Background
Public health decision-making is seriously reliant on a timely availability of sound data, and globally significant human and financial resources have been invested to improve health information systems [1, 2]. Despite the fact that data monitoring and evaluation has been improved through information systems, data demand and information use for decisions have often been negligible among stakeholders. As a result, many health systems fail to fully link evidence to decisions and suffer from inadequate ability to respond to priority health needs at all levels of the health system. It is well accepted that information generated by health care systems is used for planning, management of health commodities, detecting outbreaks, and monitoring the overall performance of the health system that further maintains the quality of care [3, 4].
Routine health information system (RHIS) is the backbone for planning and management of health services at district levels as it can play an important role in effective and efficient health service delivery, decision making, and the improvement of the program [3‐6]. Health Information System (HIS) is a system that integrates data collection, processing, reporting, and use of the information necessary for improving health service effectiveness and efficiency through better management at all levels of health services. Health management information system (HMIS) is a means that allows collection and storage as well as analysis and usage of health data that assist decision makers and stake-holders to manage and plan resources at all levels. It is also used to improve patient satisfaction with health services by tracking certain dimensions of service quality. However, the value of health information is determined by its utilization in decision-making; data generated at peripheral levels of the health system usually put in reports and shelves are not sufficiently utilized to improve health care [5‐9]. Most health workers in developing countries associate information system with filling endless registers by names and addresses of patients, compiling information on disease every week or month, and sending reports to the next level without adequate utilization and feedback [10‐13].
Anzeige
Effective data analysis, interpretation, and utilization of information at all levels of the health system is very important for evidence based decisions [2]. Though, in resource limited countries where evidence based decision through better information system is highly required, routine health information system utilization is low [9, 10, 14, 15]. In Africa, the level of health information utilization has been poor, ranging from 10 to 56% [16‐22]. In Ethiopia, information quality and use remain weak within the health sector, particularly at the peripheral levels of districts and health facilities which have primary responsibilities for operational management [23]. As a result, most managerial decisions are being made without evidence, resulting in the failure of many health programs, perhaps because the information system in the country is cumbersome and fragmented. According to the 2002 review, health information systems at district health facility levels are weak, leading to poor quality data reporting to the next level without feedback and use [24]. Literature shows that routine health information utilization can be affected by organizational factors [25] and technical and behavioral characteristics of health workers [2]. Among the influential factors, health workers’ data analysis skills [21, 26, 27], regular supervision, and feedback [21, 27, 28] are markedly associated with routine health information utilization.
Evidence based decision making through health information system utilization has become the top priority on the agenda of the government of Ethiopia and its development partners. Ethiopia has been strongly committed to strengthen the national Health Information System (HIS) through HMIS, and monitoring and evaluating (M&E) performance. Thus, the policy has identified Health Management Information System (HMIS) as a key component for a successful implementation of the Health Sector Development Program (HSDP) strategic plan. Ever since the implementation of HMIS in 2008, the Ministry of Health has distributed guidelines, built capacity on health data, and established a standardized and integrated data collection and reporting formats. In addition, the use of information, and appropriate technology has been considered as critical factors for strengthening and improving health sector management information system (HMIS) [23]. Recently, the National Health Information Revolution Road Map introduced Community Health Information System (CHIS) to capture basic health and health related information at household and individual levels. Similarly, Electronic Health Record (EHR) has been established at all levels of the health system to improve patient care and to provide accurate data for informed decision making. In the Amhara Region, where the study was conducted, health information utilization in district health offices has been partial and inconsistent [24]. To be sure, data on routine health information system utilization was limited in the study setting, and the inadequacy of information use among health workers remains a problem. Hence, the study assessed routine health information utilization among health workers in East Gojjam Zone government health facilities.
Methods
Study design and setting
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2013, in government health facilities of East Gojjam Zone. The capital of the zone (Debremarkos) is located 300 km from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. According to the Plan and Programs report of the zonal health department, there were 4876 professionals in the two hospitals, 18 health offices, and 91 primary health units (health centers and health posts) of the zone.
Study participants, sample size, and sampling procedure
All health workers in the selected health facilities were included in the study. Sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, considering the following assumptions: 33% prevalence of health information utilization at a district level in Jimma [22], 95% level of confidence, 5% of margin of error, a design effect of 2, and 5% of non-response rate. Finally, the minimum sample size of 668 was obtained. In the zone, there were two hospitals and 91 primary health units (health centers and health posts). Out of the total health facilities, one hospital, 27 health centers, and health posts (PHU) were selected by the simple random sampling technique.
Anzeige
Data collection tool and procedure
The questionnaire was adopted from PRISM framework assessment tool version 3.1 [2, 29]. The tool collects detailed information on Health Information System (HIS) as its input, process and output, and indicates the major factors affecting the performance of a routine health information system. In its conceptual framework, behavioral, technical, and organizational factors are the major determinants of the utilization of routine health information systems. Among the behavioral factors, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and motivation of the people who collect and use data, and technical factors such as data collection processes, systems, and methods, as well as organizational and environmental determinants, like information culture, structure, resources, roles, and responsibilities of the health system affect the utilization of routine health information systems.
The tool which was prepared in English was translated to Amharic (the native language of the study) and retranslated to English by a professional translator and a public health expert. Data were collected using the pretested structured self-administered questionnaire by means of an observational checklist. Seven health professionals who had HMIS training and prior data collection experience were assigned for data collection. Two health professionals who had experience in HIS monitoring supervised the task. Two days’ intensive training was given to data collectors and supervisors on the objective of the study and the confidentiality of information. Awareness was created on the objective of the study, and respondents were informed that their response would not affect the possible work efficiency score they needed for promotion.
Operational definitions and study variables
The outcome variable, routine health information system utilization was measured using the Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) assessment tool. Thus, it was defined as the use of such information for:
-
the day-to-day management of health service facilities and districts;
-
displaying data for monitoring the key objectives of health services and showing key indicators by means of graphs and tables;
-
finding out whether the health professionals can gather data to detect the causes of health problems to prioritize the problems and use the data for health education;
-
using the data to identify and manage epidemics; and
-
Observing the trends of health services and using the data for drug supply and management.
All these components adapted from the PRISM assessment tool have a likert scale measure, ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Finally health workers’ mean scores were used to split health professionals’ health information utilization into “has good routine health information practice”, or “has poor routine health information utilization practice” practices. In this study, health workers (doctors, health officers, nurses, laboratory personnel, health extension workers, etc.) are defined as any health personnel who are collecting health data in order to utilize health information for the improvement of health status.
Data processing and analysis
Data were entered into Epi-info version 3.5.3 and exported to a statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and proportions were computed using the binary logistic regression model in order to summarize the variables. To control the possible effects of confounders, variables with a p-value of less than 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Both Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed to show the strengths of associations. The technique was a backward stepwise regression method. Finally, a p-value of less than 0.05 at the multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables significantly associated with the utilization of a routine health information system. For this study, Hosmer and Lemeshow’s goodness of fit test which gave a large p-value was considered.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
A total of 635 health workers were included in the study, with a response rate of 94.8%. Nearly two-thirds (62%) of the respondents were females. A bit higher than half (51.9%) of the respondents were diploma graduates. The majority of the respondents in this study (41.4 and 29.8%, respectively) were nurses and health extension workers (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of respondents working at government health facilities at East Gojjam Districts, Northwest Ethiopia, 2013
Variables | Frequency (#) | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 394 | 62.0 |
Male | 241 | 38.0 |
Age (years) | ||
20–24 | 207 | 32.6 |
25–29 | 301 | 47.4 |
30–34 | 78 | 12.3 |
35–39 | 21 | 3.3 |
40–44 | 12 | 1.9 |
≥ 45 | 16 | 2.5 |
Monthly salary (ETB) | ||
700–1200 | 136 | 21.4 |
1201–1600 | 278 | 43.8 |
1601–200 | 98 | 15.4 |
2001–2400 | 36 | 5.7 |
2401–2800 | 43 | 6.8 |
≥ 2800 | 44 | 7.0 |
Service in year | ||
< 5 | 369 | 58.1 |
5–10 | 224 | 35.3 |
≥ 11 | 42 | 6.0 |
Educational status | ||
Certificate | 187 | 29.4 |
Diploma | 329 | 51.9 |
Degree and above | 119 | 18.7 |
Field of Study | ||
Medical doctor | 8 | 1.3 |
Health officer | 49 | 7.7 |
Nurse | 263 | 41.4 |
Health extension | 189 | 29.8 |
Laboratory personnel | 39 | 6.1 |
Pharmacy | 31 | 4.9 |
Midwifery | 33 | 5.2 |
Others | 12 | 1.9 |
Organizational and technical factors
While more than two-thirds (68.2%) of the respondents were not supervised, surprisingly almost half (53.3%) of them were supervised every 6 months. More than half (53.5%) of the respondents did not receive any regular feedback from the next higher health authority. Regular feedback communication was better, 45.5 and 51.8%, at health centers and health posts, respectively, than the 40.8% at hospitals. One-fifth (22.0%) of the respondents did not assume that the feedback given was not relevant to improve health information utilization. It was found that equipment for data analysis such as computers were not available in most (93.4%) of the health departments/units. When it comes to the availability of HMIS resources at health facilities, only 6.6% of the departments had computers, while 5.7 and 0.8%, respectively, owned printers and the internet. With respect to HMIS infrastructure, one-third (35.0%) of the respondents reported that no professional was assigned for health information system in their health facility. Similarly, almost one-third (65.0%) of the respondents said that there was no standardized registration book for their day-to-day activities. On the other hand, almost half (51.0%) of the respondents indicated that they faced shortage of reporting formats during reporting (Table 2).
Table 2
Organizational characteristics of government health facilities in East Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2013
Variables | Frequency (#) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
Have supervision | ||
Yes | 433 | 68.2 |
No | 202 | 31.8 |
Frequency of supervision | ||
Every month | 89 | 20.5 |
Every 3 month | 39 | 9.0 |
Every 6 month | 231 | 53.3 |
Every year | 74 | 17.2 |
Have received regular feedback | ||
Yes | 295 | 46.5 |
No | 340 | 53.5 |
Relevance of feedback | ||
Yes | 265 | 78.0 |
No | 75 | 22.0 |
Regular feedback at Health posts | ||
Yes | 102 | 51.8 |
No | 95 | 48.2 |
Regular feedback at Health centers | ||
Yes | 140 | 45.5 |
No | 168 | 54.5 |
Regular feedback at Hospital | ||
Yes | 53 | 40.8 |
No | 77 | 59.2 |
Computer in the department | ||
Yes | 41 | 6.6 |
No | 583 | 93.4 |
Printer in the department | ||
Yes | 36 | 5.7 |
Telephone in the department | ||
Yes | 9 | 1.4 |
Fax in the department | ||
Yes | 4 | 0.6 |
Internet in the department | ||
Yes | 5 | 0.8 |
Personnel assigned to Health Information system | ||
Yes | 413 | 65.0 |
No | 222 | 35.0 |
Have separate room for Health Information System | ||
Yes | 258 | 40.9 |
No | 372 | 59.1 |
Specific budget assigned for Health Information System | ||
Yes | 139 | 22.1 |
No | 491 | 77.9 |
Standardized registration book | ||
Available | 413 | 65.0 |
Not available | 222 | 35.0 |
Reference material in the department | ||
Available | 390 | 61.9 |
Not available | 240 | 38.1 |
Standardized reporting formats | ||
Available | 473 | 74.9 |
Not available | 158 | 24.1 |
Shortage of reporting formats | ||
Yes | 324 | 51.0 |
No | 311 | 49.0 |
Regarding technical factors, the majority (92.4 and 95.0%, respectively) of the respondents received no training on basic computer skills and data analysis and management. More than half (53.2%) of the respondents did not receive training on health management information system (HMIS). Data analysis skills training were given to 5% of the health workers. Similarly, training on planning and basic computer skills were given to 28.9 and 7.6% of the health workers, respectively. Training needs of health workers were assessed, and it was reported that the three most needed trainings were HMIS, basic computer, and data analysis skills. Almost half, (49.9%), of the respondents heard of the role of health information utilization at district health facility levels. Only about one-third (36.7%) of the respondents reported that they studied about health information utilization through trainings (Table 3).
Table 3
Technical characteristics of government health facilities in East Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2013
Variables | Frequency (#) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
Training on basic computer skill | ||
Yes | 48 | 7.6 |
No | 587 | 92.4 |
Training on planning | ||
Yes | 152 | 28.9 |
No | 483 | 71.1 |
Training on Health Management Information System | ||
Yes | 338 | 53.2 |
No | 297 | 46.8 |
Training on data analysis and management | ||
Yes | 32 | 5.0 |
No | 603 | 95.0 |
Training on data utilization and interpretation | ||
Yes | 47 | 7.4 |
No | 588 | 92.6 |
Heard health information utilization | ||
Yes | 317 | 49.9 |
Source of information | ||
Training | 117 | 36.7 |
Friends | 96 | 30.2 |
Electronic media | 70 | 22.1 |
Others sources | 34 | 10.7 |
Anzeige
Routine health information system utilization
In this study, good routine health information system utilization was noted among 45.8% of the health workers. The proportion of good health information utilization was 51.3% at primary health care units, 42.1% at health posts, and the least (38.5%) at hospitals.
Factors associated with good routine health information system utilization
In the bivariable logistic regression analysis, knowledge on health information use, favorable attitude, daily documentation, computer and data analysis skills, supervision, regular feedback, HMIS training, presence of HMIS personnel in the health facility, and computers in departments were factors associated with good routine health information utilization at a p-value of less than 0.2. Consequently, these variables were subjected to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, and it was noted that data analysis skills, supportive supervision, regular feedback, favorable attitude, and type of health facility were significantly associated with good routine health information utilization at a p-value of 0.05.
In this study, higher odds of good routine health information system utilization were noted among health workers who had good data analysis skills [AOR = 6.40; 95% CI: 3.93, 10.37], supportive supervision [AOR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.42, 4.75], regular feedback [AOR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.51], and HMIS training [AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.60,2 4.6]. Similarly, increased odds of good health information use were observed among health professionals who had favorable attitude towards the use [AOR = 2.85; 95% CI: 1.78, 4.54] and those who were working at hospitals [AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.48, 4.90] (Table 4).
Table 4
Factors associated with routine health information utilization among health workers in government health facilities in East Gojjam zone, Northwest, 2013
Variable | Routine health information Utilization | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | Good | Crude | Adjusted | |
Type of facility | ||||
Health post | 83 (42.1%) | 114 (57.9%) | 0.69 (0.65,0.73 | 0.34 (0.322,6.05) |
Health center | 158 (51.3%) | 150 (48.7%) | 1 | 1 |
Hospital | 50 (38.5%) | 80 (61.5%) | 1.69 (1.11,2.56) | 2.35 (1.48,4.90)* |
Supervision | ||||
Yes | 267 (61.7%) | 166 (38.3%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 24 (11.9%) | 178 (88.1%) | 11.93 (7.47,19.1) | 2.60 (1.42,4.75)* |
Regular feedback | ||||
Yes | 209 (70.8%) | 86 (29.2%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 82 (24.1%) | 258 (75.9%) | 7.65 (5.37,10.89) | 2.20 (1.38,3.51)* |
HMIS training | ||||
Yes | 200 (67.3%) | 97 (32.7%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 91 (26.9%) | 247 (73.1%) | 5.60 (3.40,7.87) | 2.72 (1.60,4.62)* |
Basic computer training | ||||
Yes | 37 (77.1%) | 11 (22.9%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 254 (43.3%) | 333 (56.7%) | 4.41 (2.21,8.82) | 2.06 (0.79,5.39) |
HMIS personnel in the facility | ||||
Yes | 155 (59.8%) | 104 (40.2%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 136 (36.2%) | 240 (63.8%) | 2.63 (1.90,3.64) | 1.013 (0.53,1.93) |
Have computer in the department | ||||
Yes | 26 (57.8%) | 19 (42.2%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 265 (55.1%) | 325 (44.9%) | 1.68 (0.91,3.10) | 1.094 (0.44,2.72) |
Computer skill | ||||
Yes | 90 (76.3%) | 28 (23.7%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 201 (38.9%) | 316 (61.1%) | 5.05 (3.19,8.00) | 1.20 (0.58,2.50) |
Data analysis skill | ||||
High | 240 (73.4%) | 87 (26.6%) | 1 | 1 |
Low | 51 (16.6%) | 257 (83.4%) | 13.90 (9.43,20.4) | 6.40 (3.93,10.37)* |
Discussion
The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health emphasized HMIS as a key to a successful implementation of the Health Sectors Transformation Plan (HSTP) and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Considering this initiative, the Ethiopian Health Sector Strategic Plan underlined that routine data generated at district health facilities should be considered as the entrance to utilizing health information and a primary source of information for continuous monitoring of health services in the country, and that data should be utilized at the place where it was generated [30]. This study aimed to assess routine health information utilization and its associated factors in East Gojjam zone government health facilities.
Anzeige
In this study, 45.8% of health workers demonstrated a good level of routine health information utilization. The finding was more than those of Jimma and Arisi, Ethiopia, which were 32.9 and 32.1%, respectively [22, 31]. This variation might be due to the presence of HMIS personnel and units in our study area compared to the other sites [22, 31]. Reports also revealed that effective and efficient HMIS is critical for health care information system in that it provides data for planning, setting of targets, and implementation [32, 33]. In contrast, the level of routine health information utilization proportion in our study was lower than those of studies reported from outside Ethiopia, Uganda (59%) [17], and South Africa, (65%) [18]. This might be due to the difference in health information system structures and health professional attitude for routine health information system [5, 34]. Reports also showed that strengthening health information system focusing on technical, behavioral, and organizational structures is one essential components for improving the quality and use of data for decision making at all levels of the health system [35, 36].
Out of the variables which showed significant association with routine health information system utilization, higher odds were noted among health workers who had good data analysis skills compared to workers who had poor skills. The finding was supported by those of other studies reported elsewhere [5, 21, 22, 37]. This might be due to the skills of health workers to transform routine data into meaningful information. A study conducted in India underlined that even though health information utilization depends on data analysis skills, organizational factors play a great role in exercising the skills [38].
Like other studies conducted elsewhere [21, 31], the odds of routine health information system utilization in this study was higher among health workers who had training on HMIS. This might be due to the fact that health professionals who trained on HMIS had the potential to compile, analyze, and utilize information generated in the routine day-to-day activities. However, studies in Tanzania and Uganda showed that HMIS had no significant association with health information utilization. This might be due to the shortage of personnel trained in HMIS in the areas studied in Tanzania (19%) [39] and Uganda (9%) [15] compared with ours (46.8%).
The odds of health information system utilization were lower among health workers at hospitals when compared with those at primary health care units (health centers, health posts). This might be due to the great attention paid by the government to district health facilities by providing supervision and regular feedback. In accordance with this justification, this study noted that health workers who had regular feedback had 2.2 times higher initiative to utilize routine health information system when compared with health workers who had no feedback. Health workers who receive regular feedback on their report might receive constructive and relevant advice to utilize their data for improving their service delivery [40]. Reports also showed that regular feedback given to health care providers is an essential component of any reporting system to improve the service and utilization of information systems [41, 42].
Anzeige
Furthermore, the odds of health information utilization among health workers who had supervision were higher than those of their counterparts. This might be due to the fact that supervision has a significant role in identifying the gaps and improving health workers’ performance. One study also reported that supervision, usually at quarterly intervals by most programs, is identified as an essential element for improving the overall performance, particularly the quality of care [22, 28].
The study attempted to show the level and the predictors of routine health information system utilization, particularly among health professionals. However, the study was not free from limitations, such as inability to include qualitative methods to measure health professional’s culture of health information utilization and other organizational factors. In addition, the cross-sectional design might have prevented the work from showing temporal relationships. Besides, the study was not able to include health professionals in private institutions.
Conclusion
This study concluded that more than half of the health workers in East Gojjam government health facilities had poor routine health information system utilization. HMIS training, data analysis skills, supervision, regular feedback, and type of health facility were found to have significant associations with routine health information system utilization. Therefore, training on HMIS, strengthening supervision and regular feedback at health facilities are highly recommended. Furthermore, further research is suggested for assessing health workers’ culture of health information utilization at the lower health facilities where data are generated.
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to the University of Gondar for the approval of the ethical clearance, East Gojjam zone health departments and respective district health offices for giving us permission to collect the data in the health facilities. The authors also forward its gratitude to health workers, data collectors and supervisors who participated in the study.
Funding
No funding was obtained for this study.
Availability of data and materials
Data will be available upon request from the corresponding author.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the University of Gondar. A letter of permission was obtained from East Gojjam Health Department. After the objective of the study was explained, verbal consent was obtained from each participant. Moreover, privacy and confidentiality of information was strictly guaranteed by all data collectors and investigators. The information retrieved was used only for the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.