Background
Methods
Study sample
Data and measures
Structured self-report interview
Exposure to downsizing
Outcomes
Covariates: Demographic characteristics and health behaviors
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Characteristic | Respondents (N = 1456) |
---|---|
Age: years | Mean = 45.0 (SD = 10.3) Range = 18–68 |
Sex | |
Men | 790 (54.3) |
Women | 666 (45.7) |
Education | |
University | 654 (44.9) |
Any lower education | 802 (55.1) |
Country | |
Hungary | 400 (27.5) |
Sweden | 301 (20.7) |
France | 386 (26.5) |
UK | 369 (25.3) |
Smoking | |
Daily or occasional smoker | 341 (23.4) |
Non-smoker | 1115 (76.6) |
Frequency of alcohol drinking | |
“never” (abstainer) | 170 (11.7) |
“once a month or less” | 315 (21.6) |
“2–4 times a month” | 466 (32.0) |
“2–3 times a week” | 346 (23.8) |
“4 times a week or more” | 157 (10.8) |
“don’t know” (non-abstainer) | 2 (0.1) |
Downsizing exposure | |
Workers with no downsizing | 681 (46.8) |
Strategic downsizing (no CR): redeployed | 122 (8.4) |
Strategic downsizing (no CR): reemployed | 111 (7.6) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): reemployed | 73 (5.0) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): survivor | 98 (6.7) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): unemployed | 109 (7.5) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): reemployed | 44 (3.0) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): survivor | 126 (8.7) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): unemployed | 67 (4.6) |
Reactive downsizing, scale unknown | 25 (1.7) |
Depressive symptoms | |
Missing or incomplete data | 34 (2.3) |
Sum score | Mean = 6.1 (SD = 5.6) Range = 0–24 |
Anxiety | |
Missing or incomplete data | 41 (2.8) |
Sum score | Mean 10.4 (SD = 5.4) Range = 0–28 |
Emotional exhaustion | |
Missing or incomplete data | 161 (11) |
Sum score | Mean = 1.5 (SD = 0.9) Range = 0–4 |
Characteristic | Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | Emotional exhaustion |
---|---|---|---|
high level n/N(%) | high level n/N(%) | high level n/N(%) | |
Total sample | 89 / 1422 (6.3) | 285 / 1415 (20.1) | 547 / 1416 (38.6) |
Age group |
p = 0.073
|
p = 0.268
|
p = 0.417
|
18 to 34 years | 13 / 267 (4.9) | 44 / 261 (16.9) | 94 / 265 (35.5) |
35 to 49 years | 48 / 602 (8.0) | 122 / 607 (20.1) | 242 / 602 (40.2) |
50 years and over | 28 / 553 (5.1) | 119 / 547 (21.8) | 211 / 549 (38.4) |
Gender |
p = 0.019
|
p = 0.026
|
p = 0.090
|
Men | 38 / 778 (4.9) | 139 / 773 (18.0) | 282 / 770 (36.6) |
Women | 51 / 644 (7.9) | 146 / 642 (22.7) | 265 / 646 (41.0) |
Education |
p = 0.795
|
p = 0.863
|
p = 0.589
|
University | 39 / 642 (6.1) | 130 / 639 (20.3) | 251 / 637 (39.4) |
Any lower education | 50 / 780 (6.4) | 155 / 776 (20.0) | 296 / 779 (38.0) |
Country |
p = 0.003
|
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
Hungary | 31 / 374 (8.3) | 80 / 370 (21.6) | 129 / 380 (34.0) |
Sweden | 7 / 299 (2.3) | 24 / 295 (8.1) | 98 / 290 (33.8) |
France | 20 / 381 (5.3) | 66 / 383 (17.2) | 117 / 377 (31.0) |
UK | 31 / 368 (8.4) | 115 / 367 (31.3) | 203 / 369 (55.0) |
Smoking |
p = 0.057
|
p = 0.943
|
p = 0.689
|
Daily or occasional smoker | 28 / 330 (8.5) | 64 / 320 (20.0) | 124 / 329 (37.7) |
Non-smoker | 61 / 1092 (5.6) | 221 / 1095 (20.2) | 423 / 1087 (38.9) |
Frequency of alcohol drinking |
p = 0.021
|
p = 0.078
|
p = 0.249
|
“never” (abstainer) | 19 / 164 (11.6) | 46 / 163 (28.2) | 71 / 163 (43.6) |
“once a month or less” | 17 / 300 (5.7) | 59 / 302 (19.5) | 117 / 299 (39.1) |
“2–4 times a month” | 20 / 457 (4.4) | 80 / 453 (17.7) | 159 / 457 (34.8) |
“2–3 times a week” | 19 / 343 (5.5) | 65 / 342 (19.0) | 131 / 341 (38.4) |
“4 times a week or more” | 14 / 156 (9.0) | 35 / 153 (22.9) | 68 / 154 (44.2) |
“don’t know” (non-abstainer) | 0 / 2 (0.0) | 0 / 2 (0.0) | 1 / 2 (50.0) |
Downsizing exposure |
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
p < 0.001
|
Workers with no downsizing | 27 / 664 (4.1) | 82 / 658 (12.5) | 212 / 659 (32.2) |
Strategic downsizing (no CR): redeployed | 6 / 121 (5.0) | 35 / 121 (28.9) | 60 / 122 (49.2) |
Strategic downsizing (no CR): reemployed | 7 / 111 (6.3) | 31 / 111 (27.9) | 58 / 111 (52.2) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): reemployed | 1 / 69 (1.4) | 8 / 72 (11.1) | 17 / 70 (24.3) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): survivor | 7 / 98 (7.1) | 21 / 96 (21.9) | 43 / 96 (44.8) |
Reactive medium-scale downsizing (CR 10–19%): unemployed | 12 / 106 (11.3) | 33 / 107 (30.8) | 34 / 104 (32.7) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): reemployed | 8 / 41 (19.5) | 15 / 40 (37.5) | 18 / 40 (45.0) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): survivor | 15 / 124 (12.1) | 31 / 122 (25.4) | 68 / 125 (54.4) |
Reactive large-scale downsizing (CR ≥20%): unemployed | 3 / 64 (4.7) | 19 / 63 (30.2) | 26 / 65 (40.0) |
Reactive downsizing, scale unknown | 3 / 24 (12.5) | 10 / 25 (40.0) | 11 / 24 (45.8) |
Multivariate logistic regression analysis
aModel 1 |
bModel 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| OR (95% CI) |
p value |
N
| OR (95% CI) |
p value | ||
Depressive symptoms | |||||||
Type of downsizing | Employment status | ||||||
No downsizing | workers/no downsizing | 664 | 1 (ref.) | 664 | 1 (ref.) | ||
Strategic | redeployed | 121 | 0.56 (0.19 to 1.61) | 0.282 | 121 | 0.54 (0.18 to 1.60) | 0.268 |
reemployed | 111 | 0.72 (0.26 to 2.00) | 0.529 | 109 | 0.72 (0.26 to 2.04) | 0.539 | |
Reactive medium-scale | reemployed | 69 | 0.38 (0.05 to 2.92) | 0.355 | 69 | 0.38 (0.05 to 2.90) | 0.348 |
survivors | 98 | 1.53 (0.62 to 3.79) | 0.358 | 98 | 1.54 (0.62 to 3.83) | 0.357 | |
unemployed | 106 | 3.48 (1.67 to 7.24) | 0.001 | 106 | 3.42 (1.63 to 7.20) | 0.001 | |
Reactive large-scale | reemployed | 41 | 4.98 (2.01 to 12.31) | 0.001 | 41 | 3.79 (1.48 to 9.69) | 0.005 |
survivors | 124 | 2.55 (1.26 to 5.16) | 0.009 | 124 | 2.87 (1.39 to 5.92) | 0.004 | |
unemployed | 64 | 1.17 (0.34 to 4.03) | 0.807 | 64 | 1.11 (0.32 to 3.87) | 0.872 | |
Anxiety | |||||||
Type of downsizing | Employment status | ||||||
No downsizing | workers/no downsizing | 658 | 1 (ref.) | 658 | 1 (ref.) | ||
Strategic | redeployed | 121 | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.69) | 0.838 | 121 | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.56) | 0.609 |
reemployed | 111 | 0.90 (0.49 to 1.63) | 0.720 | 109 | 0.85 (0.46 to 1.57) | 0.603 | |
Reactive medium-scale | reemployed | 72 | 1.08 (0.49 to 2.40) | 0.843 | 72 | 1.11 (0.50 to 2.49) | 0.792 |
survivors | 96 | 1.50 (0.84 to 2.69) | 0.171 | 96 | 1.55 (0.86 to 2.78) | 0.145 | |
unemployed | 107 | 3.97 (2.43 to 6.47) | <0.001 | 107 | 4.19 (2.54 to 6.91) | <0.001 | |
Reactive large-scale | reemployed | 40 | 4.31 (2.12 to 8.78) | <0.001 | 40 | 4.20 (2.03 to 8.70) | <0.001 |
survivors | 122 | 1.76 (1.06 to 2.91) | 0.029 | 122 | 1.77 (1.06 to 2.97) | 0.030 | |
unemployed | 63 | 3.50 (1.91 to 6.42) | <0.001 | 63 | 3.81 (2.06 to 7.05) | <0.001 | |
Emotional exhaustion | |||||||
Type of downsizing | Employment status | ||||||
No downsizing | workers/no downsizing | 659 | 1 (ref.) | 659 | 1 (ref.) | ||
Strategic | redeployed | 122 | 0.73 (0.43 to 1.24) | 0.245 | 122 | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.22) | 0.220 |
reemployed | 111 | 0.83 (0.48 to 1.42) | 0.488 | 109 | 0.80 (0.46 to 1.39) | 0.430 | |
Reactive medium-scale | reemployed | 70 | 0.73 (0.41 to 1.31) | 0.289 | 70 | 0.75 (0.42 to 1.36) | 0.348 |
survivors | 96 | 1.29 (0.81 to 2.04) | 0.284 | 96 | 1.30 (0.81 to 2.07) | 0.274 | |
unemployed | 104 | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.77) | 0.573 | 104 | 1.18 (0.75 to 1.86) | 0.467 | |
Reactive large-scale | reemployed | 40 | 1.88 (0.98 to 3.64) | 0.059 | 40 | 1.77 (0.91 to 3.46) | 0.092 |
survivors | 125 | 1.96 (1.31 to 2.95) | 0.001 | 125 | 2.04 (1.35 to 3.08) | 0.001 | |
unemployed | 65 | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.63) | 0.104 | 65 | 1.50 (0.88 to 2.56) | 0.139 |