Lymphatic metastasis contributes to the poor prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). This study aimed to investigate the roles of two metastasis suppressor genes, KAI1 and nm23, in lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis of LSCC.
Methods
A total of 45 LSCC patients were enrolled in this study. The positive expression rates of KAI1 and nm23 protein were detected via immunohistochemistry in 45 LSCC and 22 normal laryngeal mucosa adjacent to LSCC. Micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD) was detected via immunohistochemistry with the specific antibody D2-40. Associations between KAI1 and nm23 expression and clinical characteristics of LSCC were then evaluated.
Results
The positive expression rates of KAI1 and nm23 were significantly lower in LSCC than normal laryngeal mucosa (P < 0.05). Significantly lower positive rates of KAI1 and nm23 were found in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis than those without lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.05), whereas MLVD was negatively correlated with the expression of KAI1 and nm23 (P < 0.05). However, no significant associations were found between KAI1 and nm23 expression and clinical characteristics of LSCC (sex, age, disease position, differentiation, and T-stage).
Conclusions
Both KAI1 and nm23 can inhibit lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in LSCC.
Abkürzungen
LSCC
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
MLVD
Micro-lymphatic vessel density
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
UICC
Union for International Cancer Control
Background
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common tumor of the head and neck, and accounts for 5% of all systemic malignant tumors [1]. Early stage glottic LSCC has favorable prognosis (5-year survival rate, > 70%), whereas the prognosis of supraglottic and subglottic LSCC is poor because of late stage at diagnosis (5-year survival rate, < 50%) [2]. The poor prognosis of LSCC is mainly attributed to lymphatic metastasis [3]. Lymphatic metastasis is an important prognostic indicator for patients with LSCC. Distant metastasis frequently develops in late-stage LSCC, including stages 3, 4a, and 4b [4]. Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) without node metastasis exhibited better prognosis than those with node metastasis, and more than 40% SCC of all cases of SCC with node metastasis were accompanied with recurrent and distant metastases [5]. Therefore, prevention of lymphatic metastasis has become a hot topic in the treatment of LSCC.
KAI1 is a metastasis suppressor gene belonging to the transmembrane 4 superfamily. KAI1 regulates cell movement, metastasis, and proliferation by regulating cell adhesion [6]. The low expression of KAI1 induces malignant transformation and tumor progression, leading to lymphatic metastasis and poor survival [7‐9]. Downregulation of KAI1 expression is closely related with carcinogenesis and metastasis of lower gingival SCC [7], whereas KAI1 overexpression inhibits lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of pancreatic tumors [10]. Given the important role of KAI1 in tumorgenesis, development, invasion, and metastasis, KAI1 may be used as a molecular marker for determining invasiveness, metastasis, and prognosis of LSCC [11, 12]. nm23 is also an important suppressor gene associated with the metastatic potential of tumor [13]. nm23 has antimetastatic function in normal cell growth; thus, its low expression may contribute to metastasis and poor prognosis among various tumors, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, stomach carcinomas, and melanomas [14]. Low nm23 expression was associated with lymph node and liver metastases in gastric cancer [15]. LSCC patients with low nm23 expression exhibited significantly shorter survival than those with high nm23 expression [16]. High nm23 expression is associated with favorable prognosis and may be used to evaluate the risk of recurrence in laryngeal carcinoma [17, 18]. Although KAI1 and nm23 are closely related with tumor metastasis, their specific roles in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of LSCC still need to be studied.
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Recently, various factors have been revealed to be closely related with lymphatic metastasis of LSCC, such as Notch 2 [19], TRPP 2 [20], EZH 2 [21], MMP 9 [22], and DNRG 3 [23]. Because KAI1 and nm23 can influence tumor metastasis, we suspect that KAI1 and nm23 can be used as molecular markers in determining the lymphatic metastasis potential of LSCC. In this study, the expression of KAI1 and nm23 was detected in LSCC, and its relations with micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD) were investigated. The relations between KAI1 and nm23 expression and clinical characteristics of LSCC were evaluated. Our findings may identify the specific roles of KAI1 and nm23 in lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis of LSCC, which may provide valuable evidence for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of LSCC.
Methods
Subjects
A total of 45 LSCC patients without history of radiotherapy and chemotherapy were screened from the Department of Otolaryngology in Qingdao Municipal Hospital between 2002 and 2008. LSCC was diagnosed via histopathological examination, and the tumor stage was determined according to the tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification published by Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The clinical characteristics of these patients, including sex, age, tumor location, differentiation grade, and T-stage, were recorded. LSCC tissues isolated from surgical resection were paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and preserved in the Department of Pathology. Normal laryngeal mucosa adjacent to LSCC (n = 22) were used as control. This study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Immunohistochemistry
We first dewaxed 3-μm paraffin sections of selected LSCC tissues in xylene followed by a graded series of ethanol washes. After washing with distilled water thrice, the samples were incubated in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer at 95 °C for 30 min for antigen retrieval. Then, these sections were incubated in 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature, followed by blocking with 5% goat serum in PBS. After overnight incubation with primary mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies (KAI1: 1:1000, Neomarkers, nm23: 1:1000, Santa Cruz, D2-40: 1:1000, Beijing Zhongshan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) at 4 °C and washing in phosphate buffered solution (PBS), secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody was applied according to manufacturers’ recommendations (Wuhan Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China). To detect the expression of KAI1, nm23, and D2-40, diaminobenzidine substrate (Wuhan Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) was used and counterstained with hematoxylin (Wuhan Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China). Images were taken under a light microscope with a Photometrics (Tucson, AZ, USA) Coolsnap camera using Image Master version 5.0.
KAI1 and nm23 were mainly expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm as granular brown substances [24], and tissues with more than 15% positive cells were considered to be positive for KAI1 or nm23 (< 15%, negative). Positive cells were counted at five random regions in each sample under the microscope at ×200 magnification.
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D2-40 was also mainly expressed in the lymph vessel as a granular brown substance. In each sample, two regions at ×100 containing the largest number of D2-40 positive lymph vessels were selected as hot spots, and the vessels were counted in five random regions of each spot under the microscope at ×200 magnification (vessel diameter of > 8 erythrocytes and/or the presence of smooth muscle in the vessel wall were excluded). MLVD was calculated as the mean number of D2-40 positive lymph vessels in two hot spots.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Quantitative data were compared between different groups using t test and were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Qualitative data were compared using χ2 test and were expressed as number (percentage). A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
KAI1 and nm23 expression in LSCC
To evaluate the role of KAI1 and nm23 in LSCC, KAI1 and nm23 expression was first evaluated. The results showed that LSCC cells exhibited significantly lower positive expression rates of KAI1 and nm23 than normal laryngeal mucosa (KAI1, 55.6 vs. 81.8%; nm23, 66.7 vs. 90.9%, respectively, all P < 0.05) (Table 1) (Fig. 1). Additionally, significantly lower positive rates of KAI1 and nm23 were found in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis than those without lymphatic metastasis (KAI1, 38.9 vs. 70.8%; nm23, 52.4 vs. 79.2%, respectively, all P < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 1
The positive expression rates of KAI1 and nm23 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and normal laryngeal mucosa (control)
Groups
LSCC (n = 45)
Normal laryngeal mucosa (n = 22)
χ2
P value
KAI1
25/45 (55.6%)
18/22 (81.8%)
4.43
< 0.05
nm23
30/45 (66.7%)
20/22 (90.9%)
4.59
< 0.05
Fig. 1
Positive KAI1, nm23, and D2-40 (lymph-vessels) expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and normal laryngeal mucosa
Table 2
The positive expression rates of KAI1 and nm23 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) with and without lymphatic metastasis
LSCC
Lymphatic metastasis (n = 21)
Non-lymphatic metastasis (n = 24)
χ2
P value
KAI1
8/21 (38.9%)
17/24 (70.8%)
4.86
< 0.05
nm23
11/21 (52.4%)
19/24 (79.2%)
5.42
< 0.05
×
MLVD in LSCC
The distribution of micro-lymphatic vessels in LSCC was analyzed via MLVD. As shown in Table 3, MLVD was significantly higher in LSCC than normal laryngeal mucosa (20.88 ± 5.21 vs. 5.23 ± 3.56, P < 0.05) (Fig. 1). Moreover, MLVD was significantly higher in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis than those without lymphatic metastasis (24.32 ± 0.91 vs. 13.56 ± 2.18, P < 0.05) (Table 3). Furthermore, the MLVDs were found to be significantly lower in LSCC patients with positive KAI1 and nm23 expression than those with negative expression (KAI1, 17.1 ± 5.2 vs. 20.9 ± 6.7; nm23, 17.5 ± 5.6 vs. 20.8 ± 6.1, respectively, all P < 0.05) (Table 4).
Table 3
The micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD) marked by D2-40 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and normal laryngeal mucosa (control)
Groups
Normal laryngeal mucosa (n = 22)
LSCC
Total (n = 45)
Lymphatic metastasis (n = 21)
Non-lymphatic metastasis (n = 24)
MLVD
5.23 ± 3.56
20.88 ± 5.21*
24.32 ± 0.91*
13.56 ± 2.18*#
The “*” and “#” symbols represented a significant difference at P < 0.05 when compared to normal laryngeal mucosa and LSCC with lymphatic metastasis, respectively
Table 4
The micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD) marked by D2-40 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) positive to KAI1 or nm23
Groups
KAI1
nm23
Positive (n = 29)
Negative (n = 16)
Positive (n = 30)
Negative (n = 15)
MLVD
17.1 ± 5.2
20.9 ± 6.7*
17.5 ± 5.6
20.8 ± 6.1*
The “*” represented a significant difference at P < 0.05 when compared with positive ones
Association of KAI1 and nm23 expression with the clinical characteristics of patients with LSCC
To further identify the effects of KAI1 and nm23 on LSCC, the relations between KAI1 and nm23 expression and clinical characteristics of LSCC patients were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences in terms of sex, age, tumor location, differentiation, and T-stage in LSCC patients either positive or negative to KAI1 and nm23 (P > 0.05) (Table 5).
Table 5
Relations between KAI1/nm23 expression and clinical characteristics of LSCC patients
Clinical characteristics
Number
KAI1
P value
nm23
P value
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Gender
Male
39
16
23
> 0.05
12
27
> 0.05
Female
6
4
2
3
3
Age
≤ 60
19
8
11
> 0.05
5
14
> 0.05
> 60
26
12
14
10
16
Disease position
Glottic
35
15
20
> 0.05
13
22
> 0.05
Supraglottic or subglottic
10
5
5
2
8
Differentiation
High
23
10
13
> 0.05
8
15
> 0.05
Mid
18
9
9
5
13
Low
4
1
3
2
2
T-stage
T1 + T2
28
10
18
> 0.05
11
17
> 0.05
T3 + T4
17
10
7
4
13
Discussion
Metastasis is the main cause of the low curative rate of oncologic tumors. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are early events in tumor metastasis, and the therapeutic effects of angiogenesis are limited by the close relationship between the vascular system and lymphatic system [25]. In this study, two metastasis suppressor genes, namely, KAI1 and nm23, were shown to be closely related with lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis in LSCC. However, no significant correlations between KAI1 and nm23 expression and the clinical characteristics of LSCC were noted.
KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene, is involved in the regulation of LSCC metastasis [26]. KAI1 expression is significantly downregulated in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis compared with LSCC without metastasis [27]. Moreover, it is also closely associated with pathological grade and lymph node metastases [28, 29]. In this study, the positive expression rates of KAI1 were significantly lower in LSCC cells than in normal laryngeal mucosa and in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis than in those without lymphatic metastasis. Our findings are consistent with those of previous studies and further illustrate that KAI1 is closely related with lymph metastasis of LSCC. MLVD detection was performed to determine the distribution of micro-lymphatic vessels in LSCC. The results showed that MLVD was significantly lower in KAI1-positive LSCC patients than those negative for the gene. The negative correlation between KAI1 expression and MLVD is rarely reported. The significantly higher MLVD in LSCC with lymphatic metastasis than in those without lymphatic metastasis further indicated that KAI1 was closely associated with lymphangiogenesis in LSCC. Furthermore, the relations between KAI1 expression and the clinical characteristics of LSCC were evaluated. In line with a previous study [30], no significant correlations were found between KAI1 expression and the sex, age, tumor location, differentiation, and T-stage of LSCC. This result indicates that the accuracy of KAI1 as a prognostic indicator of LSCC may be limited. However, KAI1 may be a promising metastatic biomarker in determining the lymphatic metastasis potential of LSCC and may be used as a potential therapeutic target in inhibiting lymphatic metastasis.
nm23 is also an important metastasis suppressor gene involved in the regulation of LSCC metastasis [14]. The expression of nm23 protein in LSCC patients with lymph node metastases is significantly lower compared with patients without metastases [16, 31]. In line with these studies, we found that nm23 was more likely to be expressed in LSCC patients, particularly in those with lymphatic metastasis. Our findings illustrate that nm23 is closely related with lymphatic metastasis of LSCC. Moreover, MLVD was higher in LSCC patients negative for nm23 than those positive for the gene. The negative correlation between nm23 expression and MLVD indicates that nm23 may be involved in the lymphangiogenesis of LSCC. Because nm23 plays important roles in lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis of LSCC, it may be used as a promising metastatic biomarker in determining the lymphatic metastasis potential of LSCC and as a potential therapeutic target in inhibiting lymphatic metastasis. Additionally, we found no significant association between nm23 and the sex, age, tumor location, differentiation, and T-stage among patients with LSCC. This result is consistent with that of a previous study in which nm23 expression was not associated with localization, dimension, and differentiation of LSCC [32] and further indicates that the accuracy of nm23 as a prognostic predictor of LSCC may be limited.
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KAI1 and nm23 regulate tumor metastasis through various molecules and pathways. KAI1 can regulate tumor metastasis through p130CAS-CrkII [33], p53 [34], and Src-dependent pathway [35]; nm23 can regulate tumor metastasis through EDG2 [36], Cdc42 and other Rho family members [37], and Wnt pathway [38]. Because the roles of KAI1 and nm23 in regulating lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis of LSCC are complex, further studies to more specific mechanisms are urgently needed.
Conclusions
KAI1 and nm23 were found to play a role in the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis in LSCC. However, they were not significantly related with the clinical characteristics of LSCC. Further researches on the effects of KAI1 and nm23 in LSCC and their related mechanisms in the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis and lymph metastasis using large samples are needed.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
None.
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Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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