Background
Potential confounders to rumination-depression associations
Distraction and problem-solving
Goals of the current study
Methods
Participants
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2 lifetime bereavements
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EAS emotionality > 17
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chronic (> 6 months) marital dysharmony or parental separation
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2 recent undesirable life events
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difficulties with family or friendships focused on the adolescent.
Measures
Mood-related response style
Depressive symptoms
Anxiety symptoms
Diagnoses
Pubertal stage assessment
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Factor analysis of cognitive styles
Predicting onset of disorders and symptoms
Results
Boys (n = 338, 57%) | Girls (n = 260, 43%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 13.7 (1.2) | 13.7 (1.1) |
Pubertal status at entry | ||
Pre/early-puberty | 66 (19.6%) | 19 (7.4%) |
Mid/post-puberty | 271 (80.4%) | 238 (92.6%) |
Initial scores at study entry | ||
MFQ | 17.2 (8.7) | 19.1 (9.4) |
Rumination | 13.8 (9.3) | 17.3 (10.4) |
Distraction | 12.1 (5.2) | 13.4 (6.3) |
Problem-solving | 3.4 (2.3) | 4.5 (2.7) |
RCMAS | 16.6 (8.0) | 17.7 (8.7) |
Follow-up at 12 months | ||
MFQ | 14.0 (8.4) | 16.5 (10.1) |
Factor analysis of the RDQ, MFQ and RCMAS
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of RDQ, MFQ and RCMAS items
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of RDQ, MFQ and RCMAS items
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Rumination | 1 | ||||||
2. Adaptive | 0.24* | 1 | |||||
3. Cognitive | 0.42* | 0.03 | 1 | ||||
4. Somatic | 0.41* | 0.10* | 0.54* | 1 | |||
5. Anxiety | 0.54* | 0.05 | 0.55* | 0.55* | 1 | ||
6. Rumination : Adaptive Ratio | 0.55* | −0.39* | 0.25* | 0.20* | 0.35* | 1 | |
7. MFQ at 12 months | 0.49* | 0.10* | 0.55* | 0.51* | 0.60* | 0.26* | 1 |
Association between baseline rumination and onset of DSM-IV depressive episode over the subsequent 12 months
Prediction of depression onset
Area under the curve | Asymptotic 95% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|
Factors Derived from Five Factor EFA
| ||
Rumination | 0.681 | 0.612–0.750 * |
Adaptive | 0.472 | 0.393–0.551 |
Cognitive | 0.710 | 0.649–0.772 * |
Somatic | 0.671 | 0.599–0.742 * |
Anxiety | 0.681 | 0.609–0.753 * |
Rumination : Adaptive Ratio | 0.687 | 0.617–0.756 * |
Coefficient | Odds ratio | 95% CI of OR | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rumination | 0.03 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.035 |
Adaptive | −0.04 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 | 0.053 |
Cognitive | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.15 |
Somatic | 0.07 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.17 | 0.071 |
Anxiety | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.5 |
Gender | 0.33 | 1.40 | 0.77–2.54 | 0.3 |
Age (years) | −0.07 | 0.93 | 0.72–1.20 | 0.6 |
Pubertal group | 1.12 | 3.08 | 0.88–10.7 | 0.077 |
Prediction of depressive symptoms (MFQ Scores) at 12 month follow-up
β Coefficient | 95% CI of β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rumination | 0.14 | 0.07–0.22 | 3.7 | <0.0005 |
Adaptive | 0.02 | −0.05–0.10 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Cognitive | 0.34 | 0.22–0.46 | 5.6 | <0.0005 |
Somatic | 0.33 | 0.16–0.49 | 3.9 | <0.0005 |
Anxiety | 0.41 | 0.30–0.52 | 7.2 | <0.0005 |
Gender | 1.26 | 0.04–2.48 | 2.0 | 0.043 |
Age | 0.11 | −0.42–0.64 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
Pubertal status | −0.69 | −2.45–1.06 | −0.8 | 0.4 |