Background
Methods
Plant material, extraction and fractionation
Phytochemical screening
Animals and infection
Ethical considerations
Experimental design
Measurement of body and organs weights and collection of specimens
Worm recovery
Eggs count in feces, intestine and liver
Tissue homogenate
Liver function tests
Lipid peroxidation, glutathione status and catalase activity determination
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum leaves aqueous extract
Effect of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum leaves aqueous extract on the body weight
Groups | Number of animals (n) | Body weight (g) | Weight gain (%) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-infection (1st day) | Post-infection (65th day) | ||||
NIC | 5 | 19.30 ± 0.83 | 24.23 ± 1.05 | 29.53 ± 2.04 (24.28–34.78) | |
IC | 6 | 23.51 ± 0.90 | 24.31 ± 0.80 | 3.97 ± 3.87 (−5.50–13.44) | <0.001 |
PZQ | 6 | 21.22 ± 1.04 | 26.00 ± 0.98 | 22.89 ± 2.89 (15.47–30.31) | <0.001 |
CuF100 | 6 | 23.55 ± 0.55 | 28.14 ± 0.85 | 19.54 ± 2.56 (12.95–26.12) | <0.01 |
CuF200 | 6 | 21.04 ± 0.89 | 24.94 ± 1.03 | 18.60 ± 1.43 (14.93–22.26) | <0.001 |
CuF400 | 6 | 22.74 ± 0.51 | 27.07 ± 0.74 | 19.06 ± 1.96 (14.03–24.09) | <0.001 |
Effect of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum leaves aqueous extract on the liver and spleen weights
Groups | Number of animals (n) | Liver | Spleen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g/100 g) |
p
| % change | Weight (g/100 g) |
p
| % change | ||
NIC | 5 | 6.23 ± 0.34 | 0.50 ± 0.04 | ||||
IC | 6 | 9.21 ± 0.37 | <0.001 | +47.83 | 1.45 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | +190.00 |
PZQ | 6 | 6.57 ± 0.46 | <0.001 | −28.66 | 0.43 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | −70.34 |
CuF100 | 6 | 7.68 ± 0.28 | <0.05 | −16.61 | 0.77 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | −46.90 |
CuF200 | 6 | 7.90 ± 0.48 | <0.05 | −14.22 | 0.79 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | −45.52 |
CuF400 | 6 | 5.96 ± 0.47 | <0.001 | −35.29 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | <0.001 | −54.48 |
Effect of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum leaves aqueous extract on worm burden and egg load
Effect of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum leaves aqueous extract on the liver function
Groups | NIC | IC | PZQ | CuF100 | CuF200 | CuF400 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of animals (n) | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
ALT (U/mL) | 266.28 ± 9.90 | 746.07 ± 59.86 | 391.66 ± 31.85 | 408.49 ± 36.27 | 420.52 ± 26.68 | 481.76 ± 47.09 |
p
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
% change | +180.18 | −47.50 | −45.25 | −43.63 | −35.43 | |
AST (U/m) | 167.84 ± 10.55 | 234.23 ± 14.58 | 168.13 ± 13.41 | 234.52 ± 23.74 | 248.24 ± 20.11 | 261.75 ± 16.25 |
p
| n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | |
% change | +39.55 | −28.22 | +0.12 | +5.98 | +11.75 | |
ALP (U/L) | 19.02 ± 2.87 | 8.04 ± 2.88 | 20.68 ± 3.24 | 13.10 ± 2.90 | 18.38 ± 2.86 | 20.33 ± 4.07 |
p
| n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | |
% change | −57.73 | +157.21 | +62.93 | +128.61 | +152.86 | |
Total proteins (mg/mL) | 4.43 ± 0.22 | 3.17 ± 0.29 | 4.73 ± 0.15 | 4.88 ± 0.18 | 5.39 ± 0.18 | 4.59 ± 0.16 |
p
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
% change | −28.44 | +49.21 | +53.94 | +70.03 | +44.79 | |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 19.34 ± 1.71 | 23.15 ± 1.80 | 15.32 ± 1.76 | 16.87 ± 3.78 | 20.84 ± 1.50 | 25.59 ± 3.88 |
p
| n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | |
% change | +19.70 | −33.82 | −27.13 | −9.98 | +10.54 |