 (1, N = 143) = 3.16, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 2203) = 6.25, p = 0.012 | |||||||
N | 224 | 38 | 47 | 10 | 224 | 47 | 38 | 10 |
Bingo | ||||||||
Weekly | 33.9 | 36.8 | 44.7 | 10.0 | 33.9 | 44.7 | 36.8 | 10.0 |
Less often | 66.1 | 63.2 | 55.3 | 90.0 | 66.1 | 55.3 | 63.2 | 90.0 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 262) = 0.12, ns
| Fisher exact test ns
| χ2 (1, N = 271) = 1.95, ns
| Fisher exact test ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 360) = 5.82, p = 0.016 | |||||||
N | 651 | 22 | 312 | 27 | 651 | 312 | 22 | 27 |
Phone or SMS competitions | ||||||||
Weekly | 1.2 | 18.2a
| 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 18.2b
| 0.0 |
Less often | 98.8a
| 81.8 | 97.8 | 100.0 | 98.8 | 97.8 | 81.8 | 100.0b
|
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 1266) = 13.81, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.10 | Fisher exact test ns
| χ2 (1, N = 970) = 1.31, ns
| Fisher exact test, p = 0.035 | ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 1071) = 7.81, p = 0.005 | |||||||
N | 2772 | 91 | 2353 | 131 | 2772 | 2353 | 91 | 131 |
Raffles, sweeps and other competitions | ||||||||
Weekly | 2.1 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 7.6a
| 2.1 | 4.0b
| 3.3 | 7.6 |
Less often | 97.9 | 96.7 | 96.0a
| 92.4 | 97.9b
| 96.0 | 96.7 | 92.4 |
Difference | χ2 (1, N = 2863) = 0.61, ns
| χ2 (1, N = 2484) = 3.96, p = 0.046, Φ = 0.04 | χ2 (1, N = 5125) = 16.62, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.06 | χ2 (1, N = 222) = 1.83, ns
| ||||
Interaction | χ2 (1, N = 5568) = 0.33, ns
|
EGM Playing Behaviours
Race Wagering Behaviours
Money Management
Main Reasons for Gambling on Highest Spending Form
Health
Substance Use
Mental Health
Physical Health
Multivariate Analyses
-
Age (dummy-coded, 18–24 as reference group)
-
Speaking a language other than English at home
-
Education (dummy-coded, university as reference group)
-
Household type (recoded as couple with child(ren), couple without children, group household and other, then dummy-coded with couple with child(ren) as reference group)
-
Employment (dummy-coded, “not in workforce or away from work” and “unemployed” as reference group)
-
Engagement in each main gambling form
-
Main reasons for gambling on highest spend activity (dummy-coded, “other” as the reference group, “to raise money for charity” also collapsed into reference group)
Risk Factors Amongst Females
Predictor | Level | B | Odds ratio | CI lower | CI upper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bound | Bound | ||||
Age (ref: 18–24) | |||||
25–34 | 0.20 | 1.22 | 0.60 | 2.49 | |
35–44 | 0.26 | 1.30 | 0.63 | 2.66 | |
45–54 | 0.54 | 1.71 | 0.87 | 3.35 | |
55–64 | 0.03 | 1.03 | 0.49 | 2.17 | |
65 or older | −1.01 | 0.36* | 0.16 | 0.82 | |
Language other than English at home (ref: no) | |||||
0.64 | 1.90* | 1.15 | 3.12 | ||
Education (ref: Year 10 or lower) | |||||
University | −0.36 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 1.21 | |
TAFE or trade qualification | −0.40 | 0.67 | 0.40 | 1.14 | |
Year 12 | −0.35 | 0.70 | 0.43 | 1.14 | |
Household type (ref: couple with children) | |||||
Couple without children | −0.11 | 0.89 | 0.54 | 1.49 | |
Group household | 1.45 | 4.25* | 1.89 | 9.54 | |
Other | 0.21 | 1.23 | 0.79 | 1.92 | |
Employment status (ref: unemployed or not at work) | |||||
Full-time employment | −0.55 | 0.58* | 0.36 | 0.94 | |
Part-time employment | −0.48 | 0.62* | 0.39 | 0.99 | |
Forms of gambling (ref: do not participate) | |||||
Private betting | 0.87 | 2.39* | 1.02 | 5.57 | |
EGMs | 2.14 | 8.49* | 5.30 | 13.58 | |
Table games | −0.28 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 1.60 | |
Horse/harness/greyhound | 0.09 | 1.09 | 0.71 | 1.67 | |
Sports or events | 0.35 | 1.42 | 0.56 | 3.64 | |
Keno | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.52 | 2.06 | |
Lotto/Powerball/Pools | 0.06 | 1.06 | 0.69 | 1.63 | |
Scratch tickets | 0.44 | 1.55* | 1.07 | 2.25 | |
Bingo | 1.11 | 3.03* | 1.81 | 5.08 | |
Phone/SMS competitions | −0.07 | 0.94 | 0.55 | 1.60 | |
Raffles, sweeps, etc. | −0.51 | 0.60* | 0.42 | 0.87 | |
Main reason for gambling (ref: other) | |||||
Social reasons | −0.94 | 0.39* | 0.23 | 0.66 | |
To win money | −0.87 | 0.42* | 0.26 | 0.67 | |
General entertainment | −0.63 | 0.54* | 0.32 | 0.89 |
Risk Factors Amongst Males
Predictor | Level | B | Odds ratio | CI lower | CI upper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bound | Bound | ||||
Age (ref: 18–24) | |||||
25–34 | −0.09 | 0.92 | 0.56 | 1.51 | |
35–44 | −0.19 | 0.82 | 0.48 | 1.42 | |
45–54 | −0.37 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 1.23 | |
55–64 | −0.17 | 0.84 | 0.46 | 1.54 | |
65 or older | −1.34 | 0.26* | 0.13 | 0.55 | |
Language other than English at home (ref: no) | |||||
0.84 | 2.32* | 1.61 | 3.35 | ||
Education (ref: Year 10 or lower) | |||||
University | −0.87 | 0.42* | 0.27 | 0.66 | |
TAFE or trade qualification | −0.34 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 1.06 | |
Year 12 | −0.46 | 0.63* | 0.42 | 0.94 | |
Household type (ref: couple with children | |||||
Couple without children | −0.19 | 0.83 | 0.55 | 1.25 | |
Group household (not related) | 1.14 | 3.13* | 1.75 | 5.59 | |
Other | 0.14 | 1.15 | 0.79 | 1.68 | |
Employment status (ref: unemployed or not at work) | |||||
Full-time employment | −1.09 | 0.34* | 0.21 | 0.53 | |
Part-time employment | −0.51 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 1.02 | |
Forms of gambling (ref: do not participate) | |||||
Private betting | 0.29 | 1.34 | 0.87 | 2.06 | |
EGMs | 1.66 | 5.25* | 3.77 | 7.31 | |
Table games | 0.87 | 2.38* | 1.63 | 3.46 | |
Horse/harness/greyhound | 0.45 | 1.56* | 1.13 | 2.16 | |
Sports or events | 0.69 | 1.99* | 1.34 | 2.98 | |
Keno | −0.16 | 0.85 | 0.47 | 1.55 | |
Lotto/Powerball/Pools | 0.99 | 2.68* | 1.83 | 3.92 | |
Scratch tickets | −0.26 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 1.11 | |
Bingo | 0.54 | 1.71 | 0.51 | 5.76 | |
Phone/SMS competitions | −0.07 | 0.94 | 0.57 | 1.54 | |
Raffles, sweeps, etc. | −0.33 | 0.72* | 0.53 | 0.98 | |
Main reason for gambling (ref: other) | |||||
Social reasons | −0.62 | 0.54* | 0.34 | 0.86 | |
To win money | −0.74 | 0.48* | 0.31 | 0.74 | |
General entertainment | −0.72 | 0.49* | 0.30 | 0.78 |