Background
Methods
Design, setting and study population
Survey & chart review
Study procedures
Data analysis
Results
Population demographics
Variable | Total N = 87 N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 30–35 | 36(43.4) |
36–40 | 29(34.9) | |
41–45 | 7(8.4) | |
46–50 | 5(6) | |
51–55 | 2(2.4) | |
56–60 | 4(4.8) | |
61–69 | 0 | |
Missing | 4 | |
Marital status | Single | 11(13.3) |
Married/Common law | 29(34.9) | |
Separated/Divorced | 31(37.3) | |
Widowed | 12(14.5) | |
Missing | 4 | |
Highest school level completed | No schooling/some primary | 34(40.5) |
Primary/some secondary | 46(54.8) | |
Completed secondary school | 2(2.4) | |
Further studies (trade/college/university) | 2(2.4) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Work outside home | No | 23(27.4) |
Yes | 61(72.6) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Accommodation | Rent | 61(73.5) |
Own | 22(26.5) | |
No place to live | 0 | |
Missing | 4 | |
Religion | Christian (various denominations) | 67(79.8) |
Muslim | 17(20.2) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Ever had a pelvic examination | No | 71(85.5) |
Yes | 12(14.5) | |
I don’t know | 0 | |
Missing | 4 | |
Ever had sexual intercourse | Yes | 84(100) |
Missing | 3 | |
Age at first sexual intercourse, median (IQR) | 16(4) | |
Number of pregnancies, median (IQR) | 4(3) | |
Years since HIV+ confirmed | <1 year | 13(16.0) |
1–2 years | 24(29.6) | |
3–4 years | 20(24.7) | |
≥5 years | 24(29.6) | |
Missing | 6 | |
Mean Age diagnosed (SD) | 33.96(6.54) | |
Most recent HIV appointment | <6 months | 78(92.9) |
≥6 months | 6(7.1) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Most recent blood work | <6 months | 39(44.8) |
≥6 months | 42(51.9) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Recent CD4 Count (Cells/mm3) | <350 | 39(48.1) |
≥350 | 42(51.9) | |
Missing | 3 | |
WHO Stage | I | 31(37.3) |
II | 32(38.6) | |
III | 12(14.5) | |
IV | 8(9.6) | |
Missing | 4 | |
Mean duration of ARV therapy in months (SD) | 40.0(34.77) | |
On ARV | Yes | 58(69.0) |
No | 26(31.0) | |
Missing | 3 |
Knowledge & intention to be screened
Variable | Total N = 87 N(%) | |
---|---|---|
Do you know someone who has had cervical cancer? | No | 48(57.1) |
Yes | 9(10.7) | |
Don’t know | 27(32.1) | |
Missing | 3 | |
What do you think causes cervical cancer? (open ended question, grouped by response)
| Sexual intercourse | 30(35.7) |
Birth control | 17(20.2) | |
Poor hygiene | 3(3.6) | |
Other (ie cigarettes) | 7(8.3) | |
I don’t know | 31(36.9) | |
No response | 27(32.1) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Have you heard of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | No | 81(96.4) |
Yes | 3(3.6) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV | No | 0 |
Yes | 23(27.7) | |
I don’t know | 60(72.3) | |
Missing | 4 | |
What types of birth control have you and your partner used? | Condoms | 21(25.0) |
Pill | 23(27.4) | |
Female Condom | 0 | |
Do not use | 20(23.8) | |
Not sexually active | 2(2.4) | |
Other (injection, norplant, IUD, etc.) | 31(36.9) | |
Missing | 3 | |
During the last month, how frequently have you used condoms? | Never | 53(63.1) |
Sometimes | 16(19.0) | |
Usually | 12(14.3) | |
Always | 2(2.4) | |
No having sex | 1(1.2) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Being tested for HPV is a way to screen for cervical cancer | No | 3(3.6) |
Yes | 37(44.6) | |
I don’t know | 43(51.8) | |
Missing | 4 | |
Women with HIV are at increased risk for cervical cancer | No | 0 |
Yes | 51(61.4) | |
I don’t know | 32(38.6) | |
Missing | 4 | |
Screening for cervical cancer in women with HIV can prevent developing cancer of the cervix | No | 3(3.6) |
Yes | 52(61.9) | |
I don’t know | 29(34.5) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Ever receive education about cervical cancer? | No | 66(80.5) |
Yes | 15(18.3) | |
Don’t know | 1(1.2) | |
Missing | 5 | |
Cervical cancer screening ever advised | No | 30(35.7) |
Yes | 54(64.3) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Reason no pelvic exam (open ended question, grouped by response)
| Embarrassed about a pelvic exam | 2(2.7) |
Thought it would be painful | 5(6.8) | |
Did not have time | 0 | |
Other | 2(2.7) | |
Not offered a pelvic exam | 64(87.7) | |
Missing | 14 | |
Preferred place to self-collect | Home | 33(39.3) |
Kisenyi Health Center | 33(39.3) | |
Both | 18(21.4) | |
Missing | 4 | |
I would be embarrassed to collect a sample at home | No | 79(95.2) |
Yes | 0 | |
Not sure | 4(4.8) | |
Missing | 4 | |
I am worried that I would not collect the sample properly | No | 70(84.3) |
Yes | 2(2.4) | |
Not sure | 11(13.3) | |
Missing | 4 | |
I am afraid that HPV testing will show that I have cervical cancer | No | 61(72.6) |
Yes | 5(6.0) | |
Not sure | 18(21.4) | |
Missing | 4 | |
I am afraid HPV testing will make other people think I have cervical cancer | No | 82(97.6) |
Yes | 0 | |
Not sure | 2(2.4) | |
Missing | 3 | |
I am worried self-collecting a sample will be painful | No | 69(82.1) |
Yes | 2(2.4) | |
Not sure | 13(15.5) | |
Missing | 3 | |
I would be willing to have an outreach worker drop off a swab | No | 22(26.5) |
Yes | 58(69.9) | |
Not sure | 3(3.6) | |
Missing | 3 | |
I would need my husband/partner’s approval to collect the sample | No | 81(96.4) |
Yes | 3(3.6) | |
Missing | 3 | |
My religion/spiritual belief would affect my decision to be screened | No | 84(100) |
Yes | 0 | |
Not sure | 0 | |
Missing | 3 | |
I do not think it is necessary to be screened for cervical cancer | No | 0 |
Yes | 83(98.8) | |
Not sure | 1(1.2) | |
Missing | 3 | |
Would you be willing to go to Kisenyi Health Center if the self-collected sample was found abnormal | No | 1(1.2) |
Yes | 83(98.8) | |
Not sure | 0 | |
Missing | 3 | |
I feel I am at risk for having HPV | No | 40(47.6) |
Yes | 7(8.3) | |
Not sure | 37(44.0) | |
Missing | 3 |
Results from HPV testing
Variable | Variable level | Total
N = (N = 40) | HPV results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HPV− (N = 22) | HPV+ (N = 18) | ||||
N(%) |
N(%) |
p-value | |||
Age | Mean(SD) | 39.05(6.28) | 39.15(6.00) | 38.94(6.78) | 0.92 |
Marital status | Single | 6(15.8) | 4(19.0) | 2(11.8) | 0.59 |
Married/Common law | 13(34.2) | 7(33.3) | 6(35.3) | ||
Separated/Divorced | 14(36.8) | 6(28.6) | 8(47.1) | ||
Widowed | 5(13.2) | 4(19.0) | 1(5.9) | ||
Highest school level completed | No schooling/some primary | 13(34.2) | 7(33.3) | 6(35.3) | 1.00 |
Primary/some secondary | 24(63.2) | 13(61.9) | 11(64.7) | ||
Completed secondary | 1(2.6) | 1(4.8) | 0 | ||
Further studies (trade, college, university) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
How long to walk to nearest health centre? | Less than 10 min | 7(18.4) | 5(23.8) | 2(11.8) | 0.47 |
Less than 30 min | 13(34.2) | 8(38.1) | 5(29.4) | ||
More than 30 min | 18(47.4) | 8(38.1) | 10(58.9) | ||
Age at first sexual intercourse | Mean(SD) | 16.83(2.83) | 17.05(2.67) | 16.53(3.11) | 0.60 |
Type of contraception currently used | Condoms | 9(23.7) | 5(23.8) | 4(23.5) | 1.00 |
Oral contraceptive | 9(23.7) | 2(9.5) | 7(41.2) | 0.05 | |
Do not use birth control | 11(28.9) | 5(23.8) | 6(35.3) | 0.68 | |
Not sexually active | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Other (injection, norplant, IUD) | 12(31.6) | 8(38.1) | 4(23.5) | 0.49 | |
Number of male partners in past week | None | 16(42.1) | 9(42.9) | 7(41.2) | 1.00 |
One or more | 22(57.9) | 12(57.1) | 10(58.8) | ||
Years since HIV+ confirmed | <1 year | 4(10.8) | 1(5.0) | 3(17.6) | 0.46 |
1–2 years | 12(32.4) | 6(30.0) | 6(35.3) | ||
3–4 years | 8(21.6) | 4(20.0) | 4(23.5) | ||
≥5 years | 13(35.1) | 9(45.0) | 4(23.5) | ||
Age diagnosed | Mean(SD) | 34.61(6.39) | 33.74(5.61) | 35.59(7.21) | 0.39 |
Most recent HIV appointment | <6 months | 36(94.7) | 20(95.2) | 16(94.1) | 1.00 |
≥6 months | 2(5.3) | 1(4.8) | 1(5.9) | ||
Most recent blood work | <6 months | 12(32.4) | 3(15.0) | 9(52.9) | 0.03 |
≥6 months | 25(67.6) | 17(85.0) | 8(47.1) | ||
Recent CD4 Count (Cells/mm3) | <350 | 9(24.3) | 4(20.0) | 5(29.4) | 0.78 |
≥350 | 28(75.7) | 16(80.0) | 12(70.6) | ||
WHO Stage | I | 9(23.7) | 5(23.8) | 4(23.5) | 0.75 |
II | 21(55.3) | 10(14.6) | 11(64.7) | ||
III | 4(10.5) | 3(14.3) | 1(5.9) | ||
IV | 4(10.5) | 3(14.3) | 1(5.9) | ||
On ARV | No | 12(31.6) | 4(19.0) | 8(47.1) | 0.13 |
Yes | 26(68.4) | 17(81.0) | 9(52.9) | ||
Medication currently taking | Well | 1(2.6) | 1(4.8) | 0 | 1.00 |
CBV | 11(28.9) | 7(33.3) | 4(23.5) | 0.72 | |
NVP | 15(39.5) | 12(57.1) | 3(17.6) | 0.02 | |
TDF | 6(15.8) | 4(19.0) | 2(11.8) | 0.67 | |
3tc | 14(36.8) | 9(42.9) | 5(29.4) | 0.61 | |
ATV | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
EFV | 10(26.3) | 4(19.0) | 6(35.3) | 0.29 | |
LPV | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
AZT | 8(21.1) | 5(23.8) | 3(17.6) | 0.71 | |
V | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Variable | Variable Level | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Currently use Oral contraceptive | No | Reference | ||
Yes | 6.65 | 1.16–38.19 | 0.03 | |
Most recent blood work | <6 months | Reference | ||
≥6 months | 0.16 | 0.03–0.74 | 0.02 |