Background
Methods
Study design
Data source
Study cohorts
Cases (IGT/IFG definition)
Exclusion criteria
Matched controls
Follow-up
Outcome (CKD definition)
Covariates
Ethics approval
Statistical analysis
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Descriptive statistics
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Calculating incidence rate of CKD:1.IGT/IFG compared to normoglycaemia
Results
Characteristics of matched cohort study population
IGT/IFG [N = 10,561 (26%)] | Normoglycaemia [N = 29,531 (74%)] | P-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean [SD] | 33.9 | [5.3] | 33.8 | [5.4] | 0.015†† |
Age, median [IQR] | 35 | [31, 38] | 35 | [31, 38] | |
Female, No. (%) | 5659 | (53.6) | 15,795 | (53.5) | 0.863† |
Years of follow-up, mean [SD] | 2.3 | [2.1] | 2.3 | [2.0] | 0.684††† |
Years of follow-up, median [IQR] | 1.68 | [0.81, 3.16] | 1.67 | [0.79, 3.14] | |
Ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||
White | 3644 | (34.5) | 11,305 | (38.3) | < 0.001† |
Black | 392 | (3.7) | 784 | (2.7) | |
Asian | 1483 | (14.0) | 1902 | (6.4) | |
Chinese | 32 | (0.3) | 102 | (0.4) | |
Mixed | 63 | (0.6) | 219 | (0.7) | |
Others | 130 | (1.2) | 333 | (1.1) | |
Unknown | 4817 | (45.6) | 14,886 | (50.5) | |
Deprivation quintile, No. (%) | |||||
(least deprived) 1 | 1509 | (14.3) | 5229 | (17.7) | < 0.001† |
2 | 1575 | (14.9) | 4985 | (16.9) | |
3 | 2177 | (20.6) | 6149 | (20.8) | |
4 | 2463 | (23.3) | 6319 | (21.4) | |
(most deprived) 5 | 2232 | (21.1) | 5020 | (17.0) | |
Unknown | 605 | (5.7) | 1829 | (6.2) | |
CVD at index date, No. (%) | 190 | (1.8) | 274 | (0.9) | < 0.001† |
HF at index date, No. (%) | 29 | (0.30) | 21 | (0.07) | < 0.001† |
AF at index date, No. (%) | 17 | (0.16) | 21 | (0.07) | 0.010† |
Hypertension at index date, No. (%) | 1112 | (10.5) | 548 | (1.9) | < 0.001† |
Prescription of NSAID, No. (%) | 200 | (1.9) | 120 | (0.4) | < 0.001† |
BMI (kg/m2), No. (%) | |||||
< 20 | 332 | (3.1) | 2191 | (7.4) | < 0.001†† |
20–24.9 | 1542 | (14.6) | 9452 | (32.0) | |
25–29.9 | 2420 | (22.9) | 7028 | (23.8) | |
30–34.9 | 2104 | (19.9) | 2868 | (9.7) | |
35–39.9 | 1585 | (15.0) | 1071 | (3.6) | |
≥ 40 | 1575 | (15.0) | 644 | (2.2) | |
Unknown | 1003 | (9.5) | 6277 | (21.2) | |
BMI (kg/m2), mean [SD] | 26.0 | [5.7] | 32.1 | [8.2] | < 0.001†† |
BMI (kg/m2), median [IQR] | 31 | [26, 37.1] | 24.9 | [22.1, 28.7] | |
T2DM during follow-up, No. (%) | 1262 | (11.9) | 124 | (0.4) | < 0.001† |
CKD during follow-up, No. (%) | 182 | (1.7) | 126 | (0.4) | < 0.001† |
Country, No. (%) | |||||
England | 8516 | (80.6) | 23,661 | (80.0) | 0.688† |
Northern Ireland | 270 | (2.6) | 791 | (2.7) | |
Scotland | 804 | (7.6) | 2321 | (7.9) | |
Wales | 971 | (9.2) | 2758 | (9.3) |
CKD results | Read code | Biomedical data | Total |
---|---|---|---|
CKD cases recorded | 26 | 156 | 182 |
Incidence rate of CKD in persons aged 18 to 40 years with IGT/IFG compared to those with normoglycaemia
Predictors | IRR | 95% (CI) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
IGT/IFG vs normoglycaemia | 2.6 | (2.0, 3.4) | < 0.001 | |
Female | 1.1 | (0.9, 1.4) | 0.425 | |
Age (in years) | 1.1 | (1.0, 1.1) | < 0.001 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | Reference | 1.0 | ||
Asian | 1.2 | (0.8, 1.7) | 0.389 | |
Black | 1.0 | (0.6, 1.9) | 0.955 | |
Chinese | 1.2 | (0.2, 8.7) | 0.845 | |
Mixed | 0.5 | (0.1, 3.3) | 0.439 | |
Other | 1.0 | (0.4, 2.8) | 0.970 | |
Missing | 0.7 | (0.5, 0.8) | 0.001 | |
BMI (kgs/m2) | ||||
< 20 | Reference | 1.0 | ||
20–24.9 | 1.9 | (0.9, 4.5) | 0.127 | |
25–29.9 | 2.5 | (1.1, 5.8) | 0.029 | |
30–34.9 | 3.2 | (1.4, 7.5) | 0.006 | |
35–39.9 | 2.6 | (1.1, 6.2) | 0.037 | |
≥ 40 | 3.2 | (1.3, 7.6) | 0.010 | |
Missing | 1.4 | (0.6, 3.5) | 0.452 | |
Deprivation quintile | ||||
Least deprived 1 | Reference | 1.0 | ||
2 | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.3) | 0.394 | |
3 | 1.1 | (0.8, 1.6) | 0.571 | |
4 | 0.9 | (0.6, 1.4) | 0.756 | |
Most deprived 5 | 1.3 | (0.9, 1.9) | 0.123 | |
Missing | 1.4 | (0.8, 2.3) | 0.256 | |
CVD | 0.9 | (0.4, 2.3) | 0.905 | |
HF | 0.8 | (0.1, 6.2) | 0.872 | |
AF | 2.9 | (0.4, 21.0) | 0.285 | |
Hypertension | 3.1 | (2.3, 4.2) | < 0.001 | |
Steroid | 1.1 | (0.9, 1.5) | 0.404 |
Incidence rate of CKD in persons aged 18 to 40 years before and after T2DM
Predictors | IRR | 95% (CI) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
T2DM vs IGT/IFG | 6.3 | (5.5, 7.2) | < 0.001 | |
Female | 1.2 | (1.0, 1.4) | 0.008 | |
Age (in years) | 1.3 | (1.2, 1.3) | < 0.001 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | Reference | 1.0 | ||
Asian | 0.8 | (0.6, 1.0) | 0.096 | |
Black | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.2) | 0.279 | |
Chinese | 0.6 | (0.1, 4.2) | 0.601 | |
Mixed | 0.9 | (0.4, 2.2) | 0.856 | |
Other | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.5) | 0.538 | |
Missing | 0.8 | (0.7, 0.9) | 0.001 | |
BMI (kgs/m2) | ||||
< 20 | Reference | 1.0 | ||
20–24.9 | 2.1 | (0.8, 5.2) | 0.110 | |
25–29.9 | 2.6 | (1.1, 6.4) | 0.035 | |
30–34.9 | 3.2 | (1.3, 7.8) | 0.010 | |
35–39.9 | 3.3 | (1.3, 8.0) | 0.009 | |
≥ 40 | 2.8 | (1.1, 6.7) | 0.025 | |
Missing | 1.9 | (0.7, 4.8) | 0.181 | |
Deprivation quintile | ||||
Least deprived 1 | Reference | 1.0 | ||
2 | 0.9 | (0.7, 1.1) | 0.390 | |
3 | 1.0 | (0.9, 1.2) | 0.947 | |
4 | 0.9 | (0.7, 1.1) | 0.349 | |
Most deprived 5 | 0.7 | (0.6, 0.9) | 0.008 | |
Missing | 1.0 | (0.7, 1.4) | 0.830 | |
CVD | 1.3 | (0.9, 2.0) | 0.231 | |
HF | 0.7 | (0.2, 2.2) | 0.514 | |
AF | 2.0 | (0.7, 5.4) | 0.174 | |
Hypertension | 1.6 | (1.4, 1.9) | < 0.001 | |
Steroid | 1.0 | (0.8, 1.1) | 0.675 |