Background
Methods
Study design, area and population
Sample size determination and sampling technique
Data collection and processing
Questionnaire survey
Sample collection and laboratory procedures
Data management and analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants
Variables | Character | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 183 | 45.6 |
Female | 218 | 54.4 | |
Age (in months) | ≤12 | 49 | 12 |
13–24 | 64 | 16 | |
25–36 | 83 | 20.7 | |
37–48 | 47 | 11.7 | |
49–60 | 67 | 16.7 | |
61–72 | 91 | 22.7 | |
Marital status of mothers | Married | 374 | 93.3 |
Others | 27 | 6.7 | |
Educational status of mothers | Illiterate | 358 | 89 |
Read and write | 16 | 4 | |
Primary school | 27 | 6.7 | |
Occupation of mothers | Farmer | 388 | 96.8 |
House wife | 13 | 3.2 |
Prevalence of S. mansoni and STHs
Age(in months | Frequency |
S. mansoni
|
Hookworm
|
T.trichuris
|
A.lumbriciodes
|
E.vermicularis
|
H. nana
|
Taenia species
| One or more parasitic infection | Single parasitic infection | Double parasitic infection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤12 | 49(12.2 %) | 2(4.4 %) | 0 | 0 | 4(5.2 %) | 0 | 2(11.8 %) | 0 | 8(5.7 %) | 8(6.5 %) | 0 |
13–24 | 64(16 %) | 6(13.4 %) | 1(11.1 %) | 1(14.3 %) | 16(20.8 %) | 0 | 3(17.6 %) | 0 | 24(17 %) | 23(18.7 %) | 2(11.1 %) |
24- 36 | 83(20.7 %) | 10(22.2 %) | 3(33.4 %) | 1(14.3 %) | 18(23.4 %) | 0 | 5(29.4 %) | 1(50 %) | 33(23.4 %) | 27(22 %) | 5(27.8 %) |
37–48 | 47(11.7 %) | 3(6.7 %) | 1(11.1 %) | 0 | 8(10.4 %) | 0 | 2(11.8 %) | 0 | 14(9.9 %) | 14(11.4 %) | 0 |
49–60 | 67(16.7 %) | 11(24.4 %) | 2(22.2 %) | 2(28.6 %) | 14(18.2 %) | 2(66.7 %) | 3(17.6 %) | 1(50 %) | 31(22 %) | 27(22 %) | 4(22.2 %) |
61–72 | 91(22.7 %) | 13(28.9 %) | 2(22.2 %) | 3(42.8 %) | 17(22 %) | 1(33.3 %) | 2(11.8 %) | 0 | 31(22 %) | 24(19.5 %) | 7(38.9 %) |
Total | 401(100 %) | 45(11.2 %) | 9(2.2 %) | 7(1.7 %) | 77(19.2 %) | 3(0.7 %) | 17(4.2 %) | 2(0.5 %) | 141(35.2 %) | 123(30.7 % | 18(4.5 %) |
x
2(p value) | 6.56(0.26) | 2.14(0.83) | 3.74(0.59) | 5.85(0.32) | 6.5(0.26) | 1.63(0.9) | 3.43(0.64) | 12.82(0.025) | 9.62(0.087) | 7.78(0.17) | |
Sex | |||||||||||
Female | 218(54.4 %) | 22(48.9 %) | 3(33.3 %) | 6(85.7 %) | 41(53.2.%) | 1(33.3 %) | 8(47.1 %) | 1(50 %) | 74(52.5 %) | 66(53.7 %) | 8(44.4 %) |
Male | 183(45.6 %) | 23(51.1 %) | 6(67.7 %) | 1(14.3 %) | 36(46.8 %) | 2(67.7 %) | 9(52.9 %) | 1(50 %) | 67(47.5 %) | 57(46.3 %) | 10(55.6 %) |
Total | 401(100 %) | 45(11.2 %) | 9(2.2 %) | 7(1.7 %) | 77(19.2 %) | 3(0.7 %) | 17(4.2 %) | 2(0.5 %) | 141(35.2 %) | 123(30.7 % | 18(4.5 %) |
x
2(p value) | 0.048(0.43) | 1.64(0.2) | 2.82(0.09) | 0.61(0.43) | 0.54(0.46) | 0.38(0.54) | 0.15(0.9) | 0.31(0.58) | 0.09(0.76) | 0.75(0.39) |
Infection intensity of S. mansoni and STHs
Intestinal Parasite | Class of infection intensity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
light | Moderate | Heavy | total | |
S.mansoni
| 32(71.1 %) | 13(28.9 %) | 0 | 45(100 %) |
A.lumbricoides
| 40(51.9 %) | 31(40.3 %) | 6(7.8 %) | 77(100 %) |
H.nana
| 17(100 %) | 0 | 0 | 17(100 %) |
Hookworm
| 9(100 %) | 0 | 0 | 9(100 %) |
T.trichura
| 6(85.7 %) | 1(14.3 %) | 0 | 7(100 %) |
E.vermicularis
| 3(100 %) | 0 | 0 | 3(100 %) |
Tania species
| 2(100 %) | 0 | 0 | 2(100 %) |
Risk factor analysis for soil-transmitted helminthiasis
Variable | Total | Presence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis | COR(95 % CI) | AOR(95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | ||||
Child sex | |||||
Male | 183(45.6 %) | 43(23.5 %) | 140(76.5 %) | 1.059(0.664–1.69) | |
Female | 218(54.4 %) | 49(22.5 %) | 169(77.5 %) | 1 | |
Age(in months) | |||||
≤ 12 | 49(12.2 %) | 4(8.2 %) | 45(91.8 %) | 0.29(0.95–0.92) | |
13–24 | 64(16 %) | 18(28.1 %) | 46(71.9 %) | 1.3(0.62–2.7) | |
25–36 | 83(20.7 %) | 22(26.5 %) | 61(73.5 %) | 1.2(0.6–2.4) | |
37–48 | 47(11.7 %) | 9(19.1 %) | 38(80.9 %) | 0.79(0.33–1.99) | |
49–60 | 67(16.7 %) | 18(26.9 %) | 49(73.1 %) | 1.2(0.59–2.54) | |
61–72 | 91(22.7 %) | 21(23.1 %) | 70(76.9 %) | 1 | |
Marital status of mothers | |||||
Married | 374(93.3 %) | 86(23) | 288(77 %) | 1.04(0.41–2.67) | |
Divorced | 27(6.7 %) | 6(22.2 %) | 21(77.8 %) | 1 | |
Educational status of mothers | |||||
Illiterate | 358(89.3 %) | 83(23.2 %) | 275(76.8 %) | 0.86(0.35–2.11) | |
Read and write | 16(4 %) | 2(12.5 %) | 14(87.5 %) | 0.4(0.07–2.26) | |
Primary school | 27(6.7 %) | 11(40.7 %) | 16(59.3 %) | 1 | |
Occupation of mothers | |||||
Farmer | 388(96.8 %) | 85(21.9 %) | 303(78.1 %) | 1 | 1 |
House wife | 13(3.2 %) | 7(53.8 %) | 6(46.2 %) | 4.2(1.4–12.7) | 8.9(2.27–34)* |
Shoe wearing habit of the child | |||||
Always | 281(70.1 %) | 50(17.8 % | 231(82.2 %) | 1 | 1 |
Sometimes | 61(15.2 %) | 21(34.4 %) | 40(65.6 %) | 2.43(1.32–4.47) | 1.89(0.99–3.64) |
Not at all | 59(14.7 %) | 21(35.6 %) | 38(64.4 %) | 2.6(1.38–4.72) | 1.91(1.01–3.64)* |
Source of water | |||||
Protected spring | 15(3.7 %) | 8(53.3 %) | 7(46.7 %) | 4.2(1.45–11.65) | 3.9(1.2–12.3)* |
Well | 386(96.3 %) | 122(31.6 %) | 264(68.4 %) | 1 | 1 |
Hand washing habit after toilet | |||||
Present | 102(25.4 %) | 6(5.9 %) | 96(94.1 %) | 1 | 1 |
Absent | 299(74.6 %) | 86(28.8 %) | 213(71.2 %) | 6.46(2.73–18.3) | 7.34(2.9–15)* |
Risk factor analysis for S. mansoni
Variables | Presence of intestinal Schistosomiasis | Total (%) | COR(95 % CI) | AOR(85 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | ||||
Sex of child | |||||
Male | 23(12.6) | 160(87.4) | 183(45.6) | 1.28(0.69, 2.38) | |
Female | 2(10.1) | 196(89.9) | 218(54.4) | 1 | |
Age of child (in Months) | |||||
≤12 | 2(4.1) | 47(95.9) | 49(12.2) | 1 | |
13–24 | 6(9.4) | 58(90.6) | 64(16) | 2.43(0.47, 12.61) | |
25–36 | 10(12) | 73(88) | 83(20.7) | 3.22(0.68, 15.35) | |
37–48 | 3(6.4) | 44(94.6) | 47(11.7) | 1.60(0.26, 10.1) | |
49–60 | 11(16.4) | 56(83.6) | 67(16.7) | 4.62(0.97, 21.87) | |
61–72 | 13(14.3) | 78(85.7) | 91(22.7) | 3.92(0.85, 18.13) | |
Maternal occupation | |||||
Farmer | 44(11.3) | 344(88.7) | 388(96.8) | 1 | |
Housewife | 1(7.7) | 12(92.3) | 13(3.2) | 0.65(0.08, 5.13) | |
Habit of bringing child to river | |||||
Yes | 43(21.1) | 161(78.9) | 204(50.9) | 26(6.21, 109.15)* | 2.86(0,16, 49.98) |
No | 2(1) | 195(99) | 197(49.1) | 1 | 1 |
Habit of washing children in the river | |||||
Yes | 42(21.9) | 150(78.1) | 192(47.9) | 19.23(5.84, 63.2)* | 4.5(0.89, 4.1) |
No | 3(1.4) | 20698.6) | 209(52.1) | 1 | 1 |
Habit of washing children with freshly fetched water at home | |||||
Yes | 42(21.1) | 161(78.9) | 204(50.9) | 26.00(6.2, 109.14)* | 6.70(0.98, 45.68) |
No | 2(1) | 195(99) | 197(49.1) | 1 | 1 |
Habit of bringing children to irrigation sites | |||||
Yes | 1(14.3) | 6(85.7) | 7(1.7) | 1.33(0.16, 11.27) | |
No | 44(11.2) | 350(88.8) | 394(98.3) | 1 | |
Child’s swimming habit in river | |||||
Yes | 21(20.2) | 83(79.8) | 104(25.9) | 2.88(1.52, 5.43)* | 1.01(0.08, 12.3) |
No | 24(8.1) | 273(91.9) | 297(74.1) | 1 | |
Child’s swimming frequency per week | |||||
none | 24(8.1) | 273(91.9) | 297(74.1) | 1 | 1 |
1–2 times | 9(18.4) | 40(81.6) | 49(12.2) | 2.54(1.1, 5.85)* | 1.01(0.33, 3.1) |
≥3 times | 12(21.8) | 43(78.2) | 55(14.2) | 3.01(1.41, 6.45)* | 1.15(0.38, 3.47) |
Habit of child crossing river with bare foot | |||||
Yes | 25(18.9) | 107(81.1) | 132(32.9) | 2.91(1.55, 5.45)* | 0.6(0.29, 1.24) |
No | 20(7.4) | 249(92.6) | 269(67.10 | 1 | 1 |
Distance of home from the river | |||||
<1 km | 35(15.5) | 191(84.5) | 226(56.4) | 3.02(1.45, 6.29)* | 1.04(0.39, 2.77) |
>1 km | 10(5.7) | 165(94.3) | 175(43.6) | 1 | 1 |