Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 4/2018

01.04.2018 | Zytokine | Leitthema

Pathophysiologie der Frühschwangerschaft, Plazentation und Immunologie

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Udo R. Markert, Johanna Seitz, Theresa Wagner, Juliane Götze, Sebastian Schamberger, Julia I. Heger, Jana Pastuschek

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 4/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Schwangerschaft stellt die einzigartige Situation dar, in der 2 allogene Organismen, Mutter und Fetus, ohne Abstoßungsreaktionen in Symbiose zusammenleben. Die Plazenta bildet dabei den größten Teil der Grenzfläche und ist somit von besonderer immunologischer Bedeutung. Verschiedenste plazentare Faktoren, großenteils von Trophoblastzellen produziert und sezerniert, induzieren eine weitgehend spezifische Toleranz gegenüber dem Embryo oder Fetus, ohne dabei die eigentlichen Funktionen des Immunsystems grundlegend zu verändern. Störungen dieser Toleranz können zu allen Zeitpunkten den Schwangerschaftsverlauf beeinträchtigen oder eine Schwangerschaft gar nicht erst zustande kommen lassen. Immunologische Parameter im Endometrium haben daher das Potenzial, als diagnostische Marker und für neue Behandlungsstrategien bei Kinderwunschpatientinnen genutzt zu werden. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit soll einen groben Eindruck in die komplexe Thematik vermitteln.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Medawar PB (1953) Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. Symp Soc Exp Biol 7:320–328 Medawar PB (1953) Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates. Symp Soc Exp Biol 7:320–328
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Svensson-Arvelund J et al (2014) The placenta in toxicology. Part II: systemic and local immune adaptations in pregnancy. Toxicol Pathol 42(2):327–338CrossRefPubMed Svensson-Arvelund J et al (2014) The placenta in toxicology. Part II: systemic and local immune adaptations in pregnancy. Toxicol Pathol 42(2):327–338CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring’s health. Nat Med 19(5):548–556CrossRefPubMed Arck PC, Hecher K (2013) Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring’s health. Nat Med 19(5):548–556CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J, Markert UR, Varla-Leftherioti M (2015) Immunology in reproduction. J Reprod Immunol 108:1CrossRefPubMed Szekeres-Bartho J, Markert UR, Varla-Leftherioti M (2015) Immunology in reproduction. J Reprod Immunol 108:1CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Filippini A et al (2001) Control and impairment of immune privilege in the testis and in semen. Hum Reprod Update 7(5):444–449CrossRefPubMed Filippini A et al (2001) Control and impairment of immune privilege in the testis and in semen. Hum Reprod Update 7(5):444–449CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kammerer U, von Wolff M, Markert UR (2004) Immunology of human endometrium. Immunobiology 209(7):569–574CrossRefPubMed Kammerer U, von Wolff M, Markert UR (2004) Immunology of human endometrium. Immunobiology 209(7):569–574CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bulmer JN, Williams PJ, Lash GE (2010) Immune cells in the placental bed. Int J Dev Biol 54(2–3):281–294CrossRefPubMed Bulmer JN, Williams PJ, Lash GE (2010) Immune cells in the placental bed. Int J Dev Biol 54(2–3):281–294CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuckerman E et al (2010) Uterine natural killer cells in peri-implantation endometrium from women with repeated implantation failure after IVF. J Reprod Immunol 87(1–2):60–66CrossRefPubMed Tuckerman E et al (2010) Uterine natural killer cells in peri-implantation endometrium from women with repeated implantation failure after IVF. J Reprod Immunol 87(1–2):60–66CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Farag SS, Caligiuri MA (2006) Human natural killer cell development and biology. Blood Rev 20(3):123–137CrossRefPubMed Farag SS, Caligiuri MA (2006) Human natural killer cell development and biology. Blood Rev 20(3):123–137CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell P et al (2013) The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. III: Further observations and reference ranges. Pathology 45(4):393–401CrossRefPubMed Russell P et al (2013) The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. III: Further observations and reference ranges. Pathology 45(4):393–401CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen X et al (2017) Measurement of uterine natural killer cell percentage in the periimplantation endometrium from fertile women and women with recurrent reproductive failure: establishment of a reference range. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217(6):680e1–680e6CrossRef Chen X et al (2017) Measurement of uterine natural killer cell percentage in the periimplantation endometrium from fertile women and women with recurrent reproductive failure: establishment of a reference range. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217(6):680e1–680e6CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Giuliani E et al (2014) Characterization of uterine NK cells in women with infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss and associated endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 72(3):262–269CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Giuliani E et al (2014) Characterization of uterine NK cells in women with infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss and associated endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 72(3):262–269CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Aksu S, Caliskan E, Cakiroglu Y (2016) Evaluation of endometrial natural killer cell expression of CD4, CD103, and CD16 cells in women with unexplained infertility. J Reprod Immunol 117:70–75CrossRefPubMed Aksu S, Caliskan E, Cakiroglu Y (2016) Evaluation of endometrial natural killer cell expression of CD4, CD103, and CD16 cells in women with unexplained infertility. J Reprod Immunol 117:70–75CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ledee N et al (2017) Uterine immune profiling for increasing live birth rate: a one-to-one matched cohort study. J Reprod Immunol 119:23–30CrossRefPubMed Ledee N et al (2017) Uterine immune profiling for increasing live birth rate: a one-to-one matched cohort study. J Reprod Immunol 119:23–30CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Seshadri S, Sunkara SK (2014) Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 20(3):429–438CrossRefPubMed Seshadri S, Sunkara SK (2014) Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 20(3):429–438CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat McQueen DB et al (2015) Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic endometritis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 104(4):927–931CrossRefPubMed McQueen DB et al (2015) Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic endometritis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 104(4):927–931CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayer-Garner IB, Nickell JA, Korourian S (2004) Routine syndecan-1 immunohistochemistry aids in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128(9):1000–1003PubMed Bayer-Garner IB, Nickell JA, Korourian S (2004) Routine syndecan-1 immunohistochemistry aids in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128(9):1000–1003PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell CM et al (2015) Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212(5): 611e1– 611e9CrossRef Mitchell CM et al (2015) Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212(5): 611e1– 611e9CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreno I et al (2016) Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215(6):684–703CrossRefPubMed Moreno I et al (2016) Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215(6):684–703CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitaya K et al (2016) Chronic endometritis: potential cause of infertility and obstetric and neonatal complications. Am J Reprod Immunol 75(1):13–22CrossRefPubMed Kitaya K et al (2016) Chronic endometritis: potential cause of infertility and obstetric and neonatal complications. Am J Reprod Immunol 75(1):13–22CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Cicinelli E et al (2015) Prevalence of chronic endometritis in repeated unexplained implantation failure and the IVF success rate after antibiotic therapy. Hum Reprod 30(2):323–330CrossRefPubMed Cicinelli E et al (2015) Prevalence of chronic endometritis in repeated unexplained implantation failure and the IVF success rate after antibiotic therapy. Hum Reprod 30(2):323–330CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitaya K (2011) Prevalence of chronic endometritis in recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 95(3):1156–1158CrossRefPubMed Kitaya K (2011) Prevalence of chronic endometritis in recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 95(3):1156–1158CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnston-MacAnanny EB et al (2010) Chronic endometritis is a frequent finding in women with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 93(2):437–441CrossRefPubMed Johnston-MacAnanny EB et al (2010) Chronic endometritis is a frequent finding in women with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 93(2):437–441CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Mor G (2008) Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of toll-like receptors in trophoblast-immune interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1127:121–128CrossRefPubMed Mor G (2008) Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of toll-like receptors in trophoblast-immune interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1127:121–128CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Trundley A, Moffett A (2004) Human uterine leukocytes and pregnancy. Tissue Antigens 63(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed Trundley A, Moffett A (2004) Human uterine leukocytes and pregnancy. Tissue Antigens 63(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL (1999) Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180(2 Pt 1):499–506CrossRefPubMed Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL (1999) Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180(2 Pt 1):499–506CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Schamberger S et al (2013) Establishment of a one-sided ex vivo human placenta perfusion model to assess adhesion and invasion behavior of T cell leukemia cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 54(8):1811–1813CrossRefPubMed Schamberger S et al (2013) Establishment of a one-sided ex vivo human placenta perfusion model to assess adhesion and invasion behavior of T cell leukemia cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 54(8):1811–1813CrossRefPubMed
33.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SD et al (2009) Evidence for immune cell involvement in decidual spiral arteriole remodeling in early human pregnancy. Am J Pathol 174(5):1959–1971CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Smith SD et al (2009) Evidence for immune cell involvement in decidual spiral arteriole remodeling in early human pregnancy. Am J Pathol 174(5):1959–1971CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Silini AR et al (2017) Is immune modulation the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of amniotic cells and their derivatives in regenerative medicine? Cell Transplant 26(4):531–539CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Silini AR et al (2017) Is immune modulation the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of amniotic cells and their derivatives in regenerative medicine? Cell Transplant 26(4):531–539CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmorl CG (1893) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperal-Eklampsie. Vogel, Leipzig Schmorl CG (1893) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperal-Eklampsie. Vogel, Leipzig
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster BP et al (2016) Extracellular vesicles in blood, milk and body fluids of the female and male urogenital tract and with special regard to reproduction. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 53(6):379–395CrossRefPubMed Foster BP et al (2016) Extracellular vesicles in blood, milk and body fluids of the female and male urogenital tract and with special regard to reproduction. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 53(6):379–395CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Wegmann TG et al (1993) Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 14(7):353–356CrossRefPubMed Wegmann TG et al (1993) Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 14(7):353–356CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaouat G (2013) Inflammation, NK cells and implantation: friend and foe (the good, the bad and the ugly?): replacing placental viviparity in an evolutionary perspective. J Reprod Immunol 97(1):2–13CrossRefPubMed Chaouat G (2013) Inflammation, NK cells and implantation: friend and foe (the good, the bad and the ugly?): replacing placental viviparity in an evolutionary perspective. J Reprod Immunol 97(1):2–13CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore KL, Persaud TVN (2007) Embryologie: Entwicklungsstadien, Frühentwicklung, Organogenese, Klinik, 5. Aufl. Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, München Moore KL, Persaud TVN (2007) Embryologie: Entwicklungsstadien, Frühentwicklung, Organogenese, Klinik, 5. Aufl. Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, München
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Saito S, Sasaki Y, Sakai M (2005) CD4(+)CD25high regulatory T cells in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 65(2):111–120CrossRefPubMed Saito S, Sasaki Y, Sakai M (2005) CD4(+)CD25high regulatory T cells in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 65(2):111–120CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerin LR, Prins JR, Robertson SA (2009) Regulatory T‑cells and immune tolerance in pregnancy: a new target for infertility treatment? Hum Reprod Update 15(5):517–535CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Guerin LR, Prins JR, Robertson SA (2009) Regulatory T‑cells and immune tolerance in pregnancy: a new target for infertility treatment? Hum Reprod Update 15(5):517–535CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinborn A et al (2012) Pregnancy-associated diseases are characterized by the composition of the systemic regulatory T cell (Treg) pool with distinct subsets of Tregs. Clin Exp Immunol 167(1):84–98CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Steinborn A et al (2012) Pregnancy-associated diseases are characterized by the composition of the systemic regulatory T cell (Treg) pool with distinct subsets of Tregs. Clin Exp Immunol 167(1):84–98CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Barakonyi A et al (2002) Recognition of nonclassical HLA class I antigens by gamma delta T cells during pregnancy. J Immunol 168(6):2683–2688CrossRefPubMed Barakonyi A et al (2002) Recognition of nonclassical HLA class I antigens by gamma delta T cells during pregnancy. J Immunol 168(6):2683–2688CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Colucci F, Caligiuri MA, Di Santo JP (2003) What does it take to make a natural killer? Nat Rev Immunol 3(5):413–425CrossRefPubMed Colucci F, Caligiuri MA, Di Santo JP (2003) What does it take to make a natural killer? Nat Rev Immunol 3(5):413–425CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Vacca P, Mingari MC, Moretta L (2013) Natural killer cells in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 97(1):14–19CrossRefPubMed Vacca P, Mingari MC, Moretta L (2013) Natural killer cells in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 97(1):14–19CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Jabrane-Ferrat N, Siewiera J (2014) The up side of decidual natural killer cells: new developments in immunology of pregnancy. Immunology 141(4):490–497CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jabrane-Ferrat N, Siewiera J (2014) The up side of decidual natural killer cells: new developments in immunology of pregnancy. Immunology 141(4):490–497CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Tao Y et al (2015) CD56(bright)CD25+ NK cells are preferentially recruited to the maternal/fetal interface in early human pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 12(1):77–86CrossRefPubMed Tao Y et al (2015) CD56(bright)CD25+ NK cells are preferentially recruited to the maternal/fetal interface in early human pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 12(1):77–86CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Santoni A, Carlino C, Gismondi A (2008) Uterine NK cell development, migration and function. Reprod Biomed Online 16(2):202–210CrossRefPubMed Santoni A, Carlino C, Gismondi A (2008) Uterine NK cell development, migration and function. Reprod Biomed Online 16(2):202–210CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlino C et al (2012) Chemerin regulates NK cell accumulation and endothelial cell morphogenesis in the decidua during early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10):3603–3612CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Carlino C et al (2012) Chemerin regulates NK cell accumulation and endothelial cell morphogenesis in the decidua during early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10):3603–3612CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon S, Taylor PR (2005) Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5(12):953–964CrossRefPubMed Gordon S, Taylor PR (2005) Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5(12):953–964CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh U et al (2005) Immunological properties of human decidual macrophages—a possible role in intrauterine immunity. Reproduction 129(5):631–637CrossRefPubMed Singh U et al (2005) Immunological properties of human decidual macrophages—a possible role in intrauterine immunity. Reproduction 129(5):631–637CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Reister F et al (2001) Macrophage-induced apoptosis limits endovascular trophoblast invasion in the uterine wall of preeclamptic women. Lab Invest 81(8):1143–1152CrossRefPubMed Reister F et al (2001) Macrophage-induced apoptosis limits endovascular trophoblast invasion in the uterine wall of preeclamptic women. Lab Invest 81(8):1143–1152CrossRefPubMed
58.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Gustafsson C et al (2008) Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype. PLoS ONE 3(4):e2078CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gustafsson C et al (2008) Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype. PLoS ONE 3(4):e2078CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez FO et al (2006) Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression. J Immunol 177(10):7303–7311CrossRefPubMed Martinez FO et al (2006) Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression. J Immunol 177(10):7303–7311CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Svensson J et al (2011) Macrophages at the fetal-maternal interface express markers of alternative activation and are induced by M‑CSF and IL-10. J Immunol 187(7):3671–3682CrossRefPubMed Svensson J et al (2011) Macrophages at the fetal-maternal interface express markers of alternative activation and are induced by M‑CSF and IL-10. J Immunol 187(7):3671–3682CrossRefPubMed
62.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Porcheray F et al (2005) Macrophage activation switching: an asset for the resolution of inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 142(3):481–489PubMedPubMedCentral Porcheray F et al (2005) Macrophage activation switching: an asset for the resolution of inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 142(3):481–489PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Reyes L, Wolfe B, Golos T (2017) Hofbauer cells: placental macrophages of fetal origin. Results Probl Cell Differ 62:45–60CrossRefPubMed Reyes L, Wolfe B, Golos T (2017) Hofbauer cells: placental macrophages of fetal origin. Results Probl Cell Differ 62:45–60CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Persson G et al (2017) HLA class Ib in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders. Immunogenetics 69(8–9):581–595CrossRefPubMed Persson G et al (2017) HLA class Ib in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders. Immunogenetics 69(8–9):581–595CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Poehlmann TG et al (2006) Inhibition of term decidual NK cell cytotoxicity by soluble HLA-G1. Am J Reprod Immunol 56(5–6):275–285CrossRefPubMed Poehlmann TG et al (2006) Inhibition of term decidual NK cell cytotoxicity by soluble HLA-G1. Am J Reprod Immunol 56(5–6):275–285CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Koc S et al (2003) Enhancement of immunogenicity of Jeg3 cells by ectopic expression of HLA-A*0201 and CD80. Am J Reprod Immunol 50(3):243–253CrossRefPubMed Koc S et al (2003) Enhancement of immunogenicity of Jeg3 cells by ectopic expression of HLA-A*0201 and CD80. Am J Reprod Immunol 50(3):243–253CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaschitz A et al (2011) Vascular endothelial expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 forms a positive gradient towards the feto-maternal interface. PLoS ONE 6(7):e21774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Blaschitz A et al (2011) Vascular endothelial expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 forms a positive gradient towards the feto-maternal interface. PLoS ONE 6(7):e21774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Mellor AL, Munn DH (2004) IDO expression by dendritic cells: tolerance and tryptophan catabolism. Nat Rev Immunol 4(10):762–774CrossRefPubMed Mellor AL, Munn DH (2004) IDO expression by dendritic cells: tolerance and tryptophan catabolism. Nat Rev Immunol 4(10):762–774CrossRefPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Terness P et al (2007) Tolerance signaling molecules and pregnancy: IDO, galectins, and the renaissance of regulatory T cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 58(3):238–254CrossRefPubMed Terness P et al (2007) Tolerance signaling molecules and pregnancy: IDO, galectins, and the renaissance of regulatory T cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 58(3):238–254CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen W et al (2008) The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway is essential for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell-induced adaptive T regulatory cell generation. J Immunol 181(8):5396–5404CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chen W et al (2008) The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway is essential for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell-induced adaptive T regulatory cell generation. J Immunol 181(8):5396–5404CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson DP, Klein SL (2012) Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm Behav 62(3):263–271CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Robinson DP, Klein SL (2012) Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm Behav 62(3):263–271CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones LA et al (2010) Differential modulation of TLR3- and TLR4-mediated dendritic cell maturation and function by progesterone. J Immunol 185(8):4525–4534CrossRefPubMed Jones LA et al (2010) Differential modulation of TLR3- and TLR4-mediated dendritic cell maturation and function by progesterone. J Immunol 185(8):4525–4534CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Arck P et al (2007) Progesterone during pregnancy: endocrine-immune cross talk in mammalian species and the role of stress. Am J Reprod Immunol 58(3):268–279CrossRefPubMed Arck P et al (2007) Progesterone during pregnancy: endocrine-immune cross talk in mammalian species and the role of stress. Am J Reprod Immunol 58(3):268–279CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J, Halasz M, Palkovics T (2009) Progesterone in pregnancy; receptor-ligand interaction and signaling pathways. J Reprod Immunol 83(1–2):60–64CrossRefPubMed Szekeres-Bartho J, Halasz M, Palkovics T (2009) Progesterone in pregnancy; receptor-ligand interaction and signaling pathways. J Reprod Immunol 83(1–2):60–64CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Piccinni MP et al (2000) Role of hormone-controlled Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in successful pregnancy. J Neuroimmunol 109(1):30–33CrossRefPubMed Piccinni MP et al (2000) Role of hormone-controlled Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in successful pregnancy. J Neuroimmunol 109(1):30–33CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Saito S (2000) Cytokine network at the feto-maternal interface. J Reprod Immunol 47(2):87–103CrossRefPubMed Saito S (2000) Cytokine network at the feto-maternal interface. J Reprod Immunol 47(2):87–103CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J, Wegmann TG (1996) A progesterone-dependent immunomodulatory protein alters the Th1/Th2 balance. J Reprod Immunol 31(1–2):81–95CrossRefPubMed Szekeres-Bartho J, Wegmann TG (1996) A progesterone-dependent immunomodulatory protein alters the Th1/Th2 balance. J Reprod Immunol 31(1–2):81–95CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J et al (2005) Progesterone-dependent immunomodulation. Chem Immunol Allergy 89:118–125CrossRefPubMed Szekeres-Bartho J et al (2005) Progesterone-dependent immunomodulation. Chem Immunol Allergy 89:118–125CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J et al (2001) Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. Int Immunopharmacol 1(6):1037–1048CrossRefPubMed Szekeres-Bartho J et al (2001) Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. Int Immunopharmacol 1(6):1037–1048CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Szekeres-Bartho J, Polgar B (2010) PIBF: the double edged sword. Pregnancy and tumor. Am J Reprod Immunol 64(2):77–86PubMed Szekeres-Bartho J, Polgar B (2010) PIBF: the double edged sword. Pregnancy and tumor. Am J Reprod Immunol 64(2):77–86PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ermisch C, Markert UR (2011) PIBF – Progesterone-induced blocking factor. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 215(3):93–97CrossRefPubMed Ermisch C, Markert UR (2011) PIBF – Progesterone-induced blocking factor. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 215(3):93–97CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Fournier T (2016) Human chorionic gonadotropin: different glycoforms and biological activity depending on its source of production. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 77(2):75–81CrossRef Fournier T (2016) Human chorionic gonadotropin: different glycoforms and biological activity depending on its source of production. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 77(2):75–81CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogovic Crncic T et al (2005) Perforin and Fas/FasL cytolytic pathways at the maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 54(5):241–248CrossRefPubMed Bogovic Crncic T et al (2005) Perforin and Fas/FasL cytolytic pathways at the maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 54(5):241–248CrossRefPubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Aluvihare VR, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG (2005) Tolerance, suppression and the fetal allograft. J Mol Med 83(2):88–96CrossRefPubMed Aluvihare VR, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG (2005) Tolerance, suppression and the fetal allograft. J Mol Med 83(2):88–96CrossRefPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Uckan D et al (1997) Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: a proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol Hum Reprod 3(8):655–662CrossRefPubMed Uckan D et al (1997) Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: a proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol Hum Reprod 3(8):655–662CrossRefPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Makrigiannakis A et al (2008) Fetomaternal immunotolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 60(6):482–496CrossRefPubMed Makrigiannakis A et al (2008) Fetomaternal immunotolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 60(6):482–496CrossRefPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopcow HD et al (2008) T cell apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface in early human pregnancy, involvement of galectin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(47):18472–18477CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kopcow HD et al (2008) T cell apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface in early human pregnancy, involvement of galectin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(47):18472–18477CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmorl G (1893) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperal-Eklampsie. Vogel, Leipzig Schmorl G (1893) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperal-Eklampsie. Vogel, Leipzig
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamley LW et al (2014) Review: where is the maternofetal interface? Placenta 35(Suppl):S74–S80CrossRefPubMed Chamley LW et al (2014) Review: where is the maternofetal interface? Placenta 35(Suppl):S74–S80CrossRefPubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Gohner C et al (2015) A new enzyme-linked Sorbent assay (ELSA) to quantify syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in biological fluids. Am J Reprod Immunol 73(6):582–588CrossRefPubMed Gohner C et al (2015) A new enzyme-linked Sorbent assay (ELSA) to quantify syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in biological fluids. Am J Reprod Immunol 73(6):582–588CrossRefPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Delorme-Axford E et al (2013) Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(29):12048–12053CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Delorme-Axford E et al (2013) Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(29):12048–12053CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Zurück zum Zitat VanWijk MJ et al (2002) Microparticle subpopulations are increased in preeclampsia: possible involvement in vascular dysfunction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 187(2):450–456CrossRefPubMed VanWijk MJ et al (2002) Microparticle subpopulations are increased in preeclampsia: possible involvement in vascular dysfunction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 187(2):450–456CrossRefPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Morales-Prieto DM et al (2014) Elsevier trophoblast research award lecture: origin, evolution and future of placenta miRNas. Placenta 35(Suppl):S39–45CrossRefPubMed Morales-Prieto DM et al (2014) Elsevier trophoblast research award lecture: origin, evolution and future of placenta miRNas. Placenta 35(Suppl):S39–45CrossRefPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Huppertz B, Schleußner E (2018) Die Plazenta Grundlagen und klinische Bedeutung Bd. XIX. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Huppertz B, Schleußner E (2018) Die Plazenta Grundlagen und klinische Bedeutung Bd. XIX. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
Metadaten
Titel
Pathophysiologie der Frühschwangerschaft, Plazentation und Immunologie
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Udo R. Markert
Johanna Seitz
Theresa Wagner
Juliane Götze
Sebastian Schamberger
Julia I. Heger
Jana Pastuschek
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2018
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwort
Zytokine
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-018-4228-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2018

Der Gynäkologe 4/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Magazin

Magazin

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.