nach oben

Virchows Archiv

Erschienen in:

23.06.2021 | Review and Perspectives

Sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer—an update on current recommendations

verfasst von: Gábor Cserni, Aoife Maguire, Simonetta Bianchi, Ales Ryska, Anikó Kovács

Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv | Ausgabe 1/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the preferred method of surgical pathological nodal staging of early breast cancer by the end of the nineties. As the most likely sites of metastasis, the SLNs allow a more precise staging, and indeed gross sectioning, step sectioning, immunohistochemistry, and molecular staging methods have been used to disclose metastatic involvement of these lymph nodes. This review summarizes the backgrounds of SLNB, trends in related surgery and pathology. It also gives an insight into European National recommendations related to SLN and divergent daily practices in European pathology departments, on the basis of replies to questionnaires from 84 pathologists from 38 European countries. The questionnaires revealed the post-neoadjuvant setting as an area where a significant minority of pathologists report less confidence in classifying residual nodal involvement into TNM categories. The review also summarizes the neoadjuvant therapy-related aspects of SLNB.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Cady B (1973) (1973) Total mastectomy and partial axillary dissection. Surg Clin North Am 53:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(16)39983-2CrossRefPubMed

Forrest APM, Everington D, McDonald CC, Steele RJ, Chetty U, Stewart HJ (1995) The Edinburgh randomised trial of axillary sampling or clearance after mastectomy. Br J Surg 82:1504–1508. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800821118CrossRefPubMed

Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT (1993) Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 2:335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-7404(93)90064-6CrossRefPubMed

Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL (1994) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 220:391–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199409000-00015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox C, Yeatman T, Balducci L, Ku N, Shivers S, Berman C, Wells K, Rapaport D, Shons A, Horton J, Greenberg H, Nicosia S, Clark R, Cantor A, Reintgen DS (1996) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA 276:1818–1822CrossRef

Alvarado MD, Mittendorf EA, Teshome M, Thompson AM, Bold RJ, Gittleman MA, Beitsch PD, Blair SL, Kivilaid K, Harmer QJ, Hunt KK (2019) SentimagIC: a non-inferiority trial comparing superparamagnetic iron oxide versus technetium-99m and blue dye in the detection of axillary sentinel nodes in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 26:3510–3516. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07577-4CrossRefPubMed

Jeremiasse B, van den Bosch CH, Wijnen MWHA, Terwisscha van Scheltinga CEJ, Fiocco MF, van der Steeg AFW (2020) Systematic review and meta-analysis concerning near-infrared imaging with fluorescent agents to identify the sentinel lymph node in oncology patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 46:2011–2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.07.012CrossRefPubMed

Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G, Zurrida S, Luini A, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Intra M, Maisonneuve P, Zucca F, Gatti G, Mazzarol G, De Cicco C, Vezzoli D (2010) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg 251:595–600. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181c0e92aCrossRefPubMed

Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Costantino JP, Ashikaga T, Weaver DL, Mamounas EP, Jalovec LM, Frazier TG, Noyes RD, Robidoux A, Scarth HM, Wolmark N (2010) Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 11:927–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Petrelli F, Lonati V, Barni S (2012) Axillary dissection compared to sentinel node biopsy for the treatment of pathologically node-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis of four randomized trials with long-term follow up. Oncol Rev 6(2):e20. https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2012.e20CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

van der Ploeg IM, Nieweg OE, van Rijk MC, Valdés Olmos RA, Kroon BB (2008) Axillary recurrence after a tumour-negative sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 34:1277–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2008.01.034CrossRefPubMed

12.

Galimberti V, Cole BF, Viale G, Veronesi P, Vicini E, Intra M, Mazzarol G, Massarut S, Zgajnar J, Taffurelli M, Littlejohn D, Knauer M, Tondini C, Di Leo A, Colleoni M, Regan MM, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A; International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 23–01 (2018) Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23–01): 10-year follow-up of a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 19:1385–1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30380-2CrossRef

13.

Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L, Beitsch PD, Brennan MB, Kelemen PR, Ollila DW, Hansen NM, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Leitch AM, Saha S, Hunt KK, Morrow M (2017) Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:918–926. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11470CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME, Meijnen P, van de Velde CJH, Mansel RE, Cataliotti L, Westenberg AH, Klinkenbijl JH, Orzalesi L, Bouma WH, van der Mijle HC, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Veltkamp SC, Slaets L, Duez NJ, de Graaf PW, van Dalen T, Marinelli A, Rijna H, Snoj M, Bundred NJ, Merkus JW, Belkacemi Y, Petignat P, Schinagl DA, Coens C, Messina CG, Bogaerts J, Rutgers EJ (2014) Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981–22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 15:1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70460-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Sávolt Á, Péley G, Polgár C, Udvarhelyi N, Rubovszky G, Kovács E, Győrffy B, Kásler M, Mátrai Z (2017) Eight-year follow up result of the OTOASOR trial: the optimal treatment of the axilla - surgery or radiotherapy after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer: a randomized, single centre, phase III, non-inferiority trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 43:672–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.12.011CrossRefPubMed

16.

Kuehn T, Bauerfeind I, Fehm T, Fleige B, Hausschild M, Helms G, Lebeau A, Liedtke C, von Minckwitz G, Nekljudova V, Schmatloch S, Schrenk P, Staebler A, Untch M (2013) Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol 14:609–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70166-9CrossRefPubMed

17.

Geng C, Chen X, Pan X, Li J (2016) The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in initially clinically node-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11(9):e0162605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162605CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Shirzadi A, Mahmoodzadeh H, Qorbani M (2019) Assessment of sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in two subgroups: initially node negative and node positive converted to node negative - a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci 24:18. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_127_18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Boughey JC, Suman VJ, Mittendorf EA, Ahewndt GM, Wilke LG, Taback B, Leitch AM, Kuerer HM, Bowling M, Flippo-Mortom TS, Byrd DR, Ollila DW, Julian TB, McLaughlin SA, McCall L, Symmans WF, Le-Petross HT, Haffty BG, Buchholz TA, Nelson H, Hunt KK, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, (2013) Sentinel lymph node surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer: the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) clinical trial. JAMA 310:1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278932CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Boileau JF, Poirier B, Basik M, Holloway CM, Gaboury L, Sideris L, Meterissioan S, Arnaout A, Brackstone M, McCready DR, Karp SE, Trop I, Lisbona A, Wright FC, Younan RJ, Provencher L, Patocskai E, Omeroglu A, Robidoux A (2015) Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in biopsy-proven node-positive breast cancer: the SN FNAC study. J Clin Oncol 33:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.55.7827CrossRefPubMed

21.

King TA, Morrow M (2015) Surgical issues in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12:335–343. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.63CrossRefPubMed

22.

Boughey JC, Ballman KV, Hunt KK, McCall LM, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Le-Petross HT (2015) Axillary ultrasound after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on sentinel lymph node surgery: results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z1071 Trial (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 33:3386–3393. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.8401CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Donker M, Straver ME, Wesseling J, Loo CE, Schot M, Drukker CA, van Tinteren H, Sonke GS, Rutgers EJ, Vrancken Peeters MJ (2015) Marking axillary lymph nodes with radioactive iodine seeds for axillary staging after neoadjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer patients: the MARI procedure. Ann Surg 261:378–382. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000558CrossRefPubMed

24.

Boughey JC, Ballman KV, Le-Petross HT, McCall LM, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Taback B, Feliberti EC, Hunt KK (2016) Identification and resection of clipped node decreases the false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node surgery in patients Presenting With Node-positive Breast Cancer (T0–T4, N1–N2) who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results from ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance). Ann Surg 263:802–807. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001375CrossRefPubMed

25.

Caudle AS, Yang WT, Krishnamurthy S, Mittendorf EA, Black DM, Gilcrease MZ, Bedrosian I, Hobbs BP, DeSnyder SM, Hwang RF, Adrada BE, Shaitelman SF, Chavez-MacGregor M, Smith BD, Candelaria RP, Babiera GV, Doagn BE, Santiago L, Hunt KK, Kuerer H (2016) Improved axillary evaluation following neoadjuvant therapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer using selective evaluation of clipped nodes: implementation of targeted axillary dissection. J Clin Oncol 34:1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.0094CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Sentinel lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast carcinoma (GANEA3) Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03630913. Accessed 28 February 2021

27.

ATNEC - Axillary management in T1-3N1M0 breast cancer patients with needle biopsy proven nodal metastases at presentation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04109079. Accessed 28 February 2021

28.

Tailored axillary surgery with or without axillary lymph node dissection followed by radiotherapy in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer (TAXIS) (TAXIS) [Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03513614]. Accessed 28 February 2021

29.

Reynolds JV, Mercer P, McDermot EWM, Cross S, Stokes M, Murphy D, O’Higgins NJ (1994) Audit of complete axillary dissection in early breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 30A:148–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(94)90075-2CrossRefPubMed

30.

Cserni G (1998) How to improve lymph node recovery rates from axillary clearance specimens of breast cancer? A short-term audit. J Clin Pathol 51:846–849. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.51.11.846CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Huvos AG, Hutter RV, Berg JW (1971) Significance of axillary macrometastases and micrometastases in mammary cancer. Ann Surg 173:44–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-197101000-00006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Giuliano AE, Dale PS, Turner RR, Morton DL, Evans SW, Krasne DL (1995) Improved axillary staging of breast cancer with sentinel lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 180:700–704. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199509000-00016CrossRef

33.

Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Apostolikas N, Bellocq JP, Bianchi S, Boecker W, Borisch B, Connolly CE, Decker T, Dervan P, Drijkoningen M, Ellis IO, Elston CW, Eusebi V, Faverly D, Heikkila P, Holland R, Kerner H, Kulka J, Jacquemier J, Lacerda M, Martinez-Penuela J, De Miguel C, Peterse JL, Rank F, Regitnig P, Reiner A, Sapino A, Sigal-Zafrani B, Tanous AM, Thorstenson S, Zozaya E, Fejes G, Wells CA (2004) Discrepancies in current practice of pathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Results of a questionnaire-based survey by the European Working Group for Breast Screening Pathology. J Clin Pathol 57:695–701. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2003.013599CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Apostolikas N, Bellocq JP, Bianchi S, Bussolati G, Boecker W, Borisch B, Connolly CE, Decker T, Dervan P, Drijkoningen M, Ellis IO, Elston CW, Eusebi V, Faverly D, Heikkila P, Holland R, Kerner H, Kulka J, Jacquemier J, Lacerda M, Martinez-Penuela J, De Miguel C, Peterse JL, Rank F, Regitnig P, Reiner A, Sapino A, Sigal-Zafrani B, Tanous AM, Thorstenson S, Zozaya E, Wells CA (2003) Pathological work-up of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Review of current data to be considered for the formulation of guidelines. Eur J Cancer 39:1654–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00203-xCrossRefPubMed

35.

Feinstein AR, Sosin DM, Wells CK (1985) The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med 312:1604–1608. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198506203122504CrossRefPubMed

36.

Hermanek P, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH, Wittekind C (1999) Classification of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis. Cancer 86:2668–2673CrossRef

37.

Cserni G, Bianchi S, Boecker W, Decker T, Lacerda M, Rank F, Wells CA and the European Working Group for Breast Screening Pathology (2005) Improving the reproducibility of diagnosing micrometastases and isolated tumor cells. Cancer 103:358–367. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20760CrossRef

38.

De Mascarel I, MacGrogan G, Debled M, Brouste V, Mauriac L (2008) Distinction between isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in breast cancer: is it reliable and useful? Cancer 112:1672–1678. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23368CrossRefPubMed

39.

Turner RR, Weaver DL, Cserni G, Lester SC, Hirsch K, Elashoff DA, Fitzgibbons PL, Viale G, Mazzarol G, Ibarra JA, Schnitt SJ, Giuliano AE (2008) Nodal stage classification for breast carcinoma: improving interobserver reproducibility through standardized histologic criteria and image-based training. J Clin Oncol 26:258–263. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.0179CrossRefPubMed

40.

Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Bianchi S, Chmielik E, Degaetano J, Faverly D, Figueiredo P, Foschini MP, Grabau D, Jacquemier J, Kaya H, Kulka J, Lacerda M, Liepniece-Karele I, Penuela JM, Quinn C, Regitnig P, Reiner-Concin A, Sapino A, van Diest PJ, Varga Z, Vezzosi V, Wesseling J, Zolota V, Zozaya E, Wells CA (2011) Distinction of isolated tumour cells and micrometastasis in lymph nodes of breast cancer patients according to the new tumour node metastasis (TNM) definitions. Eur J Cancer 47:887–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.011CrossRefPubMed

41.

Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, Schilsky RL, Gaspar LE, Washington MK, Sullivan DC, Brookland RK, Brierley JD, Balch CM, Compton CC, Hess KR, Gershenwald JE, Jessup JM, Byrd DR, Winchester DP, Madera M, Assare EA (eds) (2017) American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer staging manual, 8th edn. Springer, New York

42.

Cserni G, Brogi E, Cody HS III, Deb R, Farshid G, O’Toole S, Provenzano E, Quinn CM, Sahin A, Schmitt F, Weaver D, Yamaguchi R, Tan PH (2021) Surgically removed lymph nodes for breast tumours histopathology reporting guide, Sydney, International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), http://www.iccr-cancer.org/datasets/published-datasets/breast. Accessed 16 May 2021

43.

Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN, Skelly JM, Anderson SJ, Harlow SP, Julian TB, Mamounas EP, Wolmark N (2011) Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 364:412–421. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballman KV, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Reintgen DS, Morrow M, Leitch AM, Hunt KK, McCall LM, Abati A, Cote R (2011) Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA 306:385–393. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1034CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Goldhirsch A, Glick JH, Gelber RD, Coates AS, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ; Panel members (2005) Meeting highlights: international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2005. Ann Oncol 16:1569–1583. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdi326CrossRef

46.

Cardoso F, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, Penault-Llorca F, Poortmans P, Rubio IT, Zackrisson S, Senkus E, Guidelines Committee ESMO (2019) Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Electronic address: clinicalguidelines@esmo.org. Ann Oncol 30:1194–1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz173CrossRefPubMed

47.

Weaver DL (2010) Pathology evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: protocol recommendations and rationale. Mod Pathol 23(Suppl 2):S26-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.36CrossRefPubMed

48.

Cserni G (2012) How much is enough? Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes. Current Breast Cancer Reports 4:89–95CrossRef

49.

College of American Pathologists (2020) Protocol for the examination of resection specimens from patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast. https://documents.cap.org/protocols/cp-breast-invasive-resection-20-4400.pdf. Accessed 06 March 2021.

50.

Lyman GH, Temin S, Edge SB, Newman LA, Turner RR, Weaver DL, Benson AB 3rd, Bosserman LD, Burstein HJ, Cody H 3rd, Hayman J, Perkins CL, Podoloff DA, Giuliano AE (2014) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 32:1365–1383. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.54.1177CrossRef

51.

Cserni G, Bianchi S, Vezzosi V, Peterse H, Sapino A, Arisio R, Reiner-Concin A, Regitnig P, Bellocq J-P, Marin C, Bori R, Martinez Penuela J, Córdoba Iturriagagoitia A (2006) The value of cytokeratin immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in patients with lobular breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 59:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.029991CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Gralow JR, Zujewski JA, Winer E (2008) Preoperative therapy in invasive breast cancer: reviewing the state of the science and exploring new research directions. J Clin Oncol 26:696–697. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9459CrossRefPubMed

53.

Zhang GC, Zhang YF, Xu FP, Qian XK, Guo ZB, Ren CY, Yao M (2013) Axillary lymph node status, adjusted for pathologic complete response in breast and axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, predicts differential disease-free survival in breast cancer. Curr Oncol 20:e180–e192. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.20.1294CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Ashikaga T, Weaver DL, Miller BJ, Jalovec LM, Frazier TG, Noyes RD, Robidoux A, Scarth HMC, Mammolito DM, McCready DR, Mamounas EP, Costantino JP, Wolmark N, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (2007) Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 8:881–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70278-4CrossRef

55.

Mamounas EP, Brown A, Anderson S, Smith R, Julian T, Miller B, Bear HD, Caldwell CBm Walker AP, Mikkelson WM, Stauffer JS, Robidoux A, Theoret H, Soran A, Fisher B, Wickerham DL, Wolmark N. (2005) Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27. J Clin Oncol 23(12):2694–2702. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.188CrossRefPubMed

56.

Gandhi A, Coles C, Makris A, Provenzano E, Goyal A, Maxwell AJ, Doughty J (2019) Axillary surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy - multidisciplinary guidance from the Association of Breast Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Oncology of the Royal College of Radiologists, UK Breast Cancer Group, National Coordinating Committee for Breast Pathology and British Society of Breast Radiology. Clin Oncol 31:664–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2019.05.021CrossRef

57.

Pilewskie M, Morrow M (2017) Axillary nodal management following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a review. JAMA Oncol 3:549–555. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.4163CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Curigliano G, Burstein HJ, Winer EP, Gnant M, Dubsky P, Loibl S, Colleoni M, Regan MM, Piccart-Gebhart M, Senn H-J, Thurlimann B, St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017; Andre F, Baselga J, Bergh J, Bonnefoi H, Brucker SY, Cardoso F, Carey L, Ciruelos E, Cuzick J, Denkert C, Di Leo A, Ejlertsen B, Francis P, Galimberti V, Garber J, Gulluoglu B, Goodwin P, Harbeck N, Hayes DF, Huang C-S, Huober J, Hussein K, Jassem J, Jiang Z, Karlsson P. Morrow M, Orecchia R, Osborne KC, Pagani O, Partridge AH, Pritchard K, Ro J, Rutgers EJT, Sedlmayer F, Semiglazov v, Shao Z, Smith I, Toi M, Tutt A, Viale G, Watanabe T, Whelan TJ, Xu B (2017) De-escalating and escalating treatments for early-stage breast cancer: the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus Conference on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017. Ann Oncol 28(8):1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx308CrossRefPubMed

59.

Mamounas EP, White JR, Bandos H, Julian TB, Kahn AJ, Shaitelman SF, Torres MA, McCloskey SA, Vicini FA, Ganz P, Paik S, Gupta N, Costantino JP, Curran WJ, Wolmark N (2014) NSABP B-51/RTOG 1304: randomized phase III clinical trial evaluating the role of postmastectomy chest wall and regional nodal XRT (CWRNRT) and post-lumpectomy RNRT in patients (pts) with documented positive axillary (Ax) nodes before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) who convert to pathologically negative Ax nodes after NC. J Clin Oncol 32(15 Suppl):tps1141. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.tps1141CrossRef

60.

Fisher ER, Wang J, Bryant J, Fisher B, Mamounas E, Wolmark N (2002) Pathobiology of preoperative chemotherapy: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel (NSABP) protocol B-18. Cancer 95:681–695. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10741CrossRefPubMed

61.

Wong SM, Almana N, Choi J, Hu J, Gagnon H, Natsuhara K, Shen AH, DeSantis S, Dominic L, Golshan M, Weiss A, Bellon J, Mittendorf EA, King TA (2019) Prognostic significance of residual axillary nodal micrometastases and isolated tumor cells after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 26:3502–3509. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07517-2CrossRefPubMed

62.

Tinterri C, Canavese G, Bruzzi P, Dozin B (2020) NEONOD 2: Rationale and design of a multicenter non-inferiority trial to assess the effect of axillary surgery omission on the outcome of breast cancer patients presenting only micrometastasis in the sentinel lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 17:100496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100496CrossRefPubMed

63.

Boughey J, Haffty B, Buchholz T, Symmans WF, Hunt K, Armer J, Suman V 2016) Alliance A011202: a randomized phase III trial comparing axillary lymph node dissection to axillary radiation in breast cancer patients (cT1–3 N1) who have positive sentinel lymph node disease after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. [Available from: https://www.allianceforclinicaltrialsinoncology.org; https://www.allianceforclinicaltrialsinoncology.org/main/cmsfile?cmsPath=/Public/Annual%20Meeting/files/GUnzeitig-CRP%20Breakout-Breast-Nov2016.pdf]. Accessed 03 March 2021

64.

Kantor O, Sipsy LM, Yao K, James TA (2018) A predictive model for axillary node pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 25:1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-6345-5CrossRefPubMed

65.

Symmans WF, Wei C, Gould R, Yu X, Zhang Y, Liu M, Walls A, Bousamra A, Maheshwari R, Sinn B, Hunt K, Buchholz TA, Valero V, Buzdar AU, Yang W, Brewater AM, Moulder S, Pusztai L, Hatzis C (2017) Hortobagyi GN (2017) Long-term prognostic risk after neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with residual cancer burden and breast cancer subtype. J Clin Oncol 35(10):1049–1060. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.63.1010CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Hamy AS, Darrigues L, Laas E, De Croze D, Topciu L, Lam GT, Evrevin C, Rozette S, Laot L, Lerebours F, Pierga J-Y, Osdoit M, Faron M, Feron-J-G LM, Reyal F (2020) Prognostic value of the Residual Cancer Burden index according to breast cancer subtype: validation on a cohort of BC patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PLoS ONE 15(6):e0234191. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234191CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Masuda N, Lee SJ, Ohtani S, Im YH, Lee ES, Yokota I, Katsumasa K, Im S-A, Park B-W, Kim S-B, Yanagita Y, Ohno S, Takao S, Aogi K, Iwata H, Jeong J, Kim A, Park K-H, Sasano H, Ohashi Y, Masakazu T (2017) Adjuvant capecitabine for breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 376:2147–2159. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1612645CrossRefPubMed

68.

von Minckwitz G, Huang CS, Mano MS, Loibl S, Mamounas EP, Untch M, Wolmark N, Rastogi P, Scheeweiss A, Redondo A, Fischer HH, Jacot W, Conlin AK, Arce-Salinas C, Wapnir IL, Jackisch C, DiGiovanna MP, Fasching PA, Crown JP, Wulfing P, Shao Z, Caremole ER, Wu H, Lam LH, Tesarowski D, Smitt M, Southwaite H, Singel S, Geyer CE Jr, KATHERINE investigators, (2019) Trastuzumab emtansine for residual invasive HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 380:617–628. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1814017CrossRef

69.

Pinder SE, Rakha EA, Purdie CA, Bartlett JM, Francis A, Stein RC, Thompson AM, Shaaban A; Translational Subgroups of the NCRI Clinical Studies Group (2015) Macroscopic handling and reporting of breast cancer specimens pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment: review of pathological issues and suggested approaches. Histopathology 67:279–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12649CrossRef

70.

Sahoo S, Lester SC (2009) Pathology of breast carcinomas after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: an overview with recommendations on specimen processing and reporting. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:633–642. https://doi.org/10.1043/1543-2165-133.4.633CrossRefPubMed

71.

Barrio AV, Mamtani A, Edelweiss M, Eaton A, Stempel M, Murray MP, Morrow M (2016) How often is treatment effect identified in axillary nodes with a pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy? Ann Surg Oncol 23:3475–3480. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5463-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Ellis IO, Carder P, Hales S, Lee AHS, Pinder SE, Rakha E, Stephenson T, Al-Sam S, Deb R, Hanby A, Liebmann R, Provenzano E, Rowlands D, Wells CA, Anderson A, Girling A, Ibrahim M, Mallon E, Quinn C. Pathology reporting of breast disease in surgical excision specimens incorporating the dataset for histological reporting of breast cancer. https://www.rcpath.org/uploads/assets/7763be1c-d330-40e8-95d08f955752792a/G148_BreastDataset-hires-Jun16.pdf. Accessed 06 March 2021

73.

Symmans F PS, Lester S, Kulka J. Post-therapy effects. In: Lakhani SR EI, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, van de Vijver MJ editor (2012) WHO classification of tumours of the breast. 4th ed. Lyons, IARC. 24–26.

74.

Residual Cancer Burden calculator and associated documents (guide for measuring cancer cellularity, examples of gross and microscopic evaluation, pathology protocol for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of RCB). http://www3.mdanderson.org/app/medcalc/index.cfm?pagename=jsconvert3. Accessed 06 March 2021.

Titel: Sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer—an update on current recommendations
verfasst von: Gábor Cserni
Aoife Maguire
Simonetta Bianchi
Ales Ryska
Anikó Kovács
Publikationsdatum: 23.06.2021
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv / Ausgabe 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-021-03128-z

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

01.04.2024 | Forensische Traumatologie | CME

Springer Medizin

Sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer—an update on current recommendations

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Theoretische Grundlagen von Explosionen und Explosionsverletzungen

Auswirkungen vorgeschalteter Laborprozesse auf die Digitalisierung histologischer Schnittpräparate

Knochenmarkhistologie bei Zytopenien

Herausforderungen der Automation bei der quantitativen Auswertung von Leberbiopsien

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2022

Triple-negative breast carcinomas of low malignant potential: review on diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses

Updates on breast biomarkers

Artificial intelligence applied to breast pathology

Spindle cell lesions of the breast: a diagnostic approach

Incorporation of TILs in daily breast cancer care: how much evidence can we bear?

Apocrine lesions of the breast

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Theoretische Grundlagen von Explosionen und Explosionsverletzungen

Auswirkungen vorgeschalteter Laborprozesse auf die Digitalisierung histologischer Schnittpräparate

Knochenmarkhistologie bei Zytopenien

Herausforderungen der Automation bei der quantitativen Auswertung von Leberbiopsien