Background
Methods
Plant materials
Standard extraction preparation
Neuraminidase, virus and cells
In vitro screening of plant extracts for NA activity
Cytotoxicity assay
CPE reduction assay
Measurement of viral RNA synthesis by quantitative and reverse transcription PCR (qPCR)
Statistical analysis
Results
No. | Positive control and Botanical name | Botanical part | Extract | Inhibition (%)a | IC50b | Voucher No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | Zanamivir | – | – | 99.8 | 0.05 | – |
1 | Melaphis chinensis (Bell)Baker | cecidium | MeOH | 103.6 | 4.1 | MCB091101 |
2 | Amomurn villosum Lour. | fruit | MeOH | 92.2 | 4.9 | CG20080829 |
3 |
Sanguisorba officinalis L.
| root | MeOH | 100.8 | 5.1 | SOL091101 |
4 |
Melaphis chinensis (Bell)Baker
| cecidium | EtOAc | 99.3 | 5.3 | MCB091101 |
5 |
Flos Caryophylli
| flowers | MeOH | 94.1 | 9.1 | SA091101 |
6 |
Areca catechu Linn
| fruit | MeOH | 85.1 | 19.3 | ACL091101 |
7 |
Artemisia capillaries Thunb
| whole plant | MeOH | 91.3 | 19.4 | ACT091101 |
8 |
Terminalia chebula Retz
| fruit | EtOAc | 78.4 | 20.3 | TCR091101 |
9 |
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke
| whole plant | EtOAc | 69.1 | 23.3 | DIF091101 |
10 |
Terminalia chebula Retz.
| fruit | MeOH | 68 | 24.3 | TCR091101 |
10 |
Murraya exotica L.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | 65.7 | 28.9 | MEL091101 |
11 |
Geranium carolinianum L.
| whole plant | MeOH | 64.8 | 28.9 | GCL091101 |
12 |
Polygonum cuspidatum
| rhizome | EtOAc | 63.9 | 29.8 | PC091101 |
13 |
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turez.) Schischk.
| root | EtOAc | 53.1 | 37.3 | SDS091101 |
14 |
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe
| fruit | MeOH | 47.9 | NTd | CFR091103 |
15 |
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
| fruit | MeOH | 46.6 | NT | GJE091101 |
16 |
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke
| whole plant | EtOAc | 46.1 | NT | DIF091101 |
17 |
Rosa laevigata Michx.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 45.8 | NT | RLM091103 |
18 |
Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ex Schlecht.
| whole plant | MeOH | 43.9 | NT | EHW091101 |
19 |
Litchi chinensis Sonn.
| seed | EtOAc | 43.9 | NT | LCS091101 |
20 |
Punica granatum L.
| fruit peel | MeOH | 43.4 | NT | PGL091101 |
21 |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| root | EtOAc | 41.3 | NT | SBG091101 |
22 |
Amomum villosum Lour.
| fruit | EtOAc | 40.5 | NT | CG20080829 |
23 |
Geranium carolinianum L.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 40.1 | NT | GCL091101 |
24 |
Isatis indigotica Fort
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 40.1 | NT | IIF091103 |
25 |
Onosma gmelinii Ledeb
| root | EtOAc | 40 | NT | OGL091101 |
26 |
Houttuynia cordata Thunb
| whole plant | EtOAc | 38.5 | NT | HCT091101 |
27 |
Altingia chinensis (Champ.) Oliver ex Hance
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 37.3 | NT | ACO091103 |
28 |
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Bent.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 36.7 | NT | PCB091101 |
29 |
Polygonum cuspidatum
| rhizome | MeOH | 36.1 | NT | PC091101 |
30 |
Punica granatum L.
| fruit peel | EtOAc | 35.5 | NT | PGL091101 |
31 |
Rosa laevigata Michx.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | 34.4 | NT | RLM091103 |
32 |
Dianella ensifolia (Linn.) Redouté
| fruit | EtOAc | 31.5 | NT | DER091103 |
33 |
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.
| whole plant | MeOH | 31.3 | NT | ECH091101 |
34 |
Atractylodes Lancea (Thunb) DC.
| root | EtOAc | 30.4 | NT | ALD091101 |
35 |
Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.
| root | EtOAc | 29.3 | NT | COS091101 |
36 |
Homalocladium platycladum (F. Muell.) Bailey
| whole plant | MeOH | 29.1 | NT | HPB091101 |
37 |
Cinnamomum cassia Presl
| branch | MeOH | 28.9 | NT | CCP091101 |
38 |
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 28.1 | NT | ECP091101 |
39 |
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 26.8 | NT | SGN091103 |
40 |
Altingia chinensis (Champ.) Oliver ex Hance
| stem and leaves | MeOH | 25.8 | NT | ACO091103 |
41 |
Litchi chinensis Sonn.
| seed | MeOH | 25.5 | NT | LCS091101 |
42 |
Phellodendron chinense Schneid
| bark | EtOAC | 25.4 | NT | PCS091101 |
43 |
Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ex Schlecht.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 23.6 | NT | EHW091101 |
44 |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.
| rhizome | EtOAc | 23.1 | NT | GUF091101 |
45 |
Woodwardia japonica (L. f.) Sm.
| rhizome | MeOH | 23 | NT | WJS091101 |
46 |
Ardisia japonica (Thunb) Blume
| whole plant | MeOH | 22.7 | NT | AJB091101 |
47 |
Cinnamomum cassia Presl
| branch | EtOAc | 22.7 | NT | CCP091101 |
48 |
Equisetum hyemale L.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 22.1 | NT | EHL091101 |
49 |
Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance
| bark | EtOAc | 22.1 | NT | FRH091101 |
50 |
Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume
| whole plant | EtOAc | 21.7 | NT | AJB091101 |
51 |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees
| whole plant | EtOAc | 20.8 | NT | APN091101 |
52 |
Punica granatum Linn.
| stem | EtOAc | 20.2 | NT | AGL091103 |
53 |
Syzygium aromaticum
| flowers | EtOAc | 19.5 | NT | SA091101 |
54 |
Artemisia capillaris Thunb.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 19.2 | NT | ACT091101 |
55 |
Nepeta cataria L.
| whole plant | MeOH | 18.9 | NT | NCL091101 |
56 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
| flowers | MeOH | 18 | NT | AJT091101 |
57 |
Woodwardia japonica (L. f.) Sm.
| rhizome | EtOAc | 17.9 | NT | WJS091101 |
58 |
Nepeta cataria L.
| whole plant | EtOAc | 17.4 | NT | NCL091101 |
59 |
Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moul.
| flowers | EtOAc | 16.5 | NT | DID091101 |
60 |
Senecio scandens Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don
| whole plant | MeOH | 16.3 | NT | SSB091101 |
61 |
Onosma gmelinii Ledeb
| root | MeOH | 15.9 | NT | OGL091101 |
62 |
Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.
| fruit | MeOH | 15.5 | NT | ERB091101 |
63 |
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.
| root | MeOH | 15.5 | NT | LCH091101 |
64 |
Atractylodes Lancea (Thunb.) DC.
| root | MeOH | 15.2 | NT | ALD091101 |
65 |
Punica granatum L.
| leaves | MeOH | 15 | NT | PGL091101 |
66 |
Artemisia indices Willd.
| leaves | MeOH | 14.8 | NT | AIW091101 |
67 |
Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 14.8 | NT | SJT091101 |
68 |
Prunella vulgaris L.
| whole plant | MeOH | 14.1 | NT | PVL091101 |
69 |
Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss.
| whole plant | MeOH | 14 | NT | DCJ091101 |
70 |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.
| rhizome | MeOH | 13.7 | NT | GUF091101 |
71 |
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco
| leaves | EtOAc | 13.4 | NT | POF091101 |
72 |
Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth.
| root | MeOH | 13.3 | NT | ADB091101 |
73 |
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai
| stem and leaves | MeOH | 13.3 | NT | SGN091101 |
74 |
Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.
| root | MeOH | 13 | NT | COS091101 |
75 |
Clerodendrum fortunatum Linn.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | 12.5 | NT | CFL091101 |
76 |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
| root | MeOH | 12.2 | NT | SBG091101 |
77 |
Sophora flavescens Alt.
| root | MeOH | 11.6 | NT | SFA091101 |
78 |
Paris verticillata M.Bieb.
| rhizome | EtOAc | 11.4 | NT | PVM091101 |
79 |
Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino
| whole plant | EtOAc | 11.4 | NT | SAM091101 |
80 |
Magnolia liliflora Desr.
| flowers | EtOAc | 11.3 | NT | MLD091101 |
81 |
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
| flowers | MeOH | NAc | NT | AJD091101 |
82 |
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | AJD091101 |
83 |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | APN091101 |
84 |
Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | ADB091101 |
85 |
Arctium lappa L.
| seed | MeOH | NA | NT | ALL091101 |
86 |
Arctium lappa L.
| seed | EtOAc | NA | NT | ALL091101 |
87 |
Areca catechu Linn
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | ACL091101 |
88 |
Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van.
| leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | AAL091101 |
89 |
Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van.
| leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | AAL091101 |
90 |
Artemisia carvifolia Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | ACB091101 |
91 |
Artemisia carvifolia Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | ACB091101 |
92 |
Artemisia indices Willd.
| leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | AIW091103 |
93 |
Bidens pilosa Linn.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | BPL091103 |
94 |
Bidens pilosa Linn.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | BPL091103 |
95 |
Bupleurum tenue Buch-Ham. ex D. Don
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | BTB091101 |
96 |
Bupleurum tenue Buch-Ham. ex D. Don
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | BTB091101 |
97 |
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | CFR091103 |
98 |
Clerodendrum fortunatum Linn.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | CFL091103 |
99 |
Clinopodium megalanthum
| seed | EtOAc | NA | NT | CMC091101 |
100 |
Clinopodium megalanthum
| seed | MeOH | NA | NT | CMC091101 |
101 |
Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.
| fruit | MeOH | NA | NT | CPB091101 |
102 |
Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | CPB091101 |
103 |
Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moul.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | DID091101 |
104 |
Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | DMT091101 |
105 |
Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | DMT091101 |
106 |
Dianella ensifolia (Linn.) Redouté
| fruit | MeOH | NA | NT | DER091103 |
107 |
Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | DCJ091103 |
108 |
Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | DIF091103 |
109 |
Epaltes australis Less.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | EAL091101 |
110 |
Epaltes australis Less.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | EAL091101 |
111 |
Equisetum hyemale L.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | EHL091101 |
112 |
Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | EJH091101 |
113 |
Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | EJH091101 |
114 |
Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | ECV091103 |
115 |
Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | ECV091103 |
116 |
Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | EFT091101 |
117 |
Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | EFT091101 |
118 |
Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga
| insect | EtOAc | NA | NT | ESS091101 |
119 |
Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga
| insect | MeOH | NA | NT | ESS091101 |
120 |
Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | ERB091101 |
121 |
Ficus hirta Vahl
| leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | FHV091101 |
122 |
Ficus hirta Vahl
| leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | FHV091101 |
123 |
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
| fruit | MeOH | NA | NT | FSV091101 |
124 |
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | FSV091101 |
125 |
Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance
| bark | MeOH | NA | NT | FRH091101 |
126 |
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | GJE091101 |
127 |
Homalocladium platycladum (F. Muell.) Bailey
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | HPB091103 |
128 |
Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schot
| rhizome | MeOH | NA | NT | HOS091101 |
129 |
Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schot
| rhizome | EtOAc | NA | NT | HOS091101 |
130 |
Houttuynia cordata Thunb
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | HCT091101 |
131 |
Ilex cornuta Lindl
| stem | MeOH | NA | NT | ICL091103 |
132 |
Ilex cornuta Lindl
| stem | EtOAc | NA | NT | ICL091103 |
133 |
Inula japonica Thunb.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | IJT091101 |
134 |
Inula japonica Thunb.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | IJT091101 |
135 |
Isatis indigotica Fort
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | IIF091103 |
136 |
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | LCH091101 |
137 |
Lobelia chinensis Lour.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | LCH091101 |
138 |
Lobelia chinensis Lour.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | LCL091101 |
139 |
Lonicera confusa (Sweet) DC.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | LCD091103 |
140 |
Lonicera confusa (Sweet) DC.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | LCD091103 |
141 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | LJT091101 |
142 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
| stem and branch | MeOH | NA | NT | LJT091101 |
143 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
| stem and branch | EtOAc | NA | NT | LJT091101 |
144 |
Lycium chinense Mill.
| root bark | MeOH | NA | NT | LCM091101 |
145 |
Lycium chinense Mill.
| Root bark | EtOAc | NA | NT | LCM091101 |
146 |
Magnolia liliflora Desr.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | MLD091101 |
147 |
Melia azedarach L.
| bark | EtOAc | NA | NT | MAL091103 |
148 |
Melia azedarach L.
| bark | MeOH | NA | NT | MAL091103 |
149 |
Murraya exotica L.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | MEL091103 |
150 |
Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | MPA091103 |
151 |
Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | MPA091103 |
152 |
Paris verticillata M.Bieb.
| rhizome | MeOH | NA | NT | PVM091101 |
153 |
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | PFB091103 |
154 |
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | PFB091103 |
155 |
Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | PPD091101 |
156 |
Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | PPD091101 |
157 |
Phellodendron chinense Schneid
| bark | MeOH | NA | NT | PCS091101 |
158 |
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | PAR091101 |
159 |
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | PAR091101 |
160 |
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.
| stem | MeOH | NA | NT | PTB091101 |
161 |
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.
| stem | EtOAc | NA | NT | PTB091101 |
162 |
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco
| leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | POF091101 |
163 |
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Bent.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | PCB091101 |
164 |
Prunella vulgaris L.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | PVL091101 |
165 |
Punica granatum L.
| leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | PGL091103 |
166 |
Punica granatum Linn.
| stem | MeOH | NA | NT | PGL091103 |
167 |
Sanguisorba officinalis L.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | SOL091101 |
168 |
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk.
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | SDS091101 |
169 |
Scaphium wallichii Shott & Endl.
| seed | MeOH | NA | NT | SWS091101 |
170 |
Scaphium wallichii Shott & Endl.
| seed | EtOAc | NA | NT | SWS091101 |
171 |
Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | SAM091101 |
172 |
Senecio scandens Buch-Ham. ex D. Don
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | SSB091101 |
173 |
Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | SJT091103 |
174 |
Sophora flavescens Alt.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | SFA091101 |
175 |
Stemona japonica (Bl.) Miq.
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | SJM091101 |
176 |
Stemona japonica (Bl.) Miq.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | SJM091101 |
177 |
Strobilanthes cusia (Ness) W. Ktze.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | SCW091101 |
178 |
Strobilanthes cusia (Ness) W. Ktze.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | SCW091101 |
179 |
Thlaspi arvense L.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | TAL091103 |
180 |
Thlaspi arvense L.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | TAL091103 |
181 |
Turczaninovia fastigiata (Fisch.) DC.
| flowers | MeOH | NA | NT | TFD091101 |
182 |
Turczaninovia fastigiata (Fisch.) DC.
| flowers | EtOAc | NA | NT | TFD091101 |
183 |
Vitex trifolia L.
| stem and leaves | EtOAc | NA | NT | VTL091103 |
184 |
Vitex trifolia L.
| stem and leaves | MeOH | NA | NT | VTL091103 |
185 |
Wikstroemia indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey.
| whole plant | MeOH | NA | NT | WIC091103 |
186 |
Wikstroemia indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey.
| whole plant | EtOAc | NA | NT | WIC091103 |
187 |
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder
| fruit | EtOAc | NA | NT | XSP091103 |
188 |
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder
| fruit | MeOH | NA | NT | XSP091103 |
189 |
Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.
| root | MeOH | NA | NT | ZND091101 |
190 |
Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.
| root | EtOAc | NA | NT | ZND091101 |
Sample No. | EC50a | CC50b | MNCCc | SId |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.7 | 184.3 | 30 | 24 |
2 | 1.8 | 779.2 | 300 | 438 |
3 | 8.1 | 478.4 | 100 | 59 |
4 | 7.2 | 97.0 | 30 | 14 |
5 | 14.1 | 744.3 | 300 | 53 |
Ribavirin | 3.2 | > 100 | —e | > 31 |
Zanamivir | > 90.4 | > 1506.0 | > 301.2 | 17 |