Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies 1/2020

19.07.2019 | Original Paper

Segmenting Chinese Gamblers Based on Gambling Forms: A Latent Class Analysis

verfasst von: Sunny Zhenzhen Nong, Lawrence Hoc Nang Fong, Davis Ka Chio Fong, Desmond Lam

Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Ausgabe 1/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Segmentation of gamblers is useful for understanding their distinctive characteristics and enforcing customized measures in harm minimization work. Previous research has commonly adopted gambling motivation and involvement as segmentation criteria. However, these criteria are less identifiable through observation. Gambling forms, used in recent gambling segmentation research, are more observable, facilitating the prevention and treatment work of governments and practitioners, as the identified segments have distinctive gambling disorder symptoms. As gambling is widespread in the Chinese population and little is known about this ethnic group in terms of gambling form segments, latent class analysis was used to classify 855 Chinese gamblers in Macau based on their participation in 11 gambling forms in the previous 12 months. The analysis identified three distinct segments: casino gamblers, lottery gamblers, and sociable gamblers. Socio-demographic differences between the three segments were revealed. Casino gamblers, compared with their counterparts, were more likely to have DSM-V symptoms, particularly escape and bailouts. Lottery gamblers and sociable gamblers only differed in one symptom, the latter having a higher probability of chasing their losses. Based on these results, Macau policymakers are advised to prioritize their harm minimization measures such as requiring casinos to provide training to workers to help to identify gambling disorder symptoms and that workers should intervene when the symptoms of escape and bailouts were identified from the gamblers. Special attention should be given to Macau casino gamblers who are male, unemployed, or with highest education of high school diploma.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barsky, J. (2018). Fishing for whales: A segmentation model for social casinos. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences,10(4), 400–421.CrossRef Barsky, J. (2018). Fishing for whales: A segmentation model for social casinos. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences,10(4), 400–421.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boldero, J. M., Bell, R. C., & Moore, S. M. (2010). Do gambling activity patterns predict gambling problems? A latent class analysis of gambling forms among Australian youth. International Gambling Studies,10(2), 151–163.CrossRef Boldero, J. M., Bell, R. C., & Moore, S. M. (2010). Do gambling activity patterns predict gambling problems? A latent class analysis of gambling forms among Australian youth. International Gambling Studies,10(2), 151–163.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cantinotti, M., & Ladouceur, R. (2008). Harm reduction and electronic gambling machines: Does this pair make a happy couple or is divorce foreseen? Journal of Gambling Studies,24(1), 39–54.CrossRef Cantinotti, M., & Ladouceur, R. (2008). Harm reduction and electronic gambling machines: Does this pair make a happy couple or is divorce foreseen? Journal of Gambling Studies,24(1), 39–54.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Challét-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J. B., Lagadec, M., Burlacu, S., Valleur, M., Magalon, D., et al. (2016). Profiles of problem and non-problem gamblers, depending on their preferred gambling activity. Addiction Research & Theory,24(3), 209–222.CrossRef Challét-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J. B., Lagadec, M., Burlacu, S., Valleur, M., Magalon, D., et al. (2016). Profiles of problem and non-problem gamblers, depending on their preferred gambling activity. Addiction Research & Theory,24(3), 209–222.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Challet-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J. B., Renard, N., Legauffre, C., Valleur, M., Magalon, D., et al. (2015). A gamblers clustering based on their favorite gambling activity. Journal of Gambling Studies,31(4), 1767–1788.CrossRef Challet-Bouju, G., Hardouin, J. B., Renard, N., Legauffre, C., Valleur, M., Magalon, D., et al. (2015). A gamblers clustering based on their favorite gambling activity. Journal of Gambling Studies,31(4), 1767–1788.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, S. C., Shoemaker, S., & Zemke, D. M. V. (2013). Segmenting slot machine players: a factor-cluster analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(1), 23–48.CrossRef Chen, S. C., Shoemaker, S., & Zemke, D. M. V. (2013). Segmenting slot machine players: a factor-cluster analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(1), 23–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cotte, J. (1997). Chances, trances, and lots of slots: Gambling motives and consumption experiences. Journal of Leisure Research,29(4), 380–406.CrossRef Cotte, J. (1997). Chances, trances, and lots of slots: Gambling motives and consumption experiences. Journal of Leisure Research,29(4), 380–406.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dowling, N. A., Smith, D., & Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the ‘crack-cocaine’ of gambling? Addiction,100(1), 33–45.CrossRef Dowling, N. A., Smith, D., & Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the ‘crack-cocaine’ of gambling? Addiction,100(1), 33–45.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Ottowa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Ottowa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Zurück zum Zitat Fong, L. H. N., Chui, P. M. W., Cheong, I. S. C., & Fong, D. K. C. (2018a). Moderating effects of social support on job stress and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management,27(7), 795–810.CrossRef Fong, L. H. N., Chui, P. M. W., Cheong, I. S. C., & Fong, D. K. C. (2018a). Moderating effects of social support on job stress and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management,27(7), 795–810.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fong, D. K. C., Fong, L. H. N., Chark, R., & Chui, P. M. W. (2018b). The bias of size in gambling decisions: Evidence from a casino game. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,59(1), 78–84.CrossRef Fong, D. K. C., Fong, L. H. N., Chark, R., & Chui, P. M. W. (2018b). The bias of size in gambling decisions: Evidence from a casino game. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,59(1), 78–84.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fong, D. K. C., & Ozorio, B. (2005). Gambling participation and prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in a Far-east gambling city: Macao. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal,9(2), 15–28. Fong, D. K. C., & Ozorio, B. (2005). Gambling participation and prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in a Far-east gambling city: Macao. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal,9(2), 15–28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Blaszczynski, A., & Hing, N. (2015). The interaction between gambling activities and modes of access: A comparison of Internet-only, land-based only, and mixed-mode gamblers. Addictive Behaviors,41, 34–40.CrossRef Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Blaszczynski, A., & Hing, N. (2015). The interaction between gambling activities and modes of access: A comparison of Internet-only, land-based only, and mixed-mode gamblers. Addictive Behaviors,41, 34–40.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Geiser, C. (2013). Data analysis with Mplus. New York, NY: The Guildford Press. Geiser, C. (2013). Data analysis with Mplus. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Griffiths, M., & Barnes, A. (2008). Internet gambling: An online empirical study among student gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,6(2), 194–204.CrossRef Griffiths, M., & Barnes, A. (2008). Internet gambling: An online empirical study among student gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,6(2), 194–204.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hand, C., & Singh, J. (2014). Segmenting the betting market in England. International Journal of Market Research,56(1), 111–127.CrossRef Hand, C., & Singh, J. (2014). Segmenting the betting market in England. International Journal of Market Research,56(1), 111–127.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Heiskanen, M., & Toikka, A. (2016). Clustering Finnish gambler profiles based on the money and time consumed in gambling activities. Journal of Gambling Studies,32(2), 363–377.CrossRef Heiskanen, M., & Toikka, A. (2016). Clustering Finnish gambler profiles based on the money and time consumed in gambling activities. Journal of Gambling Studies,32(2), 363–377.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lam, D. (2007). An exploratory study of gambling motivations and their impact on the purchase frequencies of various gambling products. Psychology & Marketing,24(9), 815–827.CrossRef Lam, D. (2007). An exploratory study of gambling motivations and their impact on the purchase frequencies of various gambling products. Psychology & Marketing,24(9), 815–827.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat LaPlante, D. A., Kleschinsky, J. H., LaBrie, R. A., Nelson, S. E., & Shaffer, H. J. (2009). Sitting at the virtual poker table: A prospective epidemiological study of actual Internet poker gambling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior,25(3), 711–717.CrossRef LaPlante, D. A., Kleschinsky, J. H., LaBrie, R. A., Nelson, S. E., & Shaffer, H. J. (2009). Sitting at the virtual poker table: A prospective epidemiological study of actual Internet poker gambling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior,25(3), 711–717.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2011). Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. The European Journal of Public Health,21(4), 532–537.CrossRef LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2011). Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. The European Journal of Public Health,21(4), 532–537.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, C. K., Lee, Y. K., Bernhard, B. J., & Yoon, Y. S. (2006). Segmenting casino gamblers by motivation: A cluster analysis of Korean gamblers. Tourism Management,27(5), 856–866.CrossRef Lee, C. K., Lee, Y. K., Bernhard, B. J., & Yoon, Y. S. (2006). Segmenting casino gamblers by motivation: A cluster analysis of Korean gamblers. Tourism Management,27(5), 856–866.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry,144(9), 1184–1188.CrossRef Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry,144(9), 1184–1188.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moufakkir, O., Singh, A. J., der Woud, A. M., & Holecek, D. (2004). Impact of light, medium and heavy spenders on casino destinations: Segmenting gaming visitors based on amount of non-gaming expenditures. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal,8(1), 59–71. Moufakkir, O., Singh, A. J., der Woud, A. M., & Holecek, D. (2004). Impact of light, medium and heavy spenders on casino destinations: Segmenting gaming visitors based on amount of non-gaming expenditures. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal,8(1), 59–71.
Zurück zum Zitat Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Zurück zum Zitat Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,14(4), 535–569.CrossRef Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,14(4), 535–569.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Park, M., Yang, X., Lee, B., Jang, H. C., & Stokowski, P. A. (2002). Segmenting casino gamblers by involvement profiles: A Colorado example. Tourism Management,23(1), 55–65.CrossRef Park, M., Yang, X., Lee, B., Jang, H. C., & Stokowski, P. A. (2002). Segmenting casino gamblers by involvement profiles: A Colorado example. Tourism Management,23(1), 55–65.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rennert, L., Denis, C., Peer, K., Lynch, K. G., Gelernter, J., & Kranzler, H. R. (2014). DSM-5 gambling disorder: Prevalence and characteristics in a substance use disorder sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,22(1), 50–56.CrossRef Rennert, L., Denis, C., Peer, K., Lynch, K. G., Gelernter, J., & Kranzler, H. R. (2014). DSM-5 gambling disorder: Prevalence and characteristics in a substance use disorder sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,22(1), 50–56.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ronzitti, S., Soldini, E., Lutri, V., Smith, N., Clerici, M., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2016). Types of gambling and levels of harm: A UK study to assess severity of presentation in a treatment-seeking population. Journal of Behavioral Addictions,5(3), 439–447.CrossRef Ronzitti, S., Soldini, E., Lutri, V., Smith, N., Clerici, M., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2016). Types of gambling and levels of harm: A UK study to assess severity of presentation in a treatment-seeking population. Journal of Behavioral Addictions,5(3), 439–447.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Simon, O., Daeppen, J. B., & Gmel, G. (2016). Latent Class Analysis of gambling activities in a sample of young Swiss men: Association with gambling problems, substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies. Journal of Gambling Studies,32(2), 421–440.CrossRef Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Simon, O., Daeppen, J. B., & Gmel, G. (2016). Latent Class Analysis of gambling activities in a sample of young Swiss men: Association with gambling problems, substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies. Journal of Gambling Studies,32(2), 421–440.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tang, C. S. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2009). Screening for college problem gambling in Chinese societies: Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (C-SOGS). International Gambling Studies,9(3), 263–274.CrossRef Tang, C. S. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2009). Screening for college problem gambling in Chinese societies: Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (C-SOGS). International Gambling Studies,9(3), 263–274.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tang, C. S. K., Wu, A. M. S., Tang, J. Y. C., & Yan, E. C. W. (2010). Reliability, validity, and cut scores of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) for Chinese. Journal of Gambling Studies,26(1), 145–158.CrossRef Tang, C. S. K., Wu, A. M. S., Tang, J. Y. C., & Yan, E. C. W. (2010). Reliability, validity, and cut scores of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) for Chinese. Journal of Gambling Studies,26(1), 145–158.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Walker, D. M., & Sobel, R. S. (2016). Social and economic impacts of gambling. Current Addiction Reports,3(3), 293–298.CrossRef Walker, D. M., & Sobel, R. S. (2016). Social and economic impacts of gambling. Current Addiction Reports,3(3), 293–298.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M. C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2007). Type of gambling and availability as risk factors for problem gambling: A tobit regression analysis by age and gender. International Gambling Studies,7(2), 183–198.CrossRef Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M. C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2007). Type of gambling and availability as risk factors for problem gambling: A tobit regression analysis by age and gender. International Gambling Studies,7(2), 183–198.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Welte, J. W., Barnes, G., Wieczorek, W., Tidwell, M., & Parker, J. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors,29(2), 323–335.CrossRef Welte, J. W., Barnes, G., Wieczorek, W., Tidwell, M., & Parker, J. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors,29(2), 323–335.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wong, I. A., Fong, H. I. V., & Liu, M. T. (2012). Understanding perceived casino service difference among casino players. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,24(5), 753–773.CrossRef Wong, I. A., Fong, H. I. V., & Liu, M. T. (2012). Understanding perceived casino service difference among casino players. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,24(5), 753–773.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, A. M. S., Lai, M. H. C., & Tong, K. K. (2014). Gambling disorder: Estimated prevalence rates and risk factors in Macao. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28(4), 1190–1197.CrossRef Wu, A. M. S., Lai, M. H. C., & Tong, K. K. (2014). Gambling disorder: Estimated prevalence rates and risk factors in Macao. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28(4), 1190–1197.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Segmenting Chinese Gamblers Based on Gambling Forms: A Latent Class Analysis
verfasst von
Sunny Zhenzhen Nong
Lawrence Hoc Nang Fong
Davis Ka Chio Fong
Desmond Lam
Publikationsdatum
19.07.2019
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Gambling Studies / Ausgabe 1/2020
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09877-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2020

Journal of Gambling Studies 1/2020 Zur Ausgabe