Skip to main content
Erschienen in: The journal of nutrition, health & aging 7/2016

04.12.2015

Sarcopenic obesity: An appraisal of the current status of knowledge and management in elderly people

verfasst von: S. Molino, M. Dossena, D. Buonocore, Manuela Verri

Erschienen in: The journal of nutrition, health & aging | Ausgabe 7/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Today’s increased life expectancy highlights both age-related changes in body composition and a higher prevalence of obesity. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is assuming a prominent role in cardio-metabolic risk because of the double metabolic burden derived from low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and excess adiposity (obesity). This review evaluates the related studies that have been published over the past 10 years in order to give an updated overview of this new syndrome. There is no consensus on the definition of SO due to the wide heterogeneity of diagnostic criteria and choice of body composition components needed to assess this phenotype. There is a growing body of evidence that the ethio-pathogenesis of SO is complex and multi-factorial, as the consequences are a combination of the outcomes of both sarcopenia and obesity, where the effects are maximised. In order to manage SO, it is important to make lifestyle changes that incorporate weight loss, physical exercise and protein supplementation.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat The World Bank Group Population ages 65 and above (% of total). Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS/countries/XC-US-EU-Z7-7E?display=graph The World Bank Group Population ages 65 and above (% of total). Available at: http://​data.​worldbank.​org/​indicator/​SP.​POP.​65UP.​TO.​ZS/​countries/​XC-US-EU-Z7-7E?​display=​graph
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Eurostat TSO of the EU Proportion of population aged 65 and over. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00028 Eurostat TSO of the EU Proportion of population aged 65 and over. Available at: http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​eurostat/​tgm/​table.​do?​tab=​table&​init=​1&​language=​en&​pcode=​tps00028
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Rubin SM, Simonsick EM, Harris TB. Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Muscle Fat Infiltration as Predictors of Incident Mobility Limitations in Well-Functioning Older Persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60: 324–333. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.3.324PubMedCrossRef Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Rubin SM, Simonsick EM, Harris TB. Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Muscle Fat Infiltration as Predictors of Incident Mobility Limitations in Well-Functioning Older Persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60: 324–333. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.3.324PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Boudreau R, Manini TM, Nevitt M, Newman AB, et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90: 1579–1585. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28047PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Boudreau R, Manini TM, Nevitt M, Newman AB, et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90: 1579–1585. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28047PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Poggiogalle E, Migliaccio S, Lenzi A, Donini LM. Treatment of body composition changes in obese and overweight older adults: insight into the phenotype of sarcopenic obesity. Endocrine 2014;47: 699–716. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0315-xPubMedCrossRef Poggiogalle E, Migliaccio S, Lenzi A, Donini LM. Treatment of body composition changes in obese and overweight older adults: insight into the phenotype of sarcopenic obesity. Endocrine 2014;47: 699–716. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0315-xPubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchard DR, Beliaeff S, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Fat Mass But Not Fat-Free Mass Is Related to Physical Capacity in Well-Functioning Older Individuals: Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)—The Quebec Longitudinal Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62: 1382–1388. doi:10.1093/gerona/62.12.1382PubMedCrossRef Bouchard DR, Beliaeff S, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Fat Mass But Not Fat-Free Mass Is Related to Physical Capacity in Well-Functioning Older Individuals: Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)—The Quebec Longitudinal Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62: 1382–1388. doi:10.1093/gerona/62.12.1382PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenberg IH. Symposium: Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Mechanisms Sarcopenia: Origins and Clinical Relevance. J Nutr 1997;127: 990–991. Rosenberg IH. Symposium: Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Mechanisms Sarcopenia: Origins and Clinical Relevance. J Nutr 1997;127: 990–991.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr 2007;26: 389–99. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2007.03.008PubMedCrossRef Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr 2007;26: 389–99. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2007.03.008PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol 2013;48: 492–498. doi:10.1016/j. exger.2013.02.012PubMedCrossRef Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol 2013;48: 492–498. doi:10.1016/j. exger.2013.02.012PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielding R, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan van Kan G, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, et al. Sarcopenia: An Undiagnosed Condition in Older Adults. Current Consensus Definition: Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12: 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003PubMed Fielding R, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan van Kan G, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, et al. Sarcopenia: An Undiagnosed Condition in Older Adults. Current Consensus Definition: Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12: 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Abellan van Kan G. Epidemiology and consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13: 708–12.CrossRef Abellan van Kan G. Epidemiology and consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13: 708–12.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodpaster B, Park S, Harris T, Kritchevsky S, Nevitt M, Schwartz A, Simonsick E, Tylavsky F, Visser M, Newman A. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61: 1059–1064.PubMedCrossRef Goodpaster B, Park S, Harris T, Kritchevsky S, Nevitt M, Schwartz A, Simonsick E, Tylavsky F, Visser M, Newman A. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61: 1059–1064.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015;16: 247–52. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.013PubMedCrossRef Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015;16: 247–52. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.013PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel J-P, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010;39: 412–23. doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel J-P, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010;39: 412–23. doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bijlsmaa. Y, Meskers CGM, Ling CHY, Narici M, Kurrle SE, Cameron ID, Westendorp RGJ, Maiera. B. Defining sarcopenia: The impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort. Age (Omaha) 2013;35: 871–881. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9384-zCrossRef Bijlsmaa. Y, Meskers CGM, Ling CHY, Narici M, Kurrle SE, Cameron ID, Westendorp RGJ, Maiera. B. Defining sarcopenia: The impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort. Age (Omaha) 2013;35: 871–881. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9384-zCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Serra Rexach J. Consecuencias clinicas de la sarcopenia. Nutr Hosp 2006;21: 46–50.PubMed Serra Rexach J. Consecuencias clinicas de la sarcopenia. Nutr Hosp 2006;21: 46–50.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lang T, Streeper T, Cawthon P, Baldwin K, Taaffe DR, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporos Int 2010;21: 543–59. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1059-yPubMedCrossRef Lang T, Streeper T, Cawthon P, Baldwin K, Taaffe DR, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporos Int 2010;21: 543–59. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1059-yPubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R, Onder G. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr 2012;31: 652–8. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.007PubMedCrossRef Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R, Onder G. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr 2012;31: 652–8. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.007PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang C, Bai L. Sarcopenia in the elderly: basic and clinical issues. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012;12: 388–96. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00851.xPubMedCrossRef Wang C, Bai L. Sarcopenia in the elderly: basic and clinical issues. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012;12: 388–96. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00851.xPubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy, Older Men and Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57: M772–M777. doi:10.1093/gerona/57.12.M772PubMedCrossRef Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy, Older Men and Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57: M772–M777. doi:10.1093/gerona/57.12.M772PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kob R, Bollheimer LC, Bertsch T, Fellner C, Djukic M, Sieber CC, Fischer BE. Sarcopenic obesity: molecular clues to a better understanding of its pathogenesis? Biogerontology 1014;16: 15–29. doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9539-7PubMedCrossRef Kob R, Bollheimer LC, Bertsch T, Fellner C, Djukic M, Sieber CC, Fischer BE. Sarcopenic obesity: molecular clues to a better understanding of its pathogenesis? Biogerontology 1014;16: 15–29. doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9539-7PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Forbes SC, Little JP, Candow DG. Exercise and nutritional interventions for improving aging muscle health. Endocrine 2012;42: 29–38. doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9676-1PubMedCrossRef Forbes SC, Little JP, Candow DG. Exercise and nutritional interventions for improving aging muscle health. Endocrine 2012;42: 29–38. doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9676-1PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE, Ross R. Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev 2009;8: 339–48. doi:10.1016/j. arr.2009.06.001PubMedCrossRef Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE, Ross R. Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev 2009;8: 339–48. doi:10.1016/j. arr.2009.06.001PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V. Sarcopenic obesity: A new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18: 388–395. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.002PubMedCrossRef Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V. Sarcopenic obesity: A new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18: 388–395. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.002PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaum CS, Xue QL, Michelon E, Semba RD, Fried LP. The association between obesity and the frailty syndrome in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53: 927–34. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53300.xPubMedCrossRef Blaum CS, Xue QL, Michelon E, Semba RD, Fried LP. The association between obesity and the frailty syndrome in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53: 927–34. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53300.xPubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarkisian CA, Liu H, Gutierrez PR, Seeley DG, Cummings SR, Mangione CM. Modifiable risk factors predict functional decline among older women: a prospectively validated clinical prediction tool. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48: 170–8.PubMed Sarkisian CA, Liu H, Gutierrez PR, Seeley DG, Cummings SR, Mangione CM. Modifiable risk factors predict functional decline among older women: a prospectively validated clinical prediction tool. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48: 170–8.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiraki T, Gobara H, Mimura H, Sano Y, Kanazawa S. Excess baggage: sarcopenia, obesity, and cancer outcomes. Lancet Oncol 2008;9: 605–607.CrossRef Hiraki T, Gobara H, Mimura H, Sano Y, Kanazawa S. Excess baggage: sarcopenia, obesity, and cancer outcomes. Lancet Oncol 2008;9: 605–607.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Benton MJ, Whyte MD, Dyal BW. Sarcopenic obesity: strategies for management. Am J Nurs 2011;111: 38–44; quiz 45–6. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000408184.21770.98PubMedCrossRef Benton MJ, Whyte MD, Dyal BW. Sarcopenic obesity: strategies for management. Am J Nurs 2011;111: 38–44; quiz 45–6. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000408184.21770.98PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, Janssen I, Gallagher D, Morley JE. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 12004;2: 1995–2004. doi:10.1038/oby.2004.250CrossRef Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, Janssen I, Gallagher D, Morley JE. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 12004;2: 1995–2004. doi:10.1038/oby.2004.250CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Cauley JA. An Overview of Sarcopenic Obesity. J Clin Densitom, 2015; doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.013 Cauley JA. An Overview of Sarcopenic Obesity. J Clin Densitom, 2015; doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.013
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147: 755–63.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147: 755–63.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Gallagher D, Visser M, de Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Baumgartner RN, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB (1997) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol, 1997;83: 229–239.PubMed Gallagher D, Visser M, de Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Baumgartner RN, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB (1997) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol, 1997;83: 229–239.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Davison KK, Ford ES, Cogswell ME, Dietz WH (2002) Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002;50: 1802–9.PubMedCrossRef Davison KK, Ford ES, Cogswell ME, Dietz WH (2002) Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002;50: 1802–9.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Guralnik JM, Mazzali G, Bortolani A, Guariento S, Sergi G, Bosello O, Zamboni M (2004) Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004;28: 234–41. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802552PubMed Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Guralnik JM, Mazzali G, Bortolani A, Guariento S, Sergi G, Bosello O, Zamboni M (2004) Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004;28: 234–41. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802552PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim J, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Baumgartner RN, Gallagher D (2002) Total-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002;76: 378–83.PubMed Kim J, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Baumgartner RN, Gallagher D (2002) Total-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002;76: 378–83.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Heymsfield S, Smith R, Aulet M, Bensen B, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson, RN J (1990) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990;52: 214–218.PubMed Heymsfield S, Smith R, Aulet M, Bensen B, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson, RN J (1990) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990;52: 214–218.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E, Ble A, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L (2007) Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol, 2007;102: 919–925. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006PubMedCrossRef Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E, Ble A, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L (2007) Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol, 2007;102: 919–925. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchard DR, Dionne IJ, Brochu M (2009) Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009;17: 2082–8. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.109CrossRef Bouchard DR, Dionne IJ, Brochu M (2009) Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009;17: 2082–8. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.109CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TN, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Lim KI, Kang HJ, Song W, Seo J a, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, et al. (2009) Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obes, 2009;33: 885–892. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.130CrossRef Kim TN, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Lim KI, Kang HJ, Song W, Seo J a, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, et al. (2009) Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obes, 2009;33: 885–892. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.130CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine ME, Crimmins EM (2012) The impact of insulin resistance and inflammation on the association between sarcopenic obesity and physical functioning. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2012;20: 2101–6. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.20CrossRef Levine ME, Crimmins EM (2012) The impact of insulin resistance and inflammation on the association between sarcopenic obesity and physical functioning. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2012;20: 2101–6. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.20CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Waters DL, Baumgartner RN (2011) Sarcopenia and obesity. Clin Geriatr Med, 2011;27: 401–21. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.007PubMedCrossRef Waters DL, Baumgartner RN (2011) Sarcopenia and obesity. Clin Geriatr Med, 2011;27: 401–21. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.007PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Batsis Ja, Barre LK, Mackenzie Ta, Pratt SI, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ (2013) Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2013;61: 974–980. doi:10.1111/jgs.12260PubMedCrossRef Batsis Ja, Barre LK, Mackenzie Ta, Pratt SI, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ (2013) Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2013;61: 974–980. doi:10.1111/jgs.12260PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Han TS, Tajar A, Lean MEJ (2011) Obesity and weight management in the elderly. Br Med Bull, 2011;97: 169–196. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr002PubMedCrossRef Han TS, Tajar A, Lean MEJ (2011) Obesity and weight management in the elderly. Br Med Bull, 2011;97: 169–196. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr002PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Prado CMM, Wells JCK, Smith SR, Stephan BCM, Siervo M (2012) Sarcopenic obesity: A Critical appraisal of the current evidence. Clin Nutr, 2012;31: 583–601. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.010PubMedCrossRef Prado CMM, Wells JCK, Smith SR, Stephan BCM, Siervo M (2012) Sarcopenic obesity: A Critical appraisal of the current evidence. Clin Nutr, 2012;31: 583–601. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.010PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L (2008) Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2008;11: 693–700. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328312c37dPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L (2008) Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2008;11: 693–700. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328312c37dPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A (2013) Sarcopenic obesity and endocrinal adaptation with age. Int J Endocrinol 2013: doi:10.1155/2013/204164 Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A (2013) Sarcopenic obesity and endocrinal adaptation with age. Int J Endocrinol 2013: doi:10.1155/2013/204164
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V, Fantin F, Bissoli L, Bosello O (2005) Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond), 2005;29: 1011–29. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803005CrossRef Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V, Fantin F, Bissoli L, Bosello O (2005) Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond), 2005;29: 1011–29. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803005CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S (2007) Visceral Fat Adipokine Secretion Is Associated With Systemic Inflammation in Obese Humans. Diabetes, 2007;56: 4–7. doi:10.2337/db06-1656.CRPCrossRef Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S (2007) Visceral Fat Adipokine Secretion Is Associated With Systemic Inflammation in Obese Humans. Diabetes, 2007;56: 4–7. doi:10.2337/db06-1656.CRPCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodrow G (2009) Body composition analysis techniques in the aged adult: indications and limitations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2009;12: 8–14. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831b9c5bPubMedCrossRef Woodrow G (2009) Body composition analysis techniques in the aged adult: indications and limitations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2009;12: 8–14. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831b9c5bPubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Guillet C, Boirie Y (2005) Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss? Diabetes Metab 2005;2: 5S20–5S26. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(05)73648-X Guillet C, Boirie Y (2005) Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss? Diabetes Metab 2005;2: 5S20–5S26. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(05)73648-X
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilsson MI, Dobson JP, Greene NP, Wiggs MP, Shimkus KL, Wudeck E V, Davis AR, Laureano ML, Fluckey JD (2013) Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity. FASEB J, 2013;27: 3905–16. doi:10.1096/fj.12-224006PubMedCrossRef Nilsson MI, Dobson JP, Greene NP, Wiggs MP, Shimkus KL, Wudeck E V, Davis AR, Laureano ML, Fluckey JD (2013) Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity. FASEB J, 2013;27: 3905–16. doi:10.1096/fj.12-224006PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KIl, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song W, Choi H, Baik SH, et al. (2013) Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2013;78: 525–532. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04433.xCrossRef Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KIl, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song W, Choi H, Baik SH, et al. (2013) Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2013;78: 525–532. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04433.xCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kohara K, Ochi M, Tabara Y, Nagai T, Igase M, Miki T (2011) Leptin in sarcopenic visceral obesity: Possible link between adipocytes and myocytes. PLoS One, 2011;6: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024633 Kohara K, Ochi M, Tabara Y, Nagai T, Igase M, Miki T (2011) Leptin in sarcopenic visceral obesity: Possible link between adipocytes and myocytes. PLoS One, 2011;6: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024633
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Fulgoni VL (2008) Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008;87: 1554S–1557S.PubMed Fulgoni VL (2008) Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008;87: 1554S–1557S.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Hays NP, Roberts SB (2006) The anorexia of aging in humans. Physiol Behav, 2006;88: 257–266. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.029PubMedCrossRef Hays NP, Roberts SB (2006) The anorexia of aging in humans. Physiol Behav, 2006;88: 257–266. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.029PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, Woo J, Baumgartner R, Pillard F, Boirie Y, et al. (2008) Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging, 2008;12: 433–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, Woo J, Baumgartner R, Pillard F, Boirie Y, et al. (2008) Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging, 2008;12: 433–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS (2010) Sarcopenia exacerbates obesityassociated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. PLoS One, 2010;5: e10805. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0010805PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS (2010) Sarcopenia exacerbates obesityassociated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. PLoS One, 2010;5: e10805. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0010805PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim S, Kim JH, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park YJ, Kim KW, Lim JY, Park KS, Jang HC (2010) Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean longitudinal study on health and aging. Diabiates Care, 2010;33: 1652–1654. doi:10.2337/dc10-0107.S.L.CrossRef Lim S, Kim JH, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park YJ, Kim KW, Lim JY, Park KS, Jang HC (2010) Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean longitudinal study on health and aging. Diabiates Care, 2010;33: 1652–1654. doi:10.2337/dc10-0107.S.L.CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim J, Cho JJ, Park YS (2015) Relationship between Sarcopenic Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk as Estimated by the Framingham Risk Score. J Korean Med Sci, 2015;30: 264–271.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim J, Cho JJ, Park YS (2015) Relationship between Sarcopenic Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk as Estimated by the Framingham Risk Score. J Korean Med Sci, 2015;30: 264–271.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephen WC, Janssen I (2009) Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging, 2009;13: 460–466.PubMedCrossRef Stephen WC, Janssen I (2009) Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging, 2009;13: 460–466.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (2005) Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2005;53: 2112–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00505.xPubMedCrossRef Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R (2005) Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2005;53: 2112–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00505.xPubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Monteiro M, Gabriel R, Aranha J, Nevese Castro M, Sousa M, Moreira M (2010) Influence of obesity and sarcopenic obesity on plantar pressure of postmenopausal women. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2010;25: 461–7. doi:10.1016/j. clinbiomech.2010.01.017CrossRef Monteiro M, Gabriel R, Aranha J, Nevese Castro M, Sousa M, Moreira M (2010) Influence of obesity and sarcopenic obesity on plantar pressure of postmenopausal women. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2010;25: 461–7. doi:10.1016/j. clinbiomech.2010.01.017CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Sawyer MB, Martin L, Baracos VE (2008) Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2008;9: 629–635. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70153-0PubMedCrossRef Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Sawyer MB, Martin L, Baracos VE (2008) Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2008;9: 629–635. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70153-0PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim JP, Ding YY, Ismail NH, Yew S (2015) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1: a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging, 2015;10: 605–609.PubMedPubMedCentral Lim JP, Ding YY, Ismail NH, Yew S (2015) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1: a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging, 2015;10: 605–609.PubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Honda H, Qureshi AR, Axelsson J, Heimburger O, Suliman ME, Barany P, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B (2007) Obese sarcopenia in patients with end-stage renal disease is associated with inflammation and increased mortality. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007;86: 633–638.PubMed Honda H, Qureshi AR, Axelsson J, Heimburger O, Suliman ME, Barany P, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B (2007) Obese sarcopenia in patients with end-stage renal disease is associated with inflammation and increased mortality. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007;86: 633–638.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG (2014) Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2014;62: 253–60. doi:10.1111/jgs.12652PubMedCrossRef Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG (2014) Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2014;62: 253–60. doi:10.1111/jgs.12652PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TN, Choi KM (2015) The implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on cardiometabolic disease. J Cell Biochem, 2015;1178: 1171–8. doi:10.1002/jcb.25077CrossRef Kim TN, Choi KM (2015) The implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on cardiometabolic disease. J Cell Biochem, 2015;1178: 1171–8. doi:10.1002/jcb.25077CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ (2013) Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: A focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2013;56: 270–278. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007PubMedCrossRef Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ (2013) Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: A focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2013;56: 270–278. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH (2006) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical. Circulation, 2013;113: 898–918. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.1710162006PubMedCrossRef Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH (2006) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical. Circulation, 2013;113: 898–918. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.1710162006PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Z, Heber D (2012) Sarcopenic obesity in the elderly and strategies for weight management. Nutr Rev, 2012;70: 57–64. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00453.xPubMedCrossRef Li Z, Heber D (2012) Sarcopenic obesity in the elderly and strategies for weight management. Nutr Rev, 2012;70: 57–64. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00453.xPubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzali G, Di Francesco V, Zoico E, Fantin F, Zamboni G, Benati C, Bambara V, Negri M, Bosello O, Zamboni M (2006) Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006;84: 1193–1199.PubMed Mazzali G, Di Francesco V, Zoico E, Fantin F, Zamboni G, Benati C, Bambara V, Negri M, Bosello O, Zamboni M (2006) Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006;84: 1193–1199.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S (2005) Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obes Res, 2005;13: 1849–63. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.228PubMedCrossRef Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S (2005) Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obes Res, 2005;13: 1849–63. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.228PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinheimer EM, Sands LP, Campbell WW (2010) A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev, 2010;68: 375–88. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.xPubMedCrossRef Weinheimer EM, Sands LP, Campbell WW (2010) A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev, 2010;68: 375–88. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.xPubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiffany NF, David RS, Villareal DT (2008) Exercise Attenuates the Weight-Loss-Induced Reduction in Muscle Mass in Frail Obese Older Adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 2008;40: 1213–1219. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.021.SecretedCrossRef Tiffany NF, David RS, Villareal DT (2008) Exercise Attenuates the Weight-Loss-Induced Reduction in Muscle Mass in Frail Obese Older Adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 2008;40: 1213–1219. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.021.SecretedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Haslam DW, James WPT (2005) Obesity. Lancet, 2005;366: 1197–209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1PubMedCrossRef Haslam DW, James WPT (2005) Obesity. Lancet, 2005;366: 1197–209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N, Qualls C, Shah K (2011) Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med, 2011;364: 1218–1229. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1008234PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N, Qualls C, Shah K (2011) Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med, 2011;364: 1218–1229. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1008234PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedrero-Chamizo R, Gómez-Cabello A, Meléndez A, Vila-Maldonado S, Espino L, Gusi N, Villa G, Casajús JA, González-Gross M, Ara I (2015) Higher levels of physical fitness are associated with a reduced risk of suffering sarcopenic obesity and better perceived health among the elderly: the EXERNET multi-center study. J Nutr Health Aging, 2015;19: 211–7. doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0530-4PubMedCrossRef Pedrero-Chamizo R, Gómez-Cabello A, Meléndez A, Vila-Maldonado S, Espino L, Gusi N, Villa G, Casajús JA, González-Gross M, Ara I (2015) Higher levels of physical fitness are associated with a reduced risk of suffering sarcopenic obesity and better perceived health among the elderly: the EXERNET multi-center study. J Nutr Health Aging, 2015;19: 211–7. doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0530-4PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Marzetti E, Leeuwenburgh C (2006) Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age. Exp Gerontol, 2006;41: 1234–8. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.011PubMedCrossRef Marzetti E, Leeuwenburgh C (2006) Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age. Exp Gerontol, 2006;41: 1234–8. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.011PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42: 304–13. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b117ca Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42: 304–13. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b117ca
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Negro M, Rucci S, Marzatico F. Antiaging: nutrizione e attività fisica contro l’ invecchiamento muscolare. Rivista della Società Italiana di Medicina Generale 2011;2: 19–25. Negro M, Rucci S, Marzatico F. Antiaging: nutrizione e attività fisica contro l’ invecchiamento muscolare. Rivista della Società Italiana di Medicina Generale 2011;2: 19–25.
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Lambert CP, Wright NR, Finck BN, Villareal DT. Exercise but not dietinduced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons. J Appl Physiol 2008;105: 473–8. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00006.2008PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lambert CP, Wright NR, Finck BN, Villareal DT. Exercise but not dietinduced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons. J Appl Physiol 2008;105: 473–8. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00006.2008PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ormsbee MJ, Prado CM, Ilich JZ, Purcell S, Siervo M, Folsom A, Panton L. Osteosarcopenic obesity: the role of bone, muscle, and fat on health. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014;5: 183–192. doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0146-xPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ormsbee MJ, Prado CM, Ilich JZ, Purcell S, Siervo M, Folsom A, Panton L. Osteosarcopenic obesity: the role of bone, muscle, and fat on health. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014;5: 183–192. doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0146-xPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sieber C, Bollheimer C, Engelke K, Kemmler W, Freiberger E. Effects of Wholebody Electromyostimulation and Dietary Supplements on “Sarcopenic Obesity.” 2015;Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02356016 Sieber C, Bollheimer C, Engelke K, Kemmler W, Freiberger E. Effects of Wholebody Electromyostimulation and Dietary Supplements on “Sarcopenic Obesity.” 2015;Available at: https://​clinicaltrials.​gov/​ct2/​show/​NCT02356016
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Theodorakopoulos C, Bannerman E. Lifestyle Modifications for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity. 2015;Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02379026 Theodorakopoulos C, Bannerman E. Lifestyle Modifications for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity. 2015;Available at: https://​clinicaltrials.​gov/​ct2/​show/​NCT02379026
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB. Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr 2008;27: 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.008PubMedCrossRef Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB. Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr 2008;27: 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.008PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein M, Munoz N. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Food and Nutrition for Older Adults: Promoting Health and Wellness. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112: 1255–1277. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.015PubMedCrossRef Bernstein M, Munoz N. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Food and Nutrition for Older Adults: Promoting Health and Wellness. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112: 1255–1277. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.015PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh C, No J-K, Kim H-S. Dietary pattern classifications with nutrient intake and body composition changes in Korean elderly. Nutr Res Pract 2014;8: 192–7. doi:10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.192PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Oh C, No J-K, Kim H-S. Dietary pattern classifications with nutrient intake and body composition changes in Korean elderly. Nutr Res Pract 2014;8: 192–7. doi:10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.192PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78: 31–39.PubMed Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78: 31–39.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Weigle DS, Breen Pa., Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: 41–48.PubMed Weigle DS, Breen Pa., Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: 41–48.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, Yan E, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Bowerman S, Wang H-J, Elashoff R, Li Z. A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass. Nutr J 2008;7: 23. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-23PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, Yan E, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Bowerman S, Wang H-J, Elashoff R, Li Z. A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass. Nutr J 2008;7: 23. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-23PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine ME, Suarez Ja., Brandhorst S, Balasubramanian P, Cheng CW, Madia F, Fontana L, Mirisola MG, Guevara-Aguirre J, Wan J, et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab 2014;19: 407–417. doi:10.1016/j. cmet.2014.02.006PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Levine ME, Suarez Ja., Brandhorst S, Balasubramanian P, Cheng CW, Madia F, Fontana L, Mirisola MG, Guevara-Aguirre J, Wan J, et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab 2014;19: 407–417. doi:10.1016/j. cmet.2014.02.006PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Serra-Prat M, Papiol M, Monteis R. Relationship between plasma ghrelin levels and sarcopenia in elderly subjects: A cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging 2015;19: 669–672.PubMedCrossRef Serra-Prat M, Papiol M, Monteis R. Relationship between plasma ghrelin levels and sarcopenia in elderly subjects: A cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging 2015;19: 669–672.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat EFSA. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA J 2012;10: 2557. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557 EFSA. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA J 2012;10: 2557. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Heal Organ Tech Rep Ser 2007;935: 1–265, back cover. Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Heal Organ Tech Rep Ser 2007;935: 1–265, back cover.
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: 1562S–1566S.PubMed Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: 1562S–1566S.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky Fa, Newman AB. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008;87: 150–155.PubMed Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky Fa, Newman AB. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008;87: 150–155.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Katsanos CS, Chinkes DL, Paddon-Jones D, Zhang X, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Whey protein ingestion in elderly results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res 2008;28: 651–658. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Katsanos CS, Chinkes DL, Paddon-Jones D, Zhang X, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Whey protein ingestion in elderly results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res 2008;28: 651–658. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes A, Cribb PJ. Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11: 40–4. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f2a57dPubMedCrossRef Hayes A, Cribb PJ. Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11: 40–4. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f2a57dPubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonione R, Caliandro E, Zorat F, Guarnieri G, Heer M, Biolo G. Whey protein ingestion enhances postprandial anabolism during short-term bed rest in young men. J Nutr 2008;138: 2212–2216. doi:10.3945/jn.108.086462PubMedCrossRef Antonione R, Caliandro E, Zorat F, Guarnieri G, Heer M, Biolo G. Whey protein ingestion enhances postprandial anabolism during short-term bed rest in young men. J Nutr 2008;138: 2212–2216. doi:10.3945/jn.108.086462PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Coker RH, Miller S, Schutzler S, Deutz N, Wolfe RR. Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutr J 2012;11: 105. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-105PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Coker RH, Miller S, Schutzler S, Deutz N, Wolfe RR. Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Nutr J 2012;11: 105. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-105PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain SK, Velusamy T, Croad JL, Rains JL, Bull R. l-Cysteine supplementation lowers blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, CRP, MCP-1, and oxidative stress and inhibits NF-κB activation in the livers of Zucker diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46: 1633–1638. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jain SK, Velusamy T, Croad JL, Rains JL, Bull R. l-Cysteine supplementation lowers blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, CRP, MCP-1, and oxidative stress and inhibits NF-κB activation in the livers of Zucker diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46: 1633–1638. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Wall BT, Hamer HM, de Lange A, Kiskini A, Groen BBL, Senden JMG, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men. Clin Nutr 2013;32: 412–419. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2012.09.002PubMedCrossRef Wall BT, Hamer HM, de Lange A, Kiskini A, Groen BBL, Senden JMG, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men. Clin Nutr 2013;32: 412–419. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2012.09.002PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291: E381–E387. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005PubMedCrossRef Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291: E381–E387. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Layman DK, Walker DA. Potential Importance of Leucine in Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr 2006;136: 319S–323S.PubMed Layman DK, Walker DA. Potential Importance of Leucine in Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr 2006;136: 319S–323S.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucotti P, Setola E, Monti LD, Galluccio E, Costa S, Sandoli EP, Fermo I, Rabaiotti G, Gatti R, Piatti P, et al. Beneficial effec ts of a long-term oral L -arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291: 906–912. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2006CrossRef Lucotti P, Setola E, Monti LD, Galluccio E, Costa S, Sandoli EP, Fermo I, Rabaiotti G, Gatti R, Piatti P, et al. Beneficial effec ts of a long-term oral L -arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291: 906–912. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2006CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Sarcopenic obesity: An appraisal of the current status of knowledge and management in elderly people
verfasst von
S. Molino
M. Dossena
D. Buonocore
Manuela Verri
Publikationsdatum
04.12.2015
Verlag
Springer Paris
Erschienen in
The journal of nutrition, health & aging / Ausgabe 7/2016
Print ISSN: 1279-7707
Elektronische ISSN: 1760-4788
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0631-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2016

The journal of nutrition, health & aging 7/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.