Background
Methods
Study population
Ethics approval and consent
Description of study variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Secular trends in LTPA
1979-80 | 1986–87 | 1994–95 | 2001 | 2007–08 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 16,546 (100) | 20,600 (100) | 20,305 (100) | 5296 (100) | 11,410 (100) |
Sex (female) | 8112 (49.0) | 10,221 (49.6) | 10,392 (51.2) | 3002 (56.7) | 5880 (51.5) |
Age (years) | 20–54 (men) 20–49 (women) | 20–61 | 25–89 | 30–69 | 30–87 |
20–29 | 5597 (33.8) | 5331 (25.9) | 2626 (12.9) | ||
30–39 | 6263 (37.8) | 6798 (33.0) | 5647 (27.8) | 557 (10.5) | 464 (4.1) |
40–49 | 3766 (22.8) | 5120 (24.9) | 5510 (27.1) | 1249 (23.6) | 3400 (29.8) |
50–59 | 920 (5.6) | 2966 (14.4) | 3351 (16.5) | 1018 (19.2) | 2285 (20.0) |
60–69 | 385 (1.9) | 1259 (6.2) | 2472 (46.7) | 3645 (31.9) | |
70–79 | 1530 (7.5) | 1349 (11.8) | |||
80–89 | 382 (1.9) | 267 (2.3) | |||
LTPA | |||||
Inactive | 3427 (20.7) | 4813 (23.4) | 1047 (19.8) | 2295 (20.1) | |
Light physical activity | 9212 (55.7) | 11,907 (57.8) | 3466 (65.4) | 6797 (59.6) | |
Moderate physical activity | 3351 (20.3) | 3314 (16.1) | 703 (13.3) | 2129 (18.7) | |
Vigorous physical activity | 556 (3.4) | 566 (2.7) | 80 (1.5) | 189 (1.7) | |
WPA | |||||
Mostly sedentary | 5813 (35.1) | 8197 (39.8) | 8838 (43.5) | 2081 (39.3) | 4428 (38.8) |
Walking | 6456 (39.0) | 7193 (34.9) | 5793 (28.5) | 1228 (23.2) | 2123 (18.6) |
Walking and lifting | 3187 (19.3) | 4042 (19.6) | 4344 (21.4) | 848 (16.0) | 1524 (13.4) |
Heavy manual labour | 1078 (6.5) | 1151 (5.6) | 1330 (6.6) | 194 (3.7) | 295 (2.6) |
Missing | 12 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | 945 (17.8) | 3040 (26.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
< 18.5 | 402 (2.4) | 407 (2.0) | 252 (1.2) | 37 (0.7) | 62 (0.5) |
18.5–24.9 | 11,370 (68.7) | 13,568 (65.9) | 10,752 (53.0) | 2000 (37.8) | 4004 (35.1) |
25–29.9 | 3878 (23.4) | 5579 (27.0) | 7373 (36.3) | 2273 (42.9) | 5063 (44.4) |
≥ 30 | 535 (3.2) | 1020 (5.0) | 1903 (9.4) | 966 (18.2) | 2271 (19.9) |
Missing | 361 (2.2) | 26 (0.1) | 25 (0.1) | 20 (0.4) | 10 (0.1) |
Education level | |||||
≤ 9 years | 6048 (36.6) | 6534 (31.7) | 5777 (28.5) | 1934 (36.5) | 2911 (25.5) |
10–12 years | 4307 (26.0) | 6186 (30.0) | 7540 (37.1) | 1450 (27.4) | 3837 (33.6) |
> 12 years | 4013 (24.3) | 6191 (30.1) | 6934 (34.1) | 1814 (34.3) | 4563 (40.0) |
Missing | 2178 (13.2) | 1689 (8.2) | 54 (0.3) | 98 (1.9) | 99 (0.9) |
Smoking | |||||
No | 8847 (51.1) | 11,004 (53.4) | 13,078 (64.4) | 3643 (68.8) | 8986 (78.8) |
Yes | 8098 (48.9) | 9595 (46.6) | 7194 (35.4) | 1627 (30.7) | 2286 (20.0) |
Missing | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 33 (0.2) | 27 (0.5) | 138 (1.2) |
Cardiovascular disease | |||||
No | 16,410 (99.2) | 20,207 (98.1) | 19,259 (94.8) | 4749 (89.7) | 10,127 (88.8) |
Yes | 135 (0.8) | 389 (1.9) | 1020 (5.0) | 440 (8.3) | 1060 (9.3) |
Missing | 2 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 26 (0.1) | 107 (2.0) | 223 (2.0) |
Employed | |||||
No | 16,013 (96.8) | 19,872 (96.5) | 19,769 (97.4) | 3692 (69.7) | 11,356 (99.5) |
Yes | 519 (3.1) | 722 (3.5) | 536 (2.6) | 57 (1.1) | 54 (0.5) |
Missing | 14 (0.1) | 6 (0.0) | 1547 (29.2) | ||
Self-perceived healtha | |||||
Very bad | 42 (0.2) | 78 (1.5) | 31 (0.3) | ||
Bad | 502 (2.4) | 1553 (29.3) | 501 (4.4) | ||
Neither good nor bad | 3077 (814.9) | 3089 (27.1) | |||
Good | 9830 (47.7) | 2977 (56.2) | 5942 (52.1) | ||
Excellent | 5119 (24.8) | 635 (12.0) | 1776 (15.6) | ||
Missing | 2030 (9.9) | 53 (1.0) | 71 (0.6) |
Secular trends in WPA
Correlates of LTPA
Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1979–80 (n = 14,039) | 1986–87 (n = 18,533) | 2001 (n = 2969) | 2007–08 (n = 7834) | |
Sex | ||||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Men | 2.15 (1.99–2.31) | 1.87 (1.76–1.99) | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) | 1.52 (1.39–1.67) |
Age | ||||
20–29 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.17 (1.09–1.27) | ||
30–39 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
40–49 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 0.98 (0.79–1.23) | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) |
50–59 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 0.64 (0.53–0.79) |
60–69 | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 1.38 (1.08–1.76) | 0.68 (0.56–0.84) | |
70–79 | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | |||
80–89 | 0.26 (0.13–0.53) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
< 18.5 | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | 0.94 (0.31–2.86) | 0.69 (0.35–1.35) |
18.5–24.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
25–29.9 | 0.81 (0.76–0.89) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) |
≥ 30 | 0.64 (0.53–0.76) | 0.54 (0.48–0.62) | 0.69 (0.55–0.86) | 0.51 (0.45–0.58) |
Education level | ||||
≤ 9 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
10–12 years | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 1.40 (1.23–1.60) |
> 12 years | 1.55 (1.42–1.69) | 1.45 (1.34–1.57) | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) | 1.53 (1.34–1.75) |
Smoking | ||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.60 (0.57–0.65) | 0.57 (0.53–0.60) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.53 (0.47–0.60) |
Cardiovascular disease | ||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | 0.84 (0.59–1.21) | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) |
WPA | ||||
Mostly sedentary | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Walking | 1.29 (1.20–1.40) | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) | 1.33 (1.11–1.58) | 1.30 (1.17–1.45) |
Walking and lifting | 1.50 (1.36–1.65) | 1.69 (1.56–1.84) | 1.42 (1.16–1.74) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) |
Heavy manual labour | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | 1.98 (1.73–2.28) | 2.61 (1.68–4.05) | 1.56 (1.29–2.02) |
Employed | ||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Yes | 0.82 (0.67–0.99) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 1.58 (0.82–3.06) | |
Self-perceived healtha | ||||
Very bad | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Bad | 0.82 (0.44–1.54) | 1.89 (0.73–4.90) | 0.85 (0.26–2.73) | |
Neither good nor bad | 0.89 (0.48–1.64) | 1.18 (0.38–3.69) | ||
Good | 1.40 (0.76–2.58) | 2.80 (1.09–7.20) | 2.18 (0.70–6.84) | |
Excellent | 2.28 (1.24–4.21) | 5.78 (2.21–15.11) | 4.68 (1.49–14.74) |
Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|
Model 1a (n = 5044) | Model 2b (n = 5037) | |
Sex | ||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Men | 1.77 (1.56–2.02) | 1.47 (1.28–1.67) |
Age | ||
20–29 years | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) |
30–39 years | 1.0 | 1.0 |
40–49 years | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.93 (0.81–1.05) |
50–54 years | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 0.72 (0.49–1.03) |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||
< 18.5 | 0.91 (0.61–1.38) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) |
18.5–24.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
25–29.9 | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) |
≥ 30 | 0.42 (0.29–0.59) | 0.48 (0.34–0.68) |
Education level | ||
≤ 9 years | 1.0 | 1.0 |
10–12 years | 1.22 (1.06–1.40) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) |
> 12 years | 1.37 (1.18–1.60) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) |
Smoking | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) |
Self-reported cardiovascular disease | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.44 (0.18–1.05) | 0.40 (0.15–1.03) |
WPA | ||
Mostly sedentary | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Walking | 1.17 (1.03–1.34) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) |
Walking and lifting | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) |
Heavy manual labour | 1.55 (1.18–2.05) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) |
Employed | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) |
LTPA | ||
Inactive | 1.0 | |
Light | 2.58 (2.20–3.02) | |
Moderate | 4.85 (3.96–5.94) | |
Vigorous | 10.78 (7.47–15.56) |
Correlates of WPA
Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979–80 (n = 14,045) | 1986–87 (n = 18,535) | 1994–95 (n = 20,066) | 2001 (n = 3567) | 2007–08 (n = 7834) | |
Sex | |||||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Men | 1.31 (1.22, 1.41) | 1.22 (1.16, 1.30) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) |
Age | |||||
20–29 | 1.34 (1.24, 1.44) | 1.44 (1.34, 1.55) | 1.24 (1.13, 1.35) | ||
30–39 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
40–49 | 0.91 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | 0.77 (0.72, 0.83) | 0.74 (0.60, 0.90) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.14) |
50–59 | 0.74 (0.64, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.83) | 0.65 (0.60, 0.71) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.69) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) |
60–69 | 0.66 (0.53, 0.81) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.87) | 0.50 (0.41, 0.63) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.87) | |
70–79 | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | ||||
80–89a | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
< 18.5 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.82 (0.64, 1.03) | 1.14 (0.50, 2.59) | 1.37 (0.75, 2.50) |
18.5–24.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
25–29.9 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
≥ 30 | 1.18 (0.99, 1.40) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) |
Education level | |||||
≤ 9 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
10–12 years | 0.39 (0.36, 0.43) | 0.43 (0.40, 0.46) | 0.42 (0.39, 0.44) | 0.55 (0.47, 0.65) | 0.53 (0.47, 0.60) |
> 12 years | 0.19 (0.18, 0.21) | 0.23 (0.21, 0.25) | 0.20 (0.18, 0.21) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) |
Smoking | |||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.18) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 1.24 (1.11, 1.39) |
Cardiovascular disease | |||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) | 0.62 (0.51, 0.77) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) |
LTPAb | |||||
Inactive | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Light | 1.43 (1.32, 1.55) | 1.50 (1.40, 1.60) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.55 (1.32, 1.83) | 1.36 (1.21, 1.53) |
Moderate | 1.64 (1.48, 1.82) | 2.01 (1.83, 2.20) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.94 (1.55, 2.42) | 1.53 (1.32, 1.77) |
Vigorous | 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) | 1.86 (1.56, 2.23) | 1.42 (1.29, 1.55) | 1.73 (1.07, 2.81) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.85) |
Self-perceived healthc | |||||
Very bad | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Bad | 1.25 (0.68, 2.33) | 1.19 (0.60, 2.36) | 2.07 (0.58, 7.39) | ||
Neither good nor bad | 2.24 (1.23, 4.09) | 2.98 (0.86, 10.37) | |||
Good | 2.24 (1.23, 4.08) | 1.06 (0.54, 2.10) | 2.77 (0.80, 9.65) | ||
Excellent | 2.10 (1.15, 3.82) | 0.92 (0.46, 1.86) | 2.55 (0.73, 8.92) |
Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|
Model 1a (n = 2859) | Model 2b (n = 2854) | |
Sex | ||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Men | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.17) |
Age | ||
20–29 | 1.25 (1.06, 1.48) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.33) |
30–39 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
40–49 | 1.16 (0.92, 1.46) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) |
50–54 | 0.66 (0.34, 1.29) | 0.56 (0.27, 1.18) |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||
< 18.5 | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.47) |
18.5–24.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
25–29.9 | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) |
≥ 30 | 1.17 (0.73, 1.88) | 1.08 (0.65, 1.77) |
Education level | ||
≤ 9 years | 1.0 | 1.0 |
10–12 years | 0.45 (0.38, 0.53) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.75) |
> 12 years | 0.24 (0.20, 0.29) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.50) |
Smoking | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) |
Self-reported cardiovascular disease | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.12 (0.13, 9.38) | 1.38 (0.12, 15.22) |
LTPA | ||
Inactive | 1.0 | |
Light | 1.29 (1.06, 1.56) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) |
Moderate | 1.39 (1.11, 1.75) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) |
Vigorous | 0.93 (0.63, 1.38) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.31) |
WPA | ||
Mostly sedentary | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Walking | 4.59 (3.78, 5.56) | |
Walking and lifting | 8.87 (6.99, 11.26) | |
Heavy manual labour | 18.03 (12.38, 26.25) |