Rosacea is a chronic and inflammatory disease with a series of facial skin manifestations, including flushing, nontransient erythema, papules/pustules, telangiectasia, and phymatous changes [
1‐
4]. Secondary manifestations, such as itching, burning, or stinging, are often observed in patients with rosacea [
5]. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of rosacea are not fully understood [
6‐
8], but immune dysfunction,
Demodex infection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation are considered to be contributing factors [
2]. In 2002, rosacea was classified into the following four subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular [
9]. In 2017, a phenotype-based approach for diagnosis and classification was recommended [
2,
10‐
12]. Fixed centrofacial erythema and phymatous changes are independently considered as diagnostic criteria for rosacea [
10]. In recent years, a variety of treatment options have been provided in rosacea treatment guidelines and expert consensuses [
13‐
16], including topical therapies, oral therapies, light devices, skin care, and lifestyle management [
13]. High-quality clinical trials have been conducted in recent years on rosacea treatment [
17,
18]. A systematic review, including GRADE assessments on interventions for rosacea, has been especially helpful for clinical decision-making [
19,
20]. However, treatment options for rosacea should also be expanded because managing rosacea remains a challenge [
21]. The focus of this review is the expansion of treatment options rather than the level of evidence and the degree of recommendations, with the aim to summarize and update treatment options for rosacea and to supplement recent guidelines and expert consensuses.
This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.