Coronary revascularization in resuscitated out of hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) patients has been associated with improved survival.
Methods
This was a retrospective review of patients with OOHCA between 01/07/2007 and 31/03/2009 surviving to hospital admission. Cardiac risk factors, demographics, treatment times, electrocardiogram (ECG), angiographic findings and in-hospital outcomes were recorded.
Results
Of the 78 patients, 63 underwent coronary angiography. Traditional cardiac risk factors were common in this group. Chest pain occurred in 33.3% pre-arrest, 59.0% were initially treated at a peripheral hospital, 83.3% had documented ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, 55.1% had specific ECG changes, 65.4% had acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as the cause of OOHCA and the majority had multi-vessel disease. ST elevation strongly predicted AMI. The in-hospital survival was 67.9% with neurological deficit in 13.2% of survivors. The group of patients who had an angiogram were more likely to have AMI as a cause of cardiac arrest (71.4% vs 40.0%, p = 0.01) and more likely to have survived to discharge (74.6% vs 40.0%, p < 0.01). Poor outcome was associated with older age, cardiogenic shock, longer transfer times, diabetes, renal impairment and a long duration to return of spontaneous circulation.
Conclusions
Acute myocardial infarction was the commonest cause of OOHCA and a high rate of survival to discharge was seen with a strategy of routine angiography and revascularization.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-30) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
VW was involved in data collection, analysis and drafting of the manuscript. DM participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis as well as helped drafting of the manuscript. CT was involved in data collection and helped with drafting of the manuscript. DW conceived the study, participated in the design and helped draft the manuscript. Both CT and DW were involved in critiquing the article.
Abkürzungen
OOHCA
Out of hospital cardiac arrest
ECG
Electrocardiogram
AMI
Ccute myocardial infarction
TPCH
The Prince Charles Hospital
STEMI
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
ROSC
Return of spontaneous circulation
ICU
Intensive care unit
VT
Ventricular tachycardia
VF
Ventricular fibrillation
TTE
Transthoracic echocardiogram
PCI
Percutaneous coronary intervention
CVO
Culprit vessel occlusion
GCS
Glasgow coma scale
OR
Odds ratio
CI
Confidence interval
IQR
Interquartile range
SD
Standard deviation
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate (in ml/min)
∞
Infinity
BMI
Body mass index
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
LV
Left ventricle
LAD
Left anterior descending coronary artery
RCA
Right coronary artery
LCx
Left circumflex coronary artery
LMCA
Left main coronary artery
CABG
Coronary artery bypass graft
K
Potassium
Mg
Magnesium
CK
Creatine kinase.
Background
Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) is a leading cause of death in the developed world [1, 2]. Coronary artery disease is the cause in up to 90% of cases [3]. Greater than 50% of deaths due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occur outside the hospital setting and early ventricular arrhythmias is the most common mechanism of death [4, 5], of which ventricular fibrillation is the commonest type. In Australia it is estimated that 15,000 people suffer a cardiac arrest every year, with an incidence estimated at between 9 and 89 per 100,000 person years [6]. The one year survival is estimated at 11.5% [6]. Incorporation of angiography and revascularization into the post resuscitation care of patients with OOHCA and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) has been shown in non-randomized case series to be associated with high rates of survival compared to historical controls [7].
The authors’ hospital was one of only two public hospitals that provided acute cardiac catheterization services to an area of approximately 562,000 km2 with a population of 1.6 million. In the case of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), due to the large distances involved in regional Queensland, there is no protocol for ambulances to bypass regional hospitals to transport the patient to a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) center. The patient is transported to the nearest Emergency Department (ED), where thrombolysis would be considered in the case of STEMI.
Anzeige
The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with survival, in the setting of a strategy that favored routine angiography and revascularization, in patients surviving to hospital admission following OOHCA.
Methods
This is a retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of OOHCA admitted to The Prince Charles Hospital (TPCH). Patients aged 18 years or older admitted to either the coronary care unit or intensive care unit (ICU) during the period 01/07/2007 to 31/03/2009 were included. Patients were identified through departmental databases. Patients who died in the ED and those with non-cardiac causes for OOHCA were excluded. The medical records were reviewed to obtain: demographics, pre-arrest symptoms, ambulance data, initial ECG, blood investigations, examination findings, medications and treatments administered, echocardiographic data, coronary angiographic data, complications in those who had intervention and final diagnosis during hospital stay. Figure 1 summarizes a decision tree followed when evaluating OOHCA patients. Subgroup analyses were performed between those surviving to discharge versus those who did not and those who received coronary angiography versus those who did not. Standard definitions were used where possible (hyperlipidaemia [8], renal impairment [9], cerebral performance category scores [10] and acute myocardial infarction [11]). See accompanying Additional file 1 for detailed methods including details of statistical analyses.
Figure 1
Protocol used when deciding urgency of coronary angiography. (A) Flowchart of patients who are transferred direct to TPCH. (B) Flowchart of patients who are initially treated at a peripheral hospital. RWMA = regional wall motion abnormalities, TTE = transthoracic echocardiogram (where available). 1All patients suspected of an ischaemic cause for OOHCA are urgently transferred to TPCH and the priority of coronary angiography is decided upon arrival (as transfer times may be prolonged depending on distance).
×
The study is compliant with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the The Prince Charles Hospital (approval number HREC/13/QPCH/303).
Results
In the AMI subgroup, 56.9% (29/51 patients) did not have chest pain prior to the event. In those with a non-AMI cause of arrest, 12.5% (3/24 patients) reported chest pain immediately preceding the event where the cause of arrest was myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and cause unknown in one.
Anzeige
The mean transfer time to the first hospital (Figure 2A) was 51.7 min (SD ± 20.6 min). Figure 2B shows transport time to TPCH. Those transported direct to TPCH had a median transfer time of 57.6 min (IQR: 49.8-66.0 min), whereas in those initially treated at a peripheral hospital, the median transfer time was 7.2 hours (IQR: 4.2-13.8 hours).
Figure 2
Transfer times to healthcare facility. (A) Estimated time between OOHCA and transport to nearest medical facility. (B) Estimated time between OOHCA and transport to TPCH.
×
The longest ICU admission of 154 days (Figure 3) was for a patient diagnosed with idiopathic cardiomyopathy with severe ventricular dysfunction as the cause of arrest, and required insertion of a left ventricular assist device and remained in ICU until cardiac transplantation.
Figure 3
ICU length of stay.
×
Therapeutic hypothermia in intubated patients
Therapeutic hypothermia (cooling) was administered in 54/65 (83.1%) of intubated patients (status unknown in two patients transferred from elsewhere). In those admitted direct to TPCH 23/30 (76.7%) of intubated patients were cooled; in the seven patients that did not: three regained consciousness immediately after DC cardioversion, one was coagulopathic, one was assessed as already being “cool and shut down”, in one the cause of shock was unclear and in one patient the decision for comfort measures was made early on during resuscitation.
Access to coronary angiography
In this cohort, 63 patients (80.8%) had coronary angiography performed during the admission. There were 15 patients who did not have angiography. In five, this was because the cause was not thought to be AMI (primary ventricular arrhythmia in one, established dilated cardiomyopathy in four). One patient had a diagnosis of myocarditis based on history, however, died within two hours of arrival in hospital while being prepared for angiography. One patient was known to have severe coronary disease but had refused intervention. The remaining eight patients were assessed to have severe neurological deficit negating any benefit of revascularization (in six of these patients a clinical diagnosis of AMI was made and none of them survived, and in the two other patients the cause of arrest was not identified).
Direct transfers to TPCH
In direct TPCH admissions, 28/32 (87.5%) had coronary angiography (Table 1). The four who did not were: transferred to another hospital, primary VF/VT, death during preparation for angiogram, and severe neurological deficit. In the 22 patients having emergent angiograms, the median door to needle time was 1.5 hours (IQR: 1.0-2.3 hours). In the six patients who had non-emergent angiograms, the median door to needle time was 64.8 hours or 2.7 days (IQR: 13.9-144.2 hours).
Table 1
Patient factors
Demographics
Number
Percentage
Total out of hospital cardiac arrests
78
Males (mean age 61.5 yrs, range 18–84, SD ± 14.9)
63
80.8%
Female (mean age 63.4 yrs, range 34–91, SD ± 16.9)
15
19.2%
Total number of patients with AMI
51
65.4%
STEMI subgroup
31
39.7%
NSTEMI subgroup
20
25.6%
Transfers from peripheral hospitals
46
59.0%
Direct presentations to TPCH
32
41.0%
All coronary angiograms during the same period
6072
Male
4048
66.6%
- Mean age (in years)
63.0
Female
2024
33.3%
- Mean age (in years)
64.8
All STEMI patientsa
512
Male
389
76.0%
- Mean age (years)
59.0
Female
123
24.0%
- Mean age (years)
64.2
Mean body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 (Range 18.8–55.6, SD ± 5.5)
28.5
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Island origin
1
1.3%
Risk factors
Hypertension
39/77
50.6%
Hyperlipidaemia
28/67
41.8%
Diabetes
13/77
16.9%
Current smoker
22/62
35.5%
Any history of smoking
47/59
79.7%
Known history of ischaemic heart disease
20/76
26.3%
History of previous myocardial infarction
17/76
22.4%
Documentation of illicit drug use at time of cardiac arrest
3/75
4.0%
History of cardiomyopathy
8/77
10.4%
Family history of ischaemic heart disease
23/41
56.1%
Renal failure (GFR <60 ml/min)
34/78
43.6%
Events immediately following cardiac arrest
Chest pain prior to event
25/75
33.3%
Treatment (at the scene): CPR
71/77
92.2%
DCCV
69/78
88.5%
Median time (in min) to ROSC (n = 67), IQR 10.0–27.5
15.0
Patients with initial treatment at a peripheral hospital
46/78
59.0%
Thrombolysis in ambulance (of the 30 STEMI patients)
2/78
2.2%
Initial rhythm by ambulance
Ventricular fibrillation
59/78
75.6%
Ventricular tachycardia
6/78
7.7%
Asystole
4/78
5.1%
Pulseless electrical activity
4/78
5.1%
Bradycardia
4/78
5.1%
Sinus rhythm
1/78
1.3%
Unknown
0/78
0.0%
Ambulance ECG after ROSC
Unclear
4/60
6.7%
Atrial fibrillation
6/60
10.0%
Idioventricular rhythm
2/60
3.3%
Junctional rhythm
4/60
6.7%
Sinus rhythm
43/60
71.7%
Ventricular tachycardia (unavailable and undocumented in 18 patients)
1/60
1.7%
GCS
GCS 3 on arrival of paramedics at the scene
62/77b
80.5%
Brought to hospital intubated or GCS 3
62/78
79.5%
Characteristics in the emergency department
Congestive heart failure
11/78
11.8%
Abnormal left ventricular (LV) functionc
52/72
72.2%
Cardiogenic shock
34/78
43.6%
Requirement for inotropes
35/78
44.9%
Intubation at any time during the first 24 hours
67/78d
85.9%
Insertion of balloon pump
22/78
28.2%
First ECG in hospital
Rhythm:
Sinus rhythm
66/78
84.6%
Atrial fibrillation
6/78
7.7%
Ventricular tachycardia
3/78
3.8%
Ventricular fibrillation
0/78
0.0%
Pulseless electrical activity
1/78
1.3%
Junctional rhythm
2/78
2.6%
Specific ECG changes (ST elevation or depression)
43/78
55.1%
Any ST segment changes (including non-specific)
63/78
80.8%
Normal ECG
15/78
19.2%
QRS duration >120 ms
15/78
19.2%
Myocardial territories identified on ECGe
Anterior
21/43
48.8%
Inferior
7/43
16.3%
Lateral
5/43
11.6%
Antero-lateral
6/43
14.0%
Infero-lateral
4/43
9.3%
Initial treatment in ami patient subgroup
Heparin or Enoxaparin
48/51
94.1%
Heparin
42/51
82.4%
Enoxaparin
6/51
11.8%
Aspirin
49/51
96.1%
Clopidogrel
40/51
78.4%
Glycoprotein IIb IIIA receptor blocker
9/51
17.6%
Thrombolysis (by ambulance or hospital)
As a proportion of all AMI patients
10/51
19.6%
For patients with ST elevation on ECG
10/32
31.3%
Timing of coronary angiogram
Emergent angiogram in entire group
34/78
43.6%
Emergent angiogram in TPCH presentations
22/32
68.8%
Emergent angiogram in peripheral hospital presentations
12/46
26.1%
The denominator is the number of patients with data available.
aRefers to all STEMI patients admitted to TPCH during the study period.
bOne patient was driven to the hospital in a private vehicle.
cInitial left ventricular (LV) function estimated by transthoracic echocardiogram, transoesophageal echocardiogram (1 patient) or left ventriculogram during coronary angiogram. Abnormal LV function was recorded if the LV ejection fraction was less than 50% or was recorded as “reduced”. The mean LV function was 37.5%, SD ± 17.9%).
d42 of these were intubated at the scene by paramedics.
eIn those patient who had specific ECG changes.
AMI patient group
Of the 51 AMI patients, six did not have coronary angiography for the following reasons: five had severe neurological injury and one had known severe coronary disease and declined intervention. All direct transfers to TPCH with STEMI received primary PCI. A total of 34 patients had coronary intervention attempted: 29 patients (85.3%) had bare metal stents placed, four patients (11.8%) had drug eluting stents placed, one patient (2.9%) had a failed procedure, and in one case (2.9%) the type of stent was unknown. One patient who underwent emergency PCI developed pericardial tamponade and died despite being taken for emergency cardiac surgery. This patient had not received thrombolysis but had received dual antiplatelet therapy, heparin and GPIIbIIIa inhibitor therapy. There were no other major bleeding episodes recorded in the other patients, and no other major complications were noted that were attributed to cardiac catheterization.
Initial ECG in AMI patients who underwent coronary angiography
Table 2 shows ST segment elevation to be highly specific for AMI. Additionally, 19/45 (42.2%) of AMI patients were found to have culprit vessel occlusion (CVO) and this was associated with ST elevation on ECG. No patient with AMI had a normal ECG. In the angiogram group, 25 had a normal or non-specific ECG and eight of these (32.0%) had AMI.
Table 2
Initial ECG post arrest and angiographic findings
Ecg changes in those who had angiogram
Number
Percentage
AMI patients (45 patients)
ST elevation (STE)
30/45
66.7%
CVO in patients with STE on ECG
17/30
56.7%
ST depression (STD)
8/45
17.8%
CVO in patients with STD on ECG
1/8
12.5%
Non-specific ECG changes
7/45
15.6%
CVO in patients with non-specific ECG changes
1/7
14.3%
Normal ECG
0/45
0%
CVO in patients with a normal ECG
0/0
0%
Non AMI patients (18 patients)
ST elevation
0/18
0%
ST depression
1/18
5.6%
Non-specific ECG changes
9/18
50.0%
Normal ECG
8/18
44.4%
Angiogram findings in ami patients (45 patients)
Number of vessels diseaseda
1 V
13/45
28.9%
2 V
17/45
37.8%
3 V
12/45
26.7%
3 V + LMCA
3/45
6.7%
Culprit vessel (Acute lesions)
LAD
23/45
51.1%
RCA
5/45
11.1%
LCx
7/45
15.6%
Graft
3/45
6.7%
Unknown
7/45
15.6%
Culprit vessel occlusion
19/45
42.2%
In STEMI subgroup
17/30
56.7%
In NSTEMI subgroup
2/15
13.3%
Recommended treatment based on angiogram
Follow-on PCI
34/45
75.6%
Recommend CABG
10/45
22.2%
Medical therapy
1/45
2.2%
Patients undergoing immediate PCI to culprit vesselb
Successful PCIc
33/34
97.1%
(Total of 63 patients had coronary angiography).
CVO = Culprit Vessel Occlusion, STE = ST segment elevation, STD = ST segment depression.
aThe denominator here is the total number of AMI patients who had a catheter study (ie. 45 patients).
bThe denominator here is the number of patients who had follow-on PCI during the index coronary angiogram (34 patients).
cSuccessful PCI was defined as TIMI-III flow and absence of re-occlusion during the index hospital admission.
Cause of arrest and in-hospital outcomes
Table 3 lists the diagnosed cause of arrest at the end of the hospitalization. Of the 24 patients dying in hospital, the causes were: severe brain injury in 14, cardiogenic shock in seven, shock due to other cause in two and post cardiac surgery in one patient. Of the 34 patients who underwent PCI, 10 (29.4%) died in hospital: in eight the cause of death was neurological injury; in the remaining two the cause was cardiogenic shock.
Table 3
Cause of arrest and in-hospital outcomes
All patients 78 patients
Group A 63 patients
Group B 15 patients
Cause of OOHCA
Acute myocardial infarction
51(65.4%)
45(71.4%)
6(40.0%)
Scar VT/VF
1(1.3%)
1(1.6%)
0(0.0%)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
8(10.3%)
5(7.9%)
3(20.0%)
Primary VF/VT
8(10.3%)
7(11.1%)
1(6.7%)
Myocarditis
3(3.8%)
2(3.2%)
1(6.7%)
Unknown
7(9.0%)
3(4.8%)
4(26.7%)
In-hospital outcomes
Survived to discharge
54/78(69.2%)
48(76.2%)
6(40.0%)
Neurological deficit
7/78(9.0%)
Neurological deficit (in survivors)
7/54(13.0%)
AICD recommended
22/78(28.2%)
AICD recommended (in survivors)
22/53(41.5%)
Survival in:
AMI patients
34/51(66.7%)
AMI patients who had angiogram
33/45(73.3%)
AMI patients who did not have angiogram
1/6(16.7%)
Note:
Group A = patients who had coronary angiogram.
Group B = patients who did not have coronary angiography.
Anzeige
Subgroup analysis
Comparing those who survived to discharge (good outcome) versus those who died during admission (poor outcome), older age (on average, those with a good outcome were eight years younger), diabetes, renal impairment, lower GCS by paramedics, longer transfer time to first hospital, longer transfer time to TPCH, longer duration to ROSC, presence of congestive heart failure and requirement for inotropes were all associated with a poor outcome. Initial treatment at a peripheral center was associated with good outcome, presumably because those with a poor prognosis were not transferred. A shockable rhythm on ECG was associated with a good prognosis. Coronary angiography and aspirin use was associated with a good prognosis which is at least partially attributable to the selection process.
The group who had coronary angiography was compared to the group that did not (Table 4). Those with a longer transfer time to hospital and lower GCS by paramedics were less likely to have coronary angiography (probably reflecting neurological status), and those with a suggestion of AMI (based on ventricular arrhythmias or ECG changes) were more likely to have coronary angiography. The improved survival seen in the group having angiogram may be partly due to the selection process.
*[n] Number of patients for whom information was missing is represented within square brackets.
Group A = patients who had coronary angiogram (“cathed patients”).
Group B = patients who did not have coronary angiography (“non-cathed patients”).
Group C = patients who survived to discharge from hospital.
Group D = patients who died during the hospital admission.
Multivariate logistic regression
Variables known to be associated with poor outcomes together with those variables from the univariate analysis with p <0.1 were included. The final model was limited to a maximum of five variables due to the limited number of events (32). Age was centered on its median value in the sample (64 years). Glasgow coma score (GCS) in the ED was the most important predictor of a good outcome in that no patient who arrived in the ED with a GCS of >8 died. Exact logistic regression was used to assess the association of GCS with good outcome. The median unbiased estimate of the effect of ED GCS >8 compared to the intubated patient on good outcome was an odds ratio of 13.6 with a very large 95% confidence interval (2-∞). There was no difference in outcome between the intubated group and those that had a GCS ≤8 in the ED.
When ED GCS was included in a standard logistic regression model, the fact that there were no events in the GCS >8 group rendered the model uninformative. Variables other than GCS were included in a standard logistic regression model. In summary, lower age, the absence of cardiogenic shock, a transfer from another hospital and not being cooled were associated with the outcome (survival without neurological injury). Not being cooled was confounded on the better ED GCS. Once again, it is likely that the transferred patients represented a better prognostic group.
Anzeige
Standard multivariate logistic regression diagnostics was performed. The Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test was not significant (p = 0.46) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81 even when the ED GCS was not included Please see accompanying Additional file 2 for tabular data.
Discussion
Ischaemic heart disease is the most common substrate in OOHCA and therefore the demographics reflect a high incidence of cardiac risk factors as has been reported elsewhere [6, 12, 13]. This study cohort represents those with a better prognosis partly due to selection of those who survived to hospital admission. Our immediate success rates for PCI was 97.1% compared to 76% reported by Spaulding [14]. When we identified a culprit lesion, this was located proximal or mid vessel, which has been shown to be a strong predictor of cardiac arrest [15] – possibly related to a larger area of ischaemic myocardium. Anyfantakis, in a study of routine emergency coronary angiography in unselected survivors of OOHCA, found that 37.5% had angiographic or clinical evidence of AMI as a cause for the cardiac arrest [16]. They found ST elevation on the admission ECG to be a strong independent correlate of AMI and suggested this as a method of triaging patients for emergent cardiac catheterization, which our findings support.
Despite a high incidence of AMI in this study, chest pain was documented in only 33%, although, anoxic brain injury may cause amnesia to pre-arrest symptoms. Spaulding et al found that ST elevation and chest pain to be poorly predictive of acute coronary occlusion [14] in the OOHCA setting, hence, the absence of these should not preclude coronary angiography. Our finding of 12.5% of patients with ST depression and 14.3% of patients with non-specific ECG changes having culprit vessel occlusion (Table 2) supports this. ST segment elevation on initial ECG is highly predictive of an ischaemic etiology, and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommends such patients undergo immediate coronary angiography [17].
The Parisian Regional Out of hospital Cardiac Arrest Trial, enrolled 435 patients who had no obvious extracardiac cause for OOHCA and all underwent immediate coronary angiography and PCI if indicated [18]. At least one significant coronary artery lesion was found in almost all patients with STEMI on ECG (128/134; 96%) and in a significant proportion of patients without STEMI (176/301; 58%). PCI was successful in 99/128 STEMI patients, and in 78/176 patients without STEMI. Hospital survival was 40%. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a successful PCI was an independent predictor of survival irrespective of the initial post-resuscitation ECG (odds ratio 2.06; 95% CI 1.16–3.66). Spaulding [14] also found successful PCI to be an independent predictor of survival. Bendz [19] showed that PCI in a select group of patients with STEMI following resuscitated OOHCA had a good outcome with both an in-hospital and two year survival of 72.5%. Others have shown a survival benefit in those undergoing coronary angiography versus those who did not - 67% vs 18% in some studies [20].
Anzeige
A meta-analysis by Larsen et al found a high prevalence of significant coronary disease in patients after resuscitated OOHCA, and they recommend consideration of emergent coronary angiography in the absence of a non-cardiac cause for arrest [21]. Zanuttini [7] found that in a group of resuscitated OOHCA patients, there was a high incidence of coronary disease and ST elevation on ECG predicted culprit coronary lesions. They also found that emergency angiography and successful PCI was independently related to in-hospital mortality and survival after OOHCA. Similar to our findings, these investigators also found that the absence of ST elevation should not prevent a patient having coronary angiography. Sunde [22] has shown that incorporation of a standardized post-cardiac arrest protocol which included PCI (where clinically indicated) was associated with improved hospital discharge rates, neurological outcome and one year survival compared to historical controls.
The 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations [23] as well as the European Resuscitation Council guidelines [24], recommend that coronary angiography be considered in the post cardiac arrest patient. In our experience this strategy of routine angiography in selected patients was associated with a high rate of survival to discharge (67.9%) and survival without significant neurological impairment (86.8% of survivors). In the direct admissions to TPCH, even those having non-emergent angiography, the median door to needle time of 2.7 days is in keeping with our policy of performing the angiogram early on in the admission.
We found coma to be a common feature in patients following resuscitated OOHCA and this should not delay revascularization. Neurological prognostication is difficult early in the course of OOHCA. The decision not to perform emergent coronary angiography was based on clinical evaluation that included factors such as greater than 60 min to ROSC, advanced age, poor pre-morbid functional status, history of severe cognitive impairment, asystole as the presenting rhythm and presence of an obvious non-ischaemic cause for arrest. With our strategy of routine angiography in these patients, we did not find therapeutic hypothermia to be an obstacle, and the overall procedural complication rate was low.
Limitations
The small sample size and retrospective nature of the study causes selection bias. The pre-hospital setting was poorly documented (especially in those transferred from elsewhere). It was difficult to accurately ascertain how many OOHCA were witnessed and, in some cases, time to ROSC. The incorporation of patients transferred from other centers introduced selection bias as only those with good prognosis are expected to have been transferred. It follows therefore, that those transferred from peripheral centers should not be denied coronary angiography (if clinically indicated). Using the published incidence of OOHCA in Australia [6], the patients treated at this institution (as a percentage of the estimated total in the population serviced by TPCH), ranged from as low as 11% to as high as 100%. The lower estimate would suggest that a significant number are not being transferred, presumably related to poor prognosis or death, however, such wide-ranging estimates are difficult to interpret.
Conclusions
Most survivors of OOHCA have multi vessel coronary disease and AMI is the leading cause of arrest. Absence of symptoms or ST elevation on ECG should not delay or prevent coronary angiography. In our experience, in patients surviving to hospital admission following OOHCA, a strategy of routine coronary angiography and revascularization is safe and associated with a high rate of survival to discharge.
Authors’ information
Vishva A. Wijesekera, FRACP
Daniel V. Mullany, MMedSc, FANZCA, FCICM
Catherina A. Tjahjadi, MBBS
Darren L. Walters FRACP, FCSANZ, FSCAI, MPhil, Grad Cert Mang
DW is the director of the cardiac catheter laboratory, the executive chair of the Heart Lung Institute and the executive director of the Prince Charles Hospital. DM is an intensive care specialist at The Prince Charles Hospital. VW and CT are cardiology trainees at this institution.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Michael Savage, senior cardiac scientist at the cardiac catheter laboratory, as well as Lyn Munck and Rachel Bushell of the Critical Care Research Group at The Prince Charles Hospital who assisted in data collection.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
VW was involved in data collection, analysis and drafting of the manuscript. DM participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis as well as helped drafting of the manuscript. CT was involved in data collection and helped with drafting of the manuscript. DW conceived the study, participated in the design and helped draft the manuscript. Both CT and DW were involved in critiquing the article.
