Background
Methods
Procedure
Participants
Male | Female | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1790(50.4%) | 1762(49.6%) | 3552(100%) | |
Age | ≤15 | 251(13.6%) | 297(16.9%) | 558(15.6%) |
16 | 595(33.2%) | 547(31.0%) | 1142(32.2%) | |
17 | 537(30.0%) | 540(30.6%) | 1077(30.3%) | |
18 | 308(17.2%) | 312(17.7%) | 620(17.5%) | |
≥19 | 89(5.0%) | 66(3.8%) | 155(4.4%) | |
Grade a
| Freshman | 685(38.3%) | 728(41.3%) | 1413(39.8%) |
Sophomore | 680(38.0%) | 574(32.6%) | 1254(35.3%) | |
Junior | 425(23.7%) | 460(26.1%) | 885(24.9%) | |
Single-child status b
| Singletons | 1168(65.3%) | 999(56.7%) | 2167(61.0%) |
Nonsingletons | 622(34.7%) | 763(43.3%) | 1385(39.0%) | |
Parents’ marital status | Married | 1583(88.4%) | 1565(88.8%) | 3148(88.6%) |
Divorced | 142(7.9%) | 143(8.1%) | 285(8.0%) | |
Remarried | 65(3.6%) | 54(3.1%) | 119(3.4%) |
Measures
General questionnaire
PDQ-4+
SSSy
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Subscales scores of subscales | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PPD | 549(15.5%) | 546(15.4%) | 642(18.1%) | 630(17.7%) | 505(14.2%) | 357(10.1%) | 213(6.0%) | 110(3.1%) | ||
SPD | 591(16.6%) | 890(25.1%) | 818(23.0%) | 570(16.0%) | 336(9.5%) | 196(5.5%) | 90(2.5%) | 61(1.7%) | ||
STPD | 455(12.8%) | 505(14.2%) | 525(14.8%) | 546(15.4%) | 489(13.8%) | 399(11.2%) | 291(8.2%) | 176(5.0%) | 94(2.6%) | 72(2.0%) |
BPD | 566(15.9%) | 544(15.3%) | 476(13.4%) | 489(13.8%) | 475(13.4%) | 361(10.2%) | 313(8.8%) | 182(5.1%) | 99(2.8%) | 47(1.3%) |
APD | 709(20.0%) | 876(24.7%) | 719(20.2%) | 490(13.8%) | 361(10.2%) | 194(5.5%) | 107(3.0%) | 51(1.4%) | 45(1.3%) | |
HPD | 238(6.7%) | 340(9.6%) | 495(13.9%) | 674(19.0%) | 719(20.2%) | 545(15.3%) | 316(8.9%) | 146(4.1%) | 79(2.2%) | |
NPD | 310(8.7%) | 363(10.2%) | 467(13.1%) | 577(16.2%) | 584(16.4%) | 487(13.7%) | 371(10.4%) | 216(6.1%) | 110(3.1%) | 67(1.9%) |
Influence of gender and grade on PD traits
Total n = 3552 | Gender | Grades | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male n = 1790 | Female n = 1762 | t | Cohen’s d | Freshman n = 1413 | Sophomore n = 1254 | Junior n = 885 | F | ||
PPD | 2.70 ± 1.92 | 2.81 ± 1.93 | 2.58 ± 1.90 | 3.679* | 0.120 | 2.75 ± 1.92 | 2.69 ± 1.93 | 2.61 ± 1.89 | 1.320 |
SPD | 2.12 ± 1.67 | 2.16 ± 1.80 | 2.08 ± 1.51 | 1.551 | 0.048 | 2.21 ± 1.70a
| 2.17 ± 1.70b
| 1.91 ± 1.53 | 9.025* |
STPD | 3.24 ± 2.31 | 3.52 ± 2.37 | 2.96 ± 2.21 | 7.341* | 0.244 | 3.32 ± 2.33 | 3.26 ± 2.30 | 3.09 ± 2.28 | 2.692 |
BPD | 3.11 ± 2.34 | 3.11 ± 2.38 | 3.10 ± 2.30 | .086 | 0.004 | 3.25 ± 2.41a
| 3.14 ± 2.32b
| 2.83 ± 2.25 | 8.935* |
APD | 2.13 ± 1.834 | 2.38 ± 1.98 | 1.86 ± 1.63 | 8.604* | 0.287 | 2.21 ± 1.89a
| 2.25 ± 1.88b
| 1.82 ± 1.62 | 15.231* |
HPD | 3.52 ± 1.92 | 3.55 ± 2.01 | 3.49 ± 1.82 | .826 | 0.031 | 3.54 ± 1.95 | 3.52 ± 1.92 | 3.49 ± 1.87 | 0.199 |
NPD | 3.67 ± 2.23 | 3.76 ± 2.31 | 3.57 ± 2.14 | 2.650* | 0.085 | 3.75 ± 2.27 | 3.61 ± 2.24 | 3.61 ± 2.14 | 1.826 |
Influence of family structure on PD traits
Singletons and nonsingletons | Parents’ Marriage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singletons n = 2167 | Nonsingletons n = 1385 | F | Cohen’s d | Married n = 3148 | Divorced n = 285 | Remarried n = 119 | F | |
PPD | 2.76 ± 1.94 | 2.59 ± 1.88 | 4.664* | 0.089 | 2.68 ± 1.92 | 2.82 ± 1.95 | 2.80 ± 1.87 | 0.438 |
SPD | 2.17 ± 1.71 | 2.04 ± 1.59 | 3.305 | 0.079 | 2.10 ± 1.66 | 2.21 ± 1.64 | 2.39 ± 1.78 | 1.981 |
STPD | 3.29 ± 2.36 | 3.17 ± 2.22 | 0.270 | 0.052 | 3.21 ± 2.30 a
| 3.53 ± 2.32 | 3.50 ± 2.29 | 3.258* |
BPD | 3.15 ± 2.37 | 3.04 ± 2.30 | 0.684 | 0.047 | 3.07 ± 2.35 b
| 3.32 ± 2.18 | 3.58 ± 2.49 | 3.889* |
APD | 2.22 ± 1.89 | 1.98 ± 1.73 | 7.704* | 0.132 | 2.10 ± 1.84 a,b
| 2.33 ± 1.74 | 2.44 ± 1.91 | 3.563* |
HPD | 3.55 ± 1.95 | 3.47 ± 1.87 | 1.222 | 0.042 | 3.50 ± 1.92 | 3.67 ± 1.87 | 3.65 ± 1.95 | 1.218 |
NPD | 3.67 ± 2.25 | 3.66 ± 2.19 | 0.065 | 0.005 | 3.64 ± 2.22 | 3.87 ± 2.21 | 3.85 ± 2.32 | 1.784 |
Influence of perceived social status on PD traits
Subjective social status in society | Subjective social status in school community | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | F | Cohen’s d | Low | High | F | Cohen’s d | |
PPD | 2.75 ± 1.94 | 2.64 ± 1.89 | 3.215 | 0.057 | 2.85 ± 2.01 | 2.63 ± 1.87 | 9.266* | 0.113 |
SPD | 2.19 ± 1.65 | 2.05 ± 1.68 | 5.945* | 0.084 | 2.29 ± 1.71 | 2.04 ± 1.64 | 16.421* | 0.150 |
STPD | 3.30 ± 2.30 | 3.19 ± 2.31 | 1.960 | 0.048 | 3.34 ± 2.36 | 3.20 ± 2.28 | 1.803 | 0.060 |
BPD | 3.26 ± 2.36 | 2.95 ± 2.32 | 16.538* | 0.132 | 3.45 ± 2.45 | 2.95 ± 2.28 | 34.048* | 0.211 |
APD | 2.17 ± 1.85 | 2.08 ± 1.82 | 1.894 | 0.049 | 2.32 ± 1.94 | 2.04 ± 1.77 | 14.690* | 0.151 |
HPD | 3.44 ± 1.90 | 3.60 ± 1.94 | 5.934* | 0.083 | 3.40 ± 1.92 | 3.58 ± 1.92 | 7.137* | 0.094 |
NPD | 3.65 ± 2.21 | 3.68 ± 2.25 | 0.178 | 0.013 | 3.64 ± 2.28 | 3.68 ± 2.20 | 0.398 | 0.018 |