Introduction
SFRP1 gene
Rap1GAP gene
KILLIN gene
WIF-1 gene
DKK1 gene
SFRP2 gene
SFRP5 gene
miR-9-1 and miR-9-3 genes
GREM1 gene
BTG3 gene
XAF-1 gene
APAF-1 gene
DAPK-1 gene
Nbk/Bik gene
HOXB13 gene
DAL1/4.1B gene
SPINT2/HAI2 gene
Gamma (γ)-catenin/JUP gene
TCF 21 gene
PCDH17 gene
HIC1 gene
LRRC3B gene
GATA5 gene
RASSF1 gene
UNC5C gene
KRT19
GATA3 gene
TIMP3 gene
TU3A gene
FHIT gene
DLK1 gene
Connexin 32 gene
ECAD gene
HOXA5
MSH2
VHL gene
UQCRH gene
DACH1
Gene | Function | Promoter methylation in renal cancer tissue compared to normal tissue | Gene expression in renal cancer tissue compared to normal tissue | Effect of hypomethylating agent on gene expression |
---|---|---|---|---|
TCF-21 | Tumor suppressor gene involved in specification of differentiation | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
PCDH17 | Tumor suppressor gene involved in calcium-dependent cell adhesion | ↑↑ | ↓ | ? |
LRRC3B | Tumor suppressor gene involved in cell adhesion and apoptosis | ↑↑ | ↓ | ? |
SFRP1 | Wnt antagonist tumor suppressor | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ? |
RAP1GAP | Tumor suppressor (inactivates Rap-mediated invasion and metastasis) | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
RASSF1 | Tumor suppressor (cell-cycle control, microtubule stabilization) | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
UNC5C | Tumor suppressor (induction of apoptosis) | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
KILLIN | Tumor suppressor (cell-cycle arrest, regulated by p53) | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
KRT19 | Organization of myofibrils and maintaining structural integrity of epithelial cells | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
HOXA5 | Tumor suppressor (upregulates p53) | ↑ | ? | ? |
MSH-2 | DNA mismatch repair | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
miR-9-1 and miR-9-3 | Targeted suppression of gene transcription and translation | ↑ | ↓ | ? |
DKK | Tumor suppressor Wnt direct inhibitor | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ (Transfection of gene inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, and increases apoptosis) |
SFRP5 | Tumor suppressor Wnt antagonist | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ (Transfection of gene inhibits anchorage independent colony formation ability and invasion and increases apoptosis) |
GATA-3 | TBRIII signaling. inihibitor of cell proliferation | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
TIMP-3 | VEGF-3 antagonist, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ? |
GREM-1 gene | TGF-β signaling inhibition | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
WIF-1 | Wnt antagonist | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ (Transfection of gene reduced cell viability, suppressed colony formation, and increased apoptosis) |
UCHL1 | Ubiquitination of proteins | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
BTG3 | E2F1 inhibition → negative regulation of cell cycle | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
TU3A | Tumor suppressor, mechanism unknown | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
14-3-3 sigma | Causes G2 phase block for DNA repair | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
p16 | Cyclin kinase-dependent inhibition → causes cell-cycle arrest | ↑ | ↓ | ? |
SFRP2 | Wnt antagonist | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
FHIT | Tumor suppressor, induction of apoptosis | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ? |
XAF-1 | Pro-apoptotic gene, inhibitor of “inhibition of apoptosis” protein | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
APAF 1 | Pro-apoptotic gene, activation of caspase 9 | ↑↑↑↑ | ↓↓↓ | ↑↑ |
DAPK-1 | Mediation of IFN-γ induced apoptosis | ↑ | ↓ | ? |
DLC-1 | Inhibitor of RhoAGTPase | ↑ | ↓ | ? |
DLK-1 | Pro-apoptotic gene | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ (Transfection decreases cell proliferation, increases cell apoptosis) |
HOX-B-13 | Pro-apoptotic gene | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ (Transfection decreases cell proliferation) |
DAL-1 | Protein 4.1-related tumor suppressor gene | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
SPINT-2 | Tumor suppressor: inhibits HGF which activates Ras pathway | ↑↑ | ↓ | ? (Transfection decreases cell proliferation) |
Gamma-catenin | Involved in cell-cell adhesion. Loss of function correlates with poorer prognosis in cancer | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
Connexin-32 | Gap junction protein. May be involved in the increased incidence of RCC in maintenance hemodialysis patients | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ? |
Ecad | Tumor suppressor: encodes for cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ |
HLA-G | Tumor promoter: involved in helping tumor cells evade immunosurveillance | ? | ↑ | ↑ |
IL-8 | Tumor promoter: promotes angiogenesis and metastasis | ↓ (genomic hypomethylation) | ↑ | ? |
CA9/G250 | Tumor promoter: expressed in hypoxic tumors, produces bicarbonate which neutralizes the surrounding acidic pH and aids cancer progression | ↓↓ | ↑↑ | ↑ |
CYTIP | Promotes metastasis. Helps tumor cells evade cell death cytokines | ↑↑ | ? | ↑ |