Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2/2020

30.04.2020 | Septischer Schock | Leitlinien und Empfehlungen

S3-Leitlinie Sepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge

Langfassung

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. med. F. M. Brunkhorst, M. A. Weigand, M. Pletz, P. Gastmeier, S. W. Lemmen, A. Meier-Hellmann, M. Ragaller, A. Weyland, G. Marx, M. Bucher, H. Gerlach, B. Salzberger, B. Grabein, T. Welte, K. Werdan, S. Kluge, H. G. Bone, C. Putensen, R. Rossaint, M. Quintel, C. Spies, B. Weiß, S. John, M. Oppert, A. Jörres, T. Brenner, G. Elke, M. Gründling, K. Mayer, A. Weimann, T. W. Felbinger, H. Axer, Deutsche Sepsis Gesellschaft e. V.

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Sonderheft 2/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Deutsche Sepsis Gesellschaft e. V. (federführend) …
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
Der Begriff „initial resuscitation“ aus der SSC-Leitlinie wird im Kapitel A mit hämodynamischer Stabilisierung übersetzt.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW et al (2016) The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 315:801–810 PubMedPubMedCentral Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW et al (2016) The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 315:801–810 PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al (2017) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit Care Med 45(3):486–552 PubMed Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al (2017) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit Care Med 45(3):486–552 PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31(4):1250–1256 PubMed Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31(4):1250–1256 PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML et al (2016) Sepsis definitions task force: developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 315:775–787 PubMedPubMedCentral Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML et al (2016) Sepsis definitions task force: developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 315:775–787 PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB et al (1992) Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 101(6):1644–1655 PubMed Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB et al (1992) Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 101(6):1644–1655 PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP (2015) Incidence and prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ dysfunctions in ward patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192:958–964 PubMedPubMedCentral Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP (2015) Incidence and prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ dysfunctions in ward patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192:958–964 PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R (2015) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 372:1629–1638 PubMed Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R (2015) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 372:1629–1638 PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines committee including the pediatric subgroup: surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228 PubMedPubMedCentral Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines committee including the pediatric subgroup: surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228 PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S et al (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348:1546–1554 PubMed Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S et al (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348:1546–1554 PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Zingg W, Holmes A, Dettenkofer M et al (2015) Hospital organisation, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 15:212–224 PubMed Zingg W, Holmes A, Dettenkofer M et al (2015) Hospital organisation, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 15:212–224 PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Price L, MacDonald J, Melone L et al (2018) Effectiveness of national and subnational infection prevention and control interventions in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 18(5):e159–e171 PubMed Price L, MacDonald J, Melone L et al (2018) Effectiveness of national and subnational infection prevention and control interventions in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 18(5):e159–e171 PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW et al (1985) The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 121:182–205 PubMed Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW et al (1985) The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 121:182–205 PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Mermel LA, Jefferson J, Blanchard K et al (2013) Reducing Clostridium difficile incidence, colectomies, and mortality in the hospital setting: a successful multidisciplinary approach. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 39:298–305 PubMed Mermel LA, Jefferson J, Blanchard K et al (2013) Reducing Clostridium difficile incidence, colectomies, and mortality in the hospital setting: a successful multidisciplinary approach. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 39:298–305 PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat (2013) Surveillance of nosocomial infections as well as the detection of pathogens with special resistance and multi-resistance. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 56(4):580–583 (2013) Surveillance of nosocomial infections as well as the detection of pathogens with special resistance and multi-resistance. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 56(4):580–583
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab F, Meyer E, Geffers C, Gastmeier P et al (2012) Understaffing, overcrowding, inappropriate nurse:ventilated patient ratio and nosocomial infections: which parameter is the best reflection of deficits? J Hosp Infect 80(2):133–139 PubMed Schwab F, Meyer E, Geffers C, Gastmeier P et al (2012) Understaffing, overcrowding, inappropriate nurse:ventilated patient ratio and nosocomial infections: which parameter is the best reflection of deficits? J Hosp Infect 80(2):133–139 PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Birnbach DJ, Nevo I, Scheinman SR, Fitzpatrick M, Shekhter I, Lombard JL (2010) Patient safety begins with proper planning: a quantitative method to improve hospital design. Qual Saf Health Care 19:462–465 PubMed Birnbach DJ, Nevo I, Scheinman SR, Fitzpatrick M, Shekhter I, Lombard JL (2010) Patient safety begins with proper planning: a quantitative method to improve hospital design. Qual Saf Health Care 19:462–465 PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat McLaws ML, Pantle AC, Fitzpatrick KR, Hughes CF (2009) Improvements in hand hygiene across New South Wales public hospitals: clean hands save lives, part III. Med J Aust 191(Suppl):S18–S24 PubMed McLaws ML, Pantle AC, Fitzpatrick KR, Hughes CF (2009) Improvements in hand hygiene across New South Wales public hospitals: clean hands save lives, part III. Med J Aust 191(Suppl):S18–S24 PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Koff MD, Loftus RW, Burchman CC et al (2009) Reduction in intraoperative bacterial contamination of peripheral intravenous tubing through the use of a novel Device. Anesthesiology 110:978–985 PubMed Koff MD, Loftus RW, Burchman CC et al (2009) Reduction in intraoperative bacterial contamination of peripheral intravenous tubing through the use of a novel Device. Anesthesiology 110:978–985 PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas BW, Berg-Copas GM, Vasquez DG, Jackson BL, Wetta-Hall R (2009) Conspicuous vs customary location of hand hygiene agent dispensers on alcohol-based hand hygiene product usage in an intensive care unit. J Am Osteopath Assoc 109:263–267 PubMed Thomas BW, Berg-Copas GM, Vasquez DG, Jackson BL, Wetta-Hall R (2009) Conspicuous vs customary location of hand hygiene agent dispensers on alcohol-based hand hygiene product usage in an intensive care unit. J Am Osteopath Assoc 109:263–267 PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitby M, McLaws ML (2004) Handwashing in healthcare workers: accessibility of sink location does not improve compliance. J Hosp Infect 58:247–253 PubMed Whitby M, McLaws ML (2004) Handwashing in healthcare workers: accessibility of sink location does not improve compliance. J Hosp Infect 58:247–253 PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jang JH, Wu S, Kirzner D et al (2010) Focus group study of hand hygiene practice among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:144–150 PubMed Jang JH, Wu S, Kirzner D et al (2010) Focus group study of hand hygiene practice among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:144–150 PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Händehygiene in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens : Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2016;59(9):1189–220. Händehygiene in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens : Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2016;59(9):1189–220.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Bone H‑G et al (2007) Epidemiology of sepsis in Germany: results from a national prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 33(4):606–618 PubMed Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Bone H‑G et al (2007) Epidemiology of sepsis in Germany: results from a national prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 33(4):606–618 PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat von Baum H, Schweiger B, Welte T et al (2011) How deadly is seasonal influenza-associated pneumonia? The German Competence Network for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Eur Respir J 37(5):1151–1157 von Baum H, Schweiger B, Welte T et al (2011) How deadly is seasonal influenza-associated pneumonia? The German Competence Network for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Eur Respir J 37(5):1151–1157
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalhoff K, Abele-Horn M, Andreas S et al (2017) Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie erwachsener Patienten mit nosokomialer Pneumonie – Update Dalhoff K, Abele-Horn M, Andreas S et al (2017) Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie erwachsener Patienten mit nosokomialer Pneumonie – Update
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagel S, Ludewig K, Moeser A et al (2016) Characteristics and management of patients with influenza in a German hospital during the 2014/2015 influenza season. Infection 44(5):667–672 PubMed Hagel S, Ludewig K, Moeser A et al (2016) Characteristics and management of patients with influenza in a German hospital during the 2014/2015 influenza season. Infection 44(5):667–672 PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al (2001) Early goal-directed therapy collaborative group: early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377 PubMed Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al (2001) Early goal-directed therapy collaborative group: early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377 PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506 PubMed Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506 PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693 PubMed Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693 PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS et al (2015) ProMIse trial investiga tors: trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372:1301–1311 PubMed Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS et al (2015) ProMIse trial investiga tors: trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372:1301–1311 PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR et al (2010) Surviving sepsis campaign: the surviving sepsis campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 38:367–374 PubMed Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR et al (2010) Surviving sepsis campaign: the surviving sepsis campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 38:367–374 PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS et al (2015) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and Outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Crit Care Med 43:3–12 PubMed Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS et al (2015) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and Outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Crit Care Med 43:3–12 PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC et al (2017) Effect of an early resuscitation protocol on in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis and hypotension. JAMA 318:1233 PubMedPubMedCentral Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC et al (2017) Effect of an early resuscitation protocol on in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis and hypotension. JAMA 318:1233 PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Leisman DE, Doerfler ME, Ward MF et al (2017) Survival benefit and cost savings from compliance with a simplified 3‑Hour Sepsis Bundle in a Series of prospective, multisite, observational cohors. Crit Care Med 45:395–406 PubMed Leisman DE, Doerfler ME, Ward MF et al (2017) Survival benefit and cost savings from compliance with a simplified 3‑Hour Sepsis Bundle in a Series of prospective, multisite, observational cohors. Crit Care Med 45:395–406 PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC et al (2017) Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med 376:2235–2244 PubMedPubMedCentral Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC et al (2017) Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med 376:2235–2244 PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Leisman DE, Goldman C, Doerfler ME et al (2017) Patterns and outcomes associated with timeliness of initial crystalloid resuscitation in a prospective sepsis and septic shock cohort. Crit Care Med 45:1596–1606 PubMed Leisman DE, Goldman C, Doerfler ME et al (2017) Patterns and outcomes associated with timeliness of initial crystalloid resuscitation in a prospective sepsis and septic shock cohort. Crit Care Med 45:1596–1606 PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Boulain T, Garot D, Vignon P, Lascarrou JB, Desachy A, Botoc V, Follin A, Frat JP, Bellec F, Quenot JP, Mathonnet A, Dequin PF and for the Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group: Prevalence of low central venous oxygensat uration in the first hours of intensive care unit admission and associated mortality in septic shock patients: a prospective multicentre study. (2014) Dequin PF and for the Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group: prevalence of low central venous oxygensat uration in the first hours of intensive care unit admission and associated mortality in septic shock patients: a prospective multicentre study. Crit Care 18:609 PubMedPubMedCentral Boulain T, Garot D, Vignon P, Lascarrou JB, Desachy A, Botoc V, Follin A, Frat JP, Bellec F, Quenot JP, Mathonnet A, Dequin PF and for the Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group: Prevalence of low central venous oxygensat uration in the first hours of intensive care unit admission and associated mortality in septic shock patients: a prospective multicentre study. (2014) Dequin PF and for the Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group: prevalence of low central venous oxygensat uration in the first hours of intensive care unit admission and associated mortality in septic shock patients: a prospective multicentre study. Crit Care 18:609 PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M et al (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40:1795–1815 PubMedPubMedCentral Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M et al (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40:1795–1815 PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography (2011) A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1126–1166 American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography (2011) A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1126–1166
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Eskesen TG, Wetterslev M, Perner A (2016) Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. Intensive Care Med 42:324–332 PubMed Eskesen TG, Wetterslev M, Perner A (2016) Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. Intensive Care Med 42:324–332 PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL (2016) Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42:1935–1947 PubMed Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL (2016) Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42:1935–1947 PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat FENICE Investigators, ESICM Trial Group, Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL et al (2015) Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: A global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med 41:1529–1537 FENICE Investigators, ESICM Trial Group, Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL et al (2015) Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: A global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med 41:1529–1537
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelm DJ, Perrin JT, Cartin-Ceba R, Gajic O, Schenck L, Kenned CC (2015) Fluid overload in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with early goal-directed therapy is associated with increased acute need for fluid-related medical interventions and hospital death. Shock 43:68–73 PubMedPubMedCentral Kelm DJ, Perrin JT, Cartin-Ceba R, Gajic O, Schenck L, Kenned CC (2015) Fluid overload in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with early goal-directed therapy is associated with increased acute need for fluid-related medical interventions and hospital death. Shock 43:68–73 PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada T, Walley KR, Russell JA (2011) Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: A positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 39:259–265 PubMed Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada T, Walley KR, Russell JA (2011) Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: A positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 39:259–265 PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Acheampong A, Vincent JL (2015) A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 16:251 Acheampong A, Vincent JL (2015) A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 16:251
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettilä V et al (2016) Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: the CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med 42:1695–1705 PubMed Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettilä V et al (2016) Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: the CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med 42:1695–1705 PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hjortrup PB, Haas N, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Bundgaard H, Rasmussen BS, Dey N, Wilkman E, Christensen L, Lodahl D, Bestle M, Perner A (2017) Effects of fluid restriction on measures of circulatory efficacy in adults with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 61:390–398 PubMed Hjortrup PB, Haas N, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Bundgaard H, Rasmussen BS, Dey N, Wilkman E, Christensen L, Lodahl D, Bestle M, Perner A (2017) Effects of fluid restriction on measures of circulatory efficacy in adults with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 61:390–398 PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat LeDoux D, Astiz ME, Carpati CM et al (2000) Effects of perfusion pres sure on tissue perfusion in septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2729–2732 PubMed LeDoux D, Astiz ME, Carpati CM et al (2000) Effects of perfusion pres sure on tissue perfusion in septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2729–2732 PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourgoin A, Leone M, Delmas A et al (2005) Increasing mean arterial pres sure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function. Crit Care Med 33:780–786 PubMed Bourgoin A, Leone M, Delmas A et al (2005) Increasing mean arterial pres sure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function. Crit Care Med 33:780–786 PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Thooft A, Favory R, Salgado DR et al (2011) Effects of changes in arterial pressure on organ perfusion during septic shock. Crit Care 15:R222 PubMedPubMedCentral Thooft A, Favory R, Salgado DR et al (2011) Effects of changes in arterial pressure on organ perfusion during septic shock. Crit Care 15:R222 PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Zurück zum Zitat SEPSISPAM Investigators, Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF et al (2014) High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1583–1593 SEPSISPAM Investigators, Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF et al (2014) High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1583–1593
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Höbert PC et al (2016) Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vaso pressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42:542–550 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Höbert PC et al (2016) Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vaso pressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42:542–550
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy B (2006) Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:315–321 PubMed Levy B (2006) Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:315–321 PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Casserly B, Phillips GS, Schorr C et al (2015) Lactate measurements in sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion: results from the Surviving Sep sis Campaign database. Crit Care Med 43:567–573 PubMed Casserly B, Phillips GS, Schorr C et al (2015) Lactate measurements in sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion: results from the Surviving Sep sis Campaign database. Crit Care Med 43:567–573 PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat LACTATE study group, Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ et al (2010) Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:752–761 LACTATE study group, Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ et al (2010) Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:752–761
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet) Investigators, Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S et al (2010) Lactate Clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 303:739–746 Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet) Investigators, Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S et al (2010) Lactate Clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 303:739–746
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyu X, Xu Q, Cai G et al (2015) Efficacies of fluid resuscitation as guided by lactate Clearance rate and central venous oxygen saturation in patients with septic shock. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95:496–500 PubMed Lyu X, Xu Q, Cai G et al (2015) Efficacies of fluid resuscitation as guided by lactate Clearance rate and central venous oxygen saturation in patients with septic shock. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95:496–500 PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian HH, Han SS, Lv CJ et al (2012) The effect of early goal lactate clear ance rate on the Outcome of septic shock patients with severe pneumonia. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 24:42–45 PubMed Tian HH, Han SS, Lv CJ et al (2012) The effect of early goal lactate clear ance rate on the Outcome of septic shock patients with severe pneumonia. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 24:42–45 PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu B, Tian HY, Hu ZJ et al (2013) Comparison of the effect of fluid resusci tation as guided either by lactate Clearance rate or by central venous oxygen saturation in patients with sepsis. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 25:578–583 Yu B, Tian HY, Hu ZJ et al (2013) Comparison of the effect of fluid resusci tation as guided either by lactate Clearance rate or by central venous oxygen saturation in patients with sepsis. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 25:578–583
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu WJ, Zhang Z, Bakker J (2015) Early lactate Clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 41:1862–1863 PubMed Gu WJ, Zhang Z, Bakker J (2015) Early lactate Clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 41:1862–1863 PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson SQ, Gaines M, Hussein Y et al (2016) Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: a living systematic review. J Crit Care 36:43–48 PubMed Simpson SQ, Gaines M, Hussein Y et al (2016) Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: a living systematic review. J Crit Care 36:43–48 PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP (2015) Foreword. The future of sepsis performance improve ment. Crit Care Med 43:1787–1789 PubMed Dellinger RP (2015) Foreword. The future of sepsis performance improve ment. Crit Care Med 43:1787–1789 PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy DJ, Ogbu OC, Coopersmith CM (2015) ICU director data: using data to assess value, inform local change, and relate to the external world. Chest 147:1168–1178 PubMedPubMedCentral Murphy DJ, Ogbu OC, Coopersmith CM (2015) ICU director data: using data to assess value, inform local change, and relate to the external world. Chest 147:1168–1178 PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Black MD, Schorr C, Levy MM (2012) Knowledge translation and the multi faceted intervention in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 40:1324–1328 PubMed Black MD, Schorr C, Levy MM (2012) Knowledge translation and the multi faceted intervention in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 40:1324–1328 PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatewood MO, Wemple M, Greco S et al (2015) A quality improvement project to improve early sepsis care in the emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf 24:787–795 PubMed Gatewood MO, Wemple M, Greco S et al (2015) A quality improvement project to improve early sepsis care in the emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf 24:787–795 PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden GE, Tuuri RE, Scott R et al (2016) Triage sepsis alert and sepsis protocol lower times to fluids and antibiotics in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 34(1):1–9 PubMed Hayden GE, Tuuri RE, Scott R et al (2016) Triage sepsis alert and sepsis protocol lower times to fluids and antibiotics in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 34(1):1–9 PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones SL, Ashton CM, Kiehne L et al (2015) Reductions in sepsis mortality and costs after design and implementation of a nurse-based early recognition and response program. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 41:483–491 PubMedPubMedCentral Jones SL, Ashton CM, Kiehne L et al (2015) Reductions in sepsis mortality and costs after design and implementation of a nurse-based early recognition and response program. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 41:483–491 PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Damiani E, Donati A, Serafini G et al (2015) Effect of performance improve ment programs on compliance with sepsis bundles and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE 10:e125827 PubMedPubMedCentral Damiani E, Donati A, Serafini G et al (2015) Effect of performance improve ment programs on compliance with sepsis bundles and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE 10:e125827 PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R et al (2015) The surviving sepsis campaign bundles and outcome: results from the international multicentre prevalence study on sepsis (the IMpreSS study). Intensive Care Med 41:1620–1628 PubMed Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R et al (2015) The surviving sepsis campaign bundles and outcome: results from the international multicentre prevalence study on sepsis (the IMpreSS study). Intensive Care Med 41:1620–1628 PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Zadroga R, Williams DN, Gottschall R et al (2013) Comparison of 2 blood culture media shows significant differences in bacterial recovery for patients on antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 56:790–797 PubMed Zadroga R, Williams DN, Gottschall R et al (2013) Comparison of 2 blood culture media shows significant differences in bacterial recovery for patients on antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 56:790–797 PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS (2001) Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment. Pediatrics 108:1169–1174 PubMed Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS (2001) Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment. Pediatrics 108:1169–1174 PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollack LA, van Santen KL, Weiner LM et al (2016) Antibiotic stewardship programs in U.S. acute care hospitals: findings from the 2014 national healthcare safety network annual hospital survey. Clin Infect Dis 63:443–449 PubMed Pollack LA, van Santen KL, Weiner LM et al (2016) Antibiotic stewardship programs in U.S. acute care hospitals: findings from the 2014 national healthcare safety network annual hospital survey. Clin Infect Dis 63:443–449 PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardoso T, Carneiro AH, Ribeiro O et al (2010) Reducing mortality in severe sepsis with the implementation of a core 6‑hour bundle: results from the Portuguese community-acquired sepsis study (SACiUCI study). Crit Care 14:R83 PubMedPubMedCentral Cardoso T, Carneiro AH, Ribeiro O et al (2010) Reducing mortality in severe sepsis with the implementation of a core 6‑hour bundle: results from the Portuguese community-acquired sepsis study (SACiUCI study). Crit Care 14:R83 PubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Zurück zum Zitat De Sousa AG, Fernandes JCJ, Santos GPD et al (2008) The impact of each action in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign measures on hospital mortality of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. Einstein 6(3):323–327 De Sousa AG, Fernandes JCJ, Santos GPD et al (2008) The impact of each action in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign measures on hospital mortality of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. Einstein 6(3):323–327
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss CH, Persell SD, Wunderink RG et al (2012) Empiric antibiotic, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter duration as potential factors mediating the effect of a checklist prompting intervention on mortality: an exploratory analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 12:198 PubMedPubMedCentral Weiss CH, Persell SD, Wunderink RG et al (2012) Empiric antibiotic, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter duration as potential factors mediating the effect of a checklist prompting intervention on mortality: an exploratory analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 12:198 PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Edusepsis Study Group, Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D et al (2009) Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:861–866 Edusepsis Study Group, Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D et al (2009) Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:861–866
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al (2006) Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34:1589–1596 PubMed Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al (2006) Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34:1589–1596 PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Murphy JR et al (1983) The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis 5:35–53 PubMed Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Murphy JR et al (1983) The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis 5:35–53 PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Plorde JJ, Carlson LG (1994) Effects of volume and periodicity on blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 32:2829–2831 PubMedPubMedCentral Li J, Plorde JJ, Carlson LG (1994) Effects of volume and periodicity on blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 32:2829–2831 PubMedPubMedCentral
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP et al (2013) A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis 57:e22–e121 PubMed Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP et al (2013) A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis 57:e22–e121 PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA et al (2011) Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC): guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 52:e162–e193 PubMedPubMedCentral O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA et al (2011) Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC): guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 52:e162–e193 PubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G et al (1998) Earlier positivity of centralvenous- versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 36:105–109 PubMedPubMedCentral Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G et al (1998) Earlier positivity of centralvenous- versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 36:105–109 PubMedPubMedCentral
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Hellmich M et al (2014) Differential time to positivity is not predictive for central line-related Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in routine clinical care. J Infect 68:58–61 PubMed Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Hellmich M et al (2014) Differential time to positivity is not predictive for central line-related Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in routine clinical care. J Infect 68:58–61 PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Malgrange VB, Escande MC, Theobald S (2001) Validity of earlier positivity of central venous blood cultures in comparison with peripheral blood cultures for diagnosing catheter-related bacteremia in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 39:274–278 PubMedPubMedCentral Malgrange VB, Escande MC, Theobald S (2001) Validity of earlier positivity of central venous blood cultures in comparison with peripheral blood cultures for diagnosing catheter-related bacteremia in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 39:274–278 PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG et al (2008) American College of Critical Care Medicine; Infectious Diseases Society of America: guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med 36:1330–1349 PubMed O’Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG et al (2008) American College of Critical Care Medicine; Infectious Diseases Society of America: guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med 36:1330–1349 PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E et al (2009) Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 49:1–45 PubMed Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E et al (2009) Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 49:1–45 PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce JM, Nadeau J, Dumigan D et al (2013) Obtaining blood cultures by venipuncture versus from central lines: impact on blood culture contamination rates and potential effect on central line-associated bloodstream infection reporting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34:1042–1047 PubMed Boyce JM, Nadeau J, Dumigan D et al (2013) Obtaining blood cultures by venipuncture versus from central lines: impact on blood culture contamination rates and potential effect on central line-associated bloodstream infection reporting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34:1042–1047 PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Beekmann SE, Diekema DJ, Huskins WC et al (2012) Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network: diagnosing and reporting of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33:875–882 PubMed Beekmann SE, Diekema DJ, Huskins WC et al (2012) Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network: diagnosing and reporting of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33:875–882 PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia RA, Spitzer ED, Beaudry J et al (2015) Multidisciplinary team review of best practices for collection and handling of blood cultures to determine effective interventions for increasing the yield of truepositive bacteremias, reducing contamination, and eliminating falsepositive central line-associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 43(11):1222–1237 PubMed Garcia RA, Spitzer ED, Beaudry J et al (2015) Multidisciplinary team review of best practices for collection and handling of blood cultures to determine effective interventions for increasing the yield of truepositive bacteremias, reducing contamination, and eliminating falsepositive central line-associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 43(11):1222–1237 PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent JL, Brealey D, Libert N et al (2015) Rapid diagnosis of infections in the critically ill team: rapid diagnosis of infection in the critically ill, a multicenter study of molecular detection in bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and sterile site infections. Crit Care Med 43:2283–2291 PubMedPubMedCentral Vincent JL, Brealey D, Libert N et al (2015) Rapid diagnosis of infections in the critically ill team: rapid diagnosis of infection in the critically ill, a multicenter study of molecular detection in bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and sterile site infections. Crit Care Med 43:2283–2291 PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Makristathis A, Riss S, Hirschl AM (2014) A novel fluorescence in situ hybridization test for rapid pathogen identification in positive blood cultures. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:O760–O763 PubMed Makristathis A, Riss S, Hirschl AM (2014) A novel fluorescence in situ hybridization test for rapid pathogen identification in positive blood cultures. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:O760–O763 PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Tissari P, Zumla A, Tarkka E et al (2010) Accurate and rapid identification of bacterial species from positive blood cultures with a DNA-based microarray platform: an observational study. Lancet 375:224–230 PubMed Tissari P, Zumla A, Tarkka E et al (2010) Accurate and rapid identification of bacterial species from positive blood cultures with a DNA-based microarray platform: an observational study. Lancet 375:224–230 PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB et al (2015) Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 163:768–779 PubMed Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB et al (2015) Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 163:768–779 PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G et al (2014) Empiric antibiotic treat ment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med 42:1749–1755 PubMed Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G et al (2014) Empiric antibiotic treat ment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med 42:1749–1755 PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang D, Micek ST, Kollef MH (2015) Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent determinant of postinfection ICU and hospital lengths of stay in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 43:2133–2140 PubMed Zhang D, Micek ST, Kollef MH (2015) Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent determinant of postinfection ICU and hospital lengths of stay in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 43:2133–2140 PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group, Bagshaw SM, Lapinsky S, Dial S et al (2009) Acute kidney injury in septic shock: clinical Outcomes and impact of dura tion of hypotension prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Intensive Care Med 35:871–881 Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group, Bagshaw SM, Lapinsky S, Dial S et al (2009) Acute kidney injury in septic shock: clinical Outcomes and impact of dura tion of hypotension prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Intensive Care Med 35:871–881
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Iscimen R, Cartin-Ceba R, Yilmaz M et al (2008) Risk factors for the devel opment of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: an observa tional cohort study. Crit Care Med 36:1518–1522 PubMed Iscimen R, Cartin-Ceba R, Yilmaz M et al (2008) Risk factors for the devel opment of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: an observa tional cohort study. Crit Care Med 36:1518–1522 PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabo-Pallas T, Garnacho-Montero C et al (2006) Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of out come than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 10:R111 PubMedPubMedCentral Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabo-Pallas T, Garnacho-Montero C et al (2006) Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of out come than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 10:R111 PubMedPubMedCentral
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Shou J et al (2005) Influence of antibiotic therapy on mortality of critical surgical illness caused or complicated by infection. Surg Infect 6:41–54 Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Shou J et al (2005) Influence of antibiotic therapy on mortality of critical surgical illness caused or complicated by infection. Surg Infect 6:41–54
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D et al (2010) Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. Crit Care Med 38:668–678 PubMedPubMedCentral Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D et al (2010) Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. Crit Care Med 38:668–678 PubMedPubMedCentral
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA et al (2010) Impact of time to antibiot ics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med 38:1045–1053 PubMed Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA et al (2010) Impact of time to antibiot ics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med 38:1045–1053 PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A (2016) Systematic bias in meta-analyses of time to antimicrobial in sepsis studies. Crit Care Med 44:e234–e235 PubMed Kumar A (2016) Systematic bias in meta-analyses of time to antimicrobial in sepsis studies. Crit Care Med 44:e234–e235 PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Shirakura Y, Kuriyama A (2016) Timing of antibiotic administration in sepsis and septic shock: the impact that a meta-analysis does not depict. Crit Care Med 44:e1004 PubMed Shirakura Y, Kuriyama A (2016) Timing of antibiotic administration in sepsis and septic shock: the impact that a meta-analysis does not depict. Crit Care Med 44:e1004 PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat preSABATO study group, Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Kuetscher J et al (2013) Delay in the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in Staphy lococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a prospective multicenter hospital-based cohort study. Infection 41:979–985 preSABATO study group, Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Kuetscher J et al (2013) Delay in the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in Staphy lococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a prospective multicenter hospital-based cohort study. Infection 41:979–985
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Corona A, Bertolini G, Lipman J et al (2010) Antibiotic use and impact on Outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1276–1285 PubMed Corona A, Bertolini G, Lipman J et al (2010) Antibiotic use and impact on Outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1276–1285 PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Giner AM, Kuster SP, Zbinden R et al (2011) Initial management of and Outcome in patients with pneumococcal bacteremia: a retrospec tive study at a Swiss university hospital, 2003–2009. Infection 39:519–526 PubMed Giner AM, Kuster SP, Zbinden R et al (2011) Initial management of and Outcome in patients with pneumococcal bacteremia: a retrospec tive study at a Swiss university hospital, 2003–2009. Infection 39:519–526 PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin MY, Weinstein RA, Hota B (2008) Delay of active antimicrobial therapy and mortality among patients with bacteremia: impact of severe neu tropenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3188–3194 PubMedPubMedCentral Lin MY, Weinstein RA, Hota B (2008) Delay of active antimicrobial therapy and mortality among patients with bacteremia: impact of severe neu tropenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3188–3194 PubMedPubMedCentral
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Amaral AC, Fowler RA, Pinto R et al (2016) Cooperative antimicrobial therapy of septic shock database research group: patient and organizational factors associated with delays in antimicrobial therapy for septic shock. Crit Care Med 44:2145–2153 PubMed Amaral AC, Fowler RA, Pinto R et al (2016) Cooperative antimicrobial therapy of septic shock database research group: patient and organizational factors associated with delays in antimicrobial therapy for septic shock. Crit Care Med 44:2145–2153 PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Funk DJ, Kumar A (2011) Antimicrobial therapy for life-threatening infections: speed is life. Crit Care Clin 27:53–76 PubMed Funk DJ, Kumar A (2011) Antimicrobial therapy for life-threatening infections: speed is life. Crit Care Clin 27:53–76 PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Petitpas F, Guenezan J, Vendeuvre T et al (2016) Use of intra-osseous access in adults: a systematic review. Crit Care 20:102 PubMedPubMedCentral Petitpas F, Guenezan J, Vendeuvre T et al (2016) Use of intra-osseous access in adults: a systematic review. Crit Care 20:102 PubMedPubMedCentral
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Buck ML, Wiggins BS, Sesler JM (2007) Intraosseous drug administration in children and adults during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Pharmacother 41:1679–1686 PubMed Buck ML, Wiggins BS, Sesler JM (2007) Intraosseous drug administration in children and adults during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Pharmacother 41:1679–1686 PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Romanelli G, Cravarezza P (1995) Intramuscular meropenem in the treat ment of bacterial infections of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts. Italian Intramuscular Meropenem Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 36(Suppl A):109–119 PubMed Romanelli G, Cravarezza P (1995) Intramuscular meropenem in the treat ment of bacterial infections of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts. Italian Intramuscular Meropenem Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 36(Suppl A):109–119 PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Cormio L, Berardi B, Callea A et al (2002) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostatic biopsy: a prospective study of ciprofloxacin vs piperacillin/tazobactam. BJU Int 90:700–702 PubMed Cormio L, Berardi B, Callea A et al (2002) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostatic biopsy: a prospective study of ciprofloxacin vs piperacillin/tazobactam. BJU Int 90:700–702 PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbhaiya RH, Knupp CA, Tenney J et al (1990) Safety, tolerance, and phar-macokinetics of cefepime administered intramuscularly to healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 30:900–910 PubMed Barbhaiya RH, Knupp CA, Tenney J et al (1990) Safety, tolerance, and phar-macokinetics of cefepime administered intramuscularly to healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 30:900–910 PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y et al (2009) Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock Database Research Group: initiation of inappropri ate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136:1237–1248 PubMed Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y et al (2009) Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock Database Research Group: initiation of inappropri ate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136:1237–1248 PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S et al (2000) The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient out comes in the ICU setting. Chest 118:146–155 PubMed Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S et al (2000) The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient out comes in the ICU setting. Chest 118:146–155 PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E et al (2010) Systematic review and meta-analy sis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4851–4863 PubMedPubMedCentral Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E et al (2010) Systematic review and meta-analy sis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4851–4863 PubMedPubMedCentral
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreger BE, Craven DE, McCabe WR (1980) Gram-negative bacteremia. IV. Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment in 612 patients. Am J Med 68:344–355 PubMed Kreger BE, Craven DE, McCabe WR (1980) Gram-negative bacteremia. IV. Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment in 612 patients. Am J Med 68:344–355 PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Mermel LA, Maki DG (1993) Detection of bacteremia in adults: conse quences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood. Ann Intern Med 119:270–272 PubMed Mermel LA, Maki DG (1993) Detection of bacteremia in adults: conse quences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood. Ann Intern Med 119:270–272 PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Bow EJ, Evans G, Fuller J et al (2010) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for invasive candidiasis in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 21:e122–e150 PubMedPubMedCentral Bow EJ, Evans G, Fuller J et al (2010) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for invasive candidiasis in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 21:e122–e150 PubMedPubMedCentral
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly S (2011) Clinical practice guidelines: burn patient management. ACI statewide burn injury service. NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, Chatswood Connolly S (2011) Clinical practice guidelines: burn patient management. ACI statewide burn injury service. NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, Chatswood
132.
Zurück zum Zitat ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group, Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T et al (2012) ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and manage ment of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl 7):19–37 ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group, Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T et al (2012) ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and manage ment of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl 7):19–37
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M et al (2016) Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the American thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis 63:e61–e111 PubMedPubMedCentral Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M et al (2016) Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the American thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis 63:e61–e111 PubMedPubMedCentral
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE et al (2011) Infectious Diseases Society of America: clinical practice guidelines by the infectious dis eases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 52:e18–e55 PubMed Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE et al (2011) Infectious Diseases Society of America: clinical practice guidelines by the infectious dis eases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 52:e18–e55 PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR et al (2016) Clinical practice guideline for the management of Candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 62:e1–e50 PubMed Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR et al (2016) Clinical practice guideline for the management of Candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 62:e1–e50 PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Penack O, Becker C, Buchheidt D et al (2014) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: 2014 updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO). Ann Hematol 93:1083–1095 PubMedPubMedCentral Penack O, Becker C, Buchheidt D et al (2014) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: 2014 updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO). Ann Hematol 93:1083–1095 PubMedPubMedCentral
137.
Zurück zum Zitat German Society of Hematology and Oncology, Penack O, Buchheidt D, Christopeit M et al (2011) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: guidelines from the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology. Ann Oncol 22:1019–1029 German Society of Hematology and Oncology, Penack O, Buchheidt D, Christopeit M et al (2011) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: guidelines from the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology. Ann Oncol 22:1019–1029
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS et al (2010) Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guide lines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Surg Infect 11:79–109 Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS et al (2010) Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guide lines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Surg Infect 11:79–109
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al (2014) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis 59:147–159 PubMed Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al (2014) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis 59:147–159 PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J et al (2010) Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved Outcome against sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1742–1748 PubMedPubMedCentral Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J et al (2010) Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved Outcome against sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1742–1748 PubMedPubMedCentral
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM et al (1994) Candida colonization and sub sequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220:751–758 PubMedPubMedCentral Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM et al (1994) Candida colonization and sub sequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220:751–758 PubMedPubMedCentral
142.
Zurück zum Zitat National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey(NEMIS) Study Group, Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM et al (2001) Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 33:177–186 National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey(NEMIS) Study Group, Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM et al (2001) Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 33:177–186
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Green DL (2005) Selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen for hospital acquired pneumonia using a unit and culture-type specific antibio gram. J Intensive Care Med 20:296–301 PubMed Green DL (2005) Selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen for hospital acquired pneumonia using a unit and culture-type specific antibio gram. J Intensive Care Med 20:296–301 PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman D, Haas CE, Edinger R et al (1998) Antibiotic susceptibility in the surgical intensive care unit compared with the hospital-wide antibio gram. Arch Surg 133:1041–1045 PubMed Kaufman D, Haas CE, Edinger R et al (1998) Antibiotic susceptibility in the surgical intensive care unit compared with the hospital-wide antibio gram. Arch Surg 133:1041–1045 PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerremans JJ, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC (2012) Frequency of microbio logically correct antibiotic therapy increased by infectious disease consultations and microbiological results. J Clin Microbiol 50:2066–2068 PubMedPubMedCentral Kerremans JJ, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC (2012) Frequency of microbio logically correct antibiotic therapy increased by infectious disease consultations and microbiological results. J Clin Microbiol 50:2066–2068 PubMedPubMedCentral
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo Y, Gao W, Yang H et al (2016) De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: A meta-analysis. Heart Lung 45:454–459 PubMed Guo Y, Gao W, Yang H et al (2016) De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: A meta-analysis. Heart Lung 45:454–459 PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Working Group IAP/APA (2013) Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines: IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 13(4):e1–e15 Working Group IAP/APA (2013) Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines: IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 13(4):e1–e15
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J et al (2011) Systematic review and meta analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 46:261–270 PubMed Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J et al (2011) Systematic review and meta analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 46:261–270 PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD et al (2010) Prophylactic antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340:c241 PubMedPubMedCentral Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD et al (2010) Prophylactic antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340:c241 PubMedPubMedCentral
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS (1984) Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Med 77:657–662 PubMed Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS (1984) Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Med 77:657–662 PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Men P, Li HB, Zhai SD et al (2016) Association between the AUC0-24/MIC ratio of vancomycin and its clinical effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11:e146224 PubMedPubMedCentral Men P, Li HB, Zhai SD et al (2016) Association between the AUC0-24/MIC ratio of vancomycin and its clinical effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11:e146224 PubMedPubMedCentral
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC et al (2004) Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:925–942 PubMed Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC et al (2004) Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:925–942 PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock-CATSS Database Research Group, Zelenitsky S, Rubinstein E, Ariano R et al (2013) Vancomycin pharmacodynamics and survival in patients with meth icillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated septic shock. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41:255–260 Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock-CATSS Database Research Group, Zelenitsky S, Rubinstein E, Ariano R et al (2013) Vancomycin pharmacodynamics and survival in patients with meth icillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated septic shock. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41:255–260
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH et al (1993) Pharmacodynamics of intra venous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1073–1081 PubMedPubMedCentral Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH et al (1993) Pharmacodynamics of intra venous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1073–1081 PubMedPubMedCentral
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Preston SL, Drusano GL, Berman AL et al (1998) Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin: a new paradigm for early clinical trials. JAMA 279:125–129 PubMed Preston SL, Drusano GL, Berman AL et al (1998) Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin: a new paradigm for early clinical trials. JAMA 279:125–129 PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C et al (2004) Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory con centration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 189:1590–1597 PubMed Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C et al (2004) Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory con centration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 189:1590–1597 PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL et al (1999) Optimizing aminogly coside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:623–629 PubMedPubMedCentral Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL et al (1999) Optimizing aminogly coside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:623–629 PubMedPubMedCentral
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Schentag JJ, Smith IL, Swanson DJ et al (1984) Role for dual individualiza tion with cefmenoxime. Am J Med 77:43–50 PubMed Schentag JJ, Smith IL, Swanson DJ et al (1984) Role for dual individualiza tion with cefmenoxime. Am J Med 77:43–50 PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Crandon JL, Bulik CC, Kuti JL et al (2010) Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1111–1116 PubMed Crandon JL, Bulik CC, Kuti JL et al (2010) Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1111–1116 PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ (2008) Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T〉MIC) as predictors of Outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31:345–351 PubMed McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ (2008) Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T〉MIC) as predictors of Outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31:345–351 PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Davis JS et al (2016) Continuous versus intermittent β‑Lactam infusion in severe sepsis. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194:681–691 PubMed Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Davis JS et al (2016) Continuous versus intermittent β‑Lactam infusion in severe sepsis. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194:681–691 PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC et al (1996) Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ 312:338–345 PubMedPubMedCentral Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC et al (1996) Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ 312:338–345 PubMedPubMedCentral
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ (1996) Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 124:717–725 PubMed Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ (1996) Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 124:717–725 PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat van Zanten AR, Polderman KH, van Geijlswijk IM et al (2008) Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 23:422–430 PubMed van Zanten AR, Polderman KH, van Geijlswijk IM et al (2008) Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 23:422–430 PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Zelenitsky SA, Ariano RE (2010) Support for higher ciprofloxacin AUC 24/MIC targets in treating Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1725–1732 PubMed Zelenitsky SA, Ariano RE (2010) Support for higher ciprofloxacin AUC 24/MIC targets in treating Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1725–1732 PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP et al (2003) High-dose, short course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treat ment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 37:752–760 PubMed Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP et al (2003) High-dose, short course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treat ment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 37:752–760 PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC et al (2009) Vancomycin thera peutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Clin Infect Dis 49:325–327 PubMed Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC et al (2009) Vancomycin thera peutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Clin Infect Dis 49:325–327 PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsumoto K, Takesue Y, Ohmagari N et al (2013) Practice guide lines for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: a consensus review of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. J Infect Chemother 19:365–380 PubMed Matsumoto K, Takesue Y, Ohmagari N et al (2013) Practice guide lines for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: a consensus review of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. J Infect Chemother 19:365–380 PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinmetz T, Eliakim-Raz N, Goldberg E et al (2015) Association of van comycin serum concentrations with efficacy in patients with MRSA infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 21:665–673 PubMed Steinmetz T, Eliakim-Raz N, Goldberg E et al (2015) Association of van comycin serum concentrations with efficacy in patients with MRSA infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 21:665–673 PubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D et al (2012) Application of a load ing dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: popula tion pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4241–4249 PubMedPubMedCentral Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D et al (2012) Application of a load ing dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: popula tion pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4241–4249 PubMedPubMedCentral
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Pea F, Brollo L, Viale P et al (2003) Teicoplanin therapeutic drug moni toring in critically ill patients: a retrospective study emphasizing the importance of a loading dose. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:971–975 PubMed Pea F, Brollo L, Viale P et al (2003) Teicoplanin therapeutic drug moni toring in critically ill patients: a retrospective study emphasizing the importance of a loading dose. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:971–975 PubMed
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Pea F, Viale P (2009) Bench-to-bedside review: appropriate antibiotic ther apy in severe sepsis and septic shock—does the dose matter? Crit Care 13:214 PubMedPubMedCentral Pea F, Viale P (2009) Bench-to-bedside review: appropriate antibiotic ther apy in severe sepsis and septic shock—does the dose matter? Crit Care 13:214 PubMedPubMedCentral
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang JT, Fang CT, Chen YC et al (2001) Necessity of a loading dose when using vancomycin in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 47:246 PubMed Wang JT, Fang CT, Chen YC et al (2001) Necessity of a loading dose when using vancomycin in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 47:246 PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A (2014) An alternate pathophysiologic paradigm of sepsis and sep tic shock: implications for optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Virulence 5:80–97 PubMed Kumar A (2014) An alternate pathophysiologic paradigm of sepsis and sep tic shock: implications for optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Virulence 5:80–97 PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes NJ, MacVane SH, Kuti JL et al (2014) Impact of loading doses on the time to adequate predicted beta-lactam concentrations in prolonged and continuous infusion dosing schemes. Clin Infect Dis 59:905–907 PubMed Rhodes NJ, MacVane SH, Kuti JL et al (2014) Impact of loading doses on the time to adequate predicted beta-lactam concentrations in prolonged and continuous infusion dosing schemes. Clin Infect Dis 59:905–907 PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Lodise TP Jr, Lomaestro B, Drusano GL (2007) Piperacillin-tazobactam for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. Clin Infect Dis 44:357–363 PubMed Lodise TP Jr, Lomaestro B, Drusano GL (2007) Piperacillin-tazobactam for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. Clin Infect Dis 44:357–363 PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Yost RJ, Cappelletty DM, RECEIPT Study group (2011) The retrospective cohort of extended-infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study. Pharmacotherapy 31:767–775 PubMed Yost RJ, Cappelletty DM, RECEIPT Study group (2011) The retrospective cohort of extended-infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study. Pharmacotherapy 31:767–775 PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K et al (2013) Clinical Outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 56:272–282 PubMed Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K et al (2013) Clinical Outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 56:272–282 PubMed
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Yusuf E, Spapen H, Piörard D (2014) Prolonged vs intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill patients: a narrative and sys tematic review. J Crit Care 29:1089–1095 PubMed Yusuf E, Spapen H, Piörard D (2014) Prolonged vs intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill patients: a narrative and sys tematic review. J Crit Care 29:1089–1095 PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Mah GT, Mabasa VH, Chow I et al (2012) Evaluating Outcomes associated with alternative dosing strategies for piperacillin/tazobactam: a quali tative systematic review. Ann Pharmacother 46:265–275 PubMed Mah GT, Mabasa VH, Chow I et al (2012) Evaluating Outcomes associated with alternative dosing strategies for piperacillin/tazobactam: a quali tative systematic review. Ann Pharmacother 46:265–275 PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Blot S, Koulenti D, Akova M et al (2014) Does contemporary vancomy cin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study. Crit Care 18:R99 PubMedPubMedCentral Blot S, Koulenti D, Akova M et al (2014) Does contemporary vancomy cin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study. Crit Care 18:R99 PubMedPubMedCentral
183.
Zurück zum Zitat DALI Study, Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M et al (2014) DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current β‑lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis 58:1072–1083 DALI Study, Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M et al (2014) DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current β‑lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis 58:1072–1083
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Taccone FS, Laterre PF, Spapen H et al (2010) Revisiting the loading dose of amikacin for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 14:R53 PubMedPubMedCentral Taccone FS, Laterre PF, Spapen H et al (2010) Revisiting the loading dose of amikacin for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 14:R53 PubMedPubMedCentral
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Rea RS, Capitano B, Bies R et al (2008) Suboptimal aminoglycoside dos ing in critically ill patients. Ther Drug Monit 30:674–681 PubMed Rea RS, Capitano B, Bies R et al (2008) Suboptimal aminoglycoside dos ing in critically ill patients. Ther Drug Monit 30:674–681 PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S et al (2010) A survival benefit of combina tion antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: a meta-ana lytic/meta-regression study. Crit Care Med 38:1651–1664 PubMed Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S et al (2010) A survival benefit of combina tion antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: a meta-ana lytic/meta-regression study. Crit Care Med 38:1651–1664 PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B et al (2010) Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group: Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 38:1773–1785 PubMed Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B et al (2010) Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group: Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 38:1773–1785 PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Hasan MN, Wilson JW, Lahr BD et al (2009) Beta-lactam and fluoro quinolone combination antibiotic therapy for bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1386–1394 PubMedPubMedCentral Al-Hasan MN, Wilson JW, Lahr BD et al (2009) Beta-lactam and fluoro quinolone combination antibiotic therapy for bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1386–1394 PubMedPubMedCentral
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Delannoy PY, Boussekey N, Devos P et al (2012) Impact of combination therapy with aminoglycosides on the outcome of ICU-acquired bac teraemias. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:2293–2299 PubMedPubMedCentral Delannoy PY, Boussekey N, Devos P et al (2012) Impact of combination therapy with aminoglycosides on the outcome of ICU-acquired bac teraemias. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:2293–2299 PubMedPubMedCentral
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Edusepsis Study Group, Díaz-Martín A, Martínez-González ML, Ferrer R et al (2012) Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: combination of antimicrobials with different mecha nisms of action reduces mortality. Crit Care 16:R223 Edusepsis Study Group, Díaz-Martín A, Martínez-González ML, Ferrer R et al (2012) Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: combination of antimicrobials with different mecha nisms of action reduces mortality. Crit Care 16:R223
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al (2010) Combination antibi otic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 36:612–620 PubMed Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al (2010) Combination antibi otic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 36:612–620 PubMed
192.
Zurück zum Zitat German Study Group Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet), Brunkhorst FM, Oppert M, Marx G et al (2012) Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized trial. JAMA 307:2390–2399 German Study Group Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet), Brunkhorst FM, Oppert M, Marx G et al (2012) Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized trial. JAMA 307:2390–2399
193.
Zurück zum Zitat CAPUCI Study Group, Rodríguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM et al (2007) Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med 35:1493–1498 CAPUCI Study Group, Rodríguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM et al (2007) Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med 35:1493–1498
194.
Zurück zum Zitat International Pneumococcal Study Group, Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP et al (2004) Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:440–444 International Pneumococcal Study Group, Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP et al (2004) Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:440–444
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilf M, Yu VL, Sharp J et al (1989) Antibiotic therapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 87:540–546 PubMed Hilf M, Yu VL, Sharp J et al (1989) Antibiotic therapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 87:540–546 PubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C et al (2012) Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapen emase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination ther apy. Clin Infect Dis 55:943–950 PubMed Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C et al (2012) Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapen emase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination ther apy. Clin Infect Dis 55:943–950 PubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Bass SN, Bauer SR, Neuner EA et al (2015) Impact of combination antimi crobial therapy on mortality risk for critically ill patients with carbape nem-resistant bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:3748–3753 PubMedPubMedCentral Bass SN, Bauer SR, Neuner EA et al (2015) Impact of combination antimi crobial therapy on mortality risk for critically ill patients with carbape nem-resistant bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:3748–3753 PubMedPubMedCentral
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Poulikakos P, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME (2014) Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, exten sively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infec tions: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:1675–1685 PubMed Poulikakos P, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME (2014) Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, exten sively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infec tions: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:1675–1685 PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P et al (2014) Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: sys tematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:654–663 PubMedPubMedCentral Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P et al (2014) Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: sys tematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:654–663 PubMedPubMedCentral
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu Y, Li L, Li W et al (2013) Combination antibiotic therapy versus mono therapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a meta-analysis of retrospective and prospective studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 42:492–496 PubMed Hu Y, Li L, Li W et al (2013) Combination antibiotic therapy versus mono therapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a meta-analysis of retrospective and prospective studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 42:492–496 PubMed
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Bliziotis IA et al (2013) β‑Lactam plus amino glycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus β‑lactam mono therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41:301–310 PubMed Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Bliziotis IA et al (2013) β‑Lactam plus amino glycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus β‑lactam mono therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41:301–310 PubMed
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J et al (1989) Severe group A strepto coccal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 321:1–7 PubMed Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J et al (1989) Severe group A strepto coccal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 321:1–7 PubMed
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimbelman J, Palmer A, Todd J (1999) Improved outcome of clindamy cin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18:1096–1100 PubMed Zimbelman J, Palmer A, Todd J (1999) Improved outcome of clindamy cin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18:1096–1100 PubMed
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG (2004) Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A metaanalysis. Lancet Infect Dis 4:519–527 PubMed Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG (2004) Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A metaanalysis. Lancet Infect Dis 4:519–527 PubMed
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul M, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2003) Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for fever with neutropenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 326:1111 PubMedPubMedCentral Paul M, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2003) Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for fever with neutropenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 326:1111 PubMedPubMedCentral
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Morel J, Casoetto J, Jospö R et al (2010) De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management. A retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care 14:R225 PubMedPubMedCentral Morel J, Casoetto J, Jospö R et al (2010) De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management. A retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care 14:R225 PubMedPubMedCentral
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Joung MK, Lee JA, Moon SY et al (2011) Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical Outcomes for intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care 15:R79 PubMedPubMedCentral Joung MK, Lee JA, Moon SY et al (2011) Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical Outcomes for intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care 15:R79 PubMedPubMedCentral
209.
Zurück zum Zitat AZUREA Network Investigators, Leone M, Bechis C, Baumstarck K et al (2014) De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1399–1408 AZUREA Network Investigators, Leone M, Bechis C, Baumstarck K et al (2014) De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1399–1408
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Riccio LM, Popovsky KA, Hranjec T et al (2014) Association of excessive duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infection with sub sequent extra-abdominal infection and death: a study of 2,552 con secutive infections. Surg Infect 15:417–424 Riccio LM, Popovsky KA, Hranjec T et al (2014) Association of excessive duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infection with sub sequent extra-abdominal infection and death: a study of 2,552 con secutive infections. Surg Infect 15:417–424
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Aarts MA, Brun-Buisson C, Cook DJ et al (2007) Antibiotic management of suspected nosocomial ICU-acquired infection: does prolonged empiric therapy improve Outcome? Intensive Care Med 33:1369–1378 PubMed Aarts MA, Brun-Buisson C, Cook DJ et al (2007) Antibiotic management of suspected nosocomial ICU-acquired infection: does prolonged empiric therapy improve Outcome? Intensive Care Med 33:1369–1378 PubMed
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS et al (2011) Cumulative antibiotic expo sures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 53:42–48 PubMed Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS et al (2011) Cumulative antibiotic expo sures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 53:42–48 PubMed
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Goossens H (2009) Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(Suppl 3):12–15 PubMed Goossens H (2009) Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(Suppl 3):12–15 PubMed
214.
Zurück zum Zitat PneumA Trial Group, Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY et al (2003) Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneu monia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 290:2588–2598 PneumA Trial Group, Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY et al (2003) Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneu monia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 290:2588–2598
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Choudhury G, Mandal P, Singanayagam A et al (2011) Seven-day antibi otic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia—a propensity-adjusted analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1852–1858 PubMed Choudhury G, Mandal P, Singanayagam A et al (2011) Seven-day antibi otic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia—a propensity-adjusted analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1852–1858 PubMed
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB et al (2015) Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med 372:1996–2005 PubMedPubMedCentral Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB et al (2015) Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med 372:1996–2005 PubMedPubMedCentral
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M et al (2013) Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection—7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:2183–2191 PubMed Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M et al (2013) Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection—7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:2183–2191 PubMed
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Rattan R, Allen CJ, Sawyer RG et al (2016) Patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection presenting with sepsis do not require longer duration of antimicrobial therapy. J Am Coll Surg 222:440–446 PubMed Rattan R, Allen CJ, Sawyer RG et al (2016) Patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection presenting with sepsis do not require longer duration of antimicrobial therapy. J Am Coll Surg 222:440–446 PubMed
220.
Zurück zum Zitat Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ et al (2004) Comparison of short course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Arch Intern Med 164:1669–1674 PubMed Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ et al (2004) Comparison of short course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Arch Intern Med 164:1669–1674 PubMed
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaudhry ZI, Nisar S, Ahmed U, Ali M (2000) Short course of antibiotic treatment in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized con trolled study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 10(8):284–288 Chaudhry ZI, Nisar S, Ahmed U, Ali M (2000) Short course of antibiotic treatment in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized con trolled study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 10(8):284–288
222.
Zurück zum Zitat Infectious Diseases Society of America, Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA et al (2011) Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis 52:e56–e93 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA et al (2011) Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis 52:e56–e93
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Jack L, Bal AM, Harte S et al (2016) International guidelines: the need to standardize the management of candidaemia. Infect Dis 48:779–781 Jack L, Bal AM, Harte S et al (2016) International guidelines: the need to standardize the management of candidaemia. Infect Dis 48:779–781
224.
Zurück zum Zitat American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Stroke Council, Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al (2015) Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 132:1435–1486 American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Stroke Council, Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al (2015) Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 132:1435–1486
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss CH, Moazed F, McEvoy CA et al (2011) Prompting physicians to address a daily checklist and process of care and clinical outcomes: a single-site study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:680–686 PubMedPubMedCentral Weiss CH, Moazed F, McEvoy CA et al (2011) Prompting physicians to address a daily checklist and process of care and clinical outcomes: a single-site study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:680–686 PubMedPubMedCentral
226.
Zurück zum Zitat PCRAGA Study Group, Spanish Stem Cell Transplantation Group, Study Group of Medical Mycology of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Spanish Network for Research in InfectiousDiseases, Aguado JM, Vázquez L, Fernández-Ruiz M et al (2015) Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galacto mannan and polymerase chain reaction-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 60:405–414 PCRAGA Study Group, Spanish Stem Cell Transplantation Group, Study Group of Medical Mycology of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Spanish Network for Research in InfectiousDiseases, Aguado JM, Vázquez L, Fernández-Ruiz M et al (2015) Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galacto mannan and polymerase chain reaction-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 60:405–414
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Hou TY, Wang SH, Liang SX et al (2015) The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-Glucan in patients with invasive fungal diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE 10:e131602 PubMedPubMedCentral Hou TY, Wang SH, Liang SX et al (2015) The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-Glucan in patients with invasive fungal diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE 10:e131602 PubMedPubMedCentral
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuetz P, Briel M, Christ-Crain M et al (2012) Procalcitonin to guide ini tiation and duration of antibiotic treatment in acute respiratory infec tions: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 55:651–662 PubMedPubMedCentral Schuetz P, Briel M, Christ-Crain M et al (2012) Procalcitonin to guide ini tiation and duration of antibiotic treatment in acute respiratory infec tions: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 55:651–662 PubMedPubMedCentral
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthaiou DK, Ntani G, Kontogiorgi M et al (2012) An ESICM systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithms in adult critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 38:940–949 PubMed Matthaiou DK, Ntani G, Kontogiorgi M et al (2012) An ESICM systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithms in adult critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 38:940–949 PubMed
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Prkno A, Wacker C, Brunkhorst FM et al (2013) Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and sep tic shock—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 17:R291 PubMedPubMedCentral Prkno A, Wacker C, Brunkhorst FM et al (2013) Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and sep tic shock—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 17:R291 PubMedPubMedCentral
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Westwood M, Ramaekers B, Whiting P et al (2015) Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency depart ment settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 19(96):1–236 PubMedPubMedCentral Westwood M, Ramaekers B, Whiting P et al (2015) Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency depart ment settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 19(96):1–236 PubMedPubMedCentral
232.
Zurück zum Zitat Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM et al (2013) Procalcitonin as a diag nostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 13:426–435 PubMed Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM et al (2013) Procalcitonin as a diag nostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 13:426–435 PubMed
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL et al (2013) Procalcitonin-guided anti biotic therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 8:530–540 PubMed Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL et al (2013) Procalcitonin-guided anti biotic therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 8:530–540 PubMed
234.
Zurück zum Zitat de Jong E, van Oers JA, Beishuizen A et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treat ment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis 16:819–827 PubMed de Jong E, van Oers JA, Beishuizen A et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treat ment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis 16:819–827 PubMed
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Lesprit P, Landelle C, Girou E et al (2010) Reassessment of intrave nous antibiotic therapy using a reminder or direct counselling. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:789–795 PubMed Lesprit P, Landelle C, Girou E et al (2010) Reassessment of intrave nous antibiotic therapy using a reminder or direct counselling. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:789–795 PubMed
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Paul M, Dickstein Y, Raz-Pasteur A (2016) Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:960–967 PubMed Paul M, Dickstein Y, Raz-Pasteur A (2016) Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:960–967 PubMed
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Jimenez MF, Marshall JC, International Sepsis Forum (2001) Source control in the management of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 27(Suppl 1):S49–S62 PubMed Jimenez MF, Marshall JC, International Sepsis Forum (2001) Source control in the management of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 27(Suppl 1):S49–S62 PubMed
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Azuhata T, Kinoshita K, Kawano D et al (2014) Time from admission to initi ation of surgery for source control is a critical determinant of survival in patients with gastrointestinal perforation with associated septic shock. Crit Care 18:R87 PubMedPubMedCentral Azuhata T, Kinoshita K, Kawano D et al (2014) Time from admission to initi ation of surgery for source control is a critical determinant of survival in patients with gastrointestinal perforation with associated septic shock. Crit Care 18:R87 PubMedPubMedCentral
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloos F, Thomas-Rüddel D, Rüddel H et al (2014) MEDUSA Study Group: Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on out come in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational multi-center study. Crit Care 18:R42 PubMedPubMedCentral Bloos F, Thomas-Rüddel D, Rüddel H et al (2014) MEDUSA Study Group: Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on out come in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational multi-center study. Crit Care 18:R42 PubMedPubMedCentral
240.
Zurück zum Zitat FEAST Trial Group, Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO et al (2011) Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364:2483–2495 FEAST Trial Group, Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO et al (2011) Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364:2483–2495
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Acheampong A, Vincent JL (2015) A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 19:251 PubMedPubMedCentral Acheampong A, Vincent JL (2015) A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 19:251 PubMedPubMedCentral
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Brotfain E, Koyfman L, Toledano R et al (2016) Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical Outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge. Am J Emerg Med 34:2122–2126 PubMed Brotfain E, Koyfman L, Toledano R et al (2016) Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical Outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge. Am J Emerg Med 34:2122–2126 PubMed
243.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell KH, Carlbom D, Caldwell E et al (2015) Volume overload: prevalence, risk factors, and functional outcome in survivors of septic shock. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12:1837–1844 PubMedPubMedCentral Mitchell KH, Carlbom D, Caldwell E et al (2015) Volume overload: prevalence, risk factors, and functional outcome in survivors of septic shock. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12:1837–1844 PubMedPubMedCentral
244.
Zurück zum Zitat de Oliveira FS, Freitas FG, Ferreira EM et al (2015) Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor for mortality and acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock. J Crit Care 30:97–101 PubMed de Oliveira FS, Freitas FG, Ferreira EM et al (2015) Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor for mortality and acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock. J Crit Care 30:97–101 PubMed
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I et al (2014) Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and Outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 46:361–380 PubMed Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I et al (2014) Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and Outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 46:361–380 PubMed
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administra tion strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308:1566–1572 PubMed Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administra tion strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308:1566–1572 PubMed
248.
Zurück zum Zitat Semler M et al (2018) Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 378:829–839 PubMedPubMedCentral Semler M et al (2018) Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 378:829–839 PubMedPubMedCentral
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Fluids in Sepsis and Septic Shock Group, Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A et al (2014) Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 161:347–355 Fluids in Sepsis and Septic Shock Group, Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A et al (2014) Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 161:347–355
250.
Zurück zum Zitat SPLIT Investigators, ANZICS CTG, Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R et al (2015) Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The SPLIT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 314:1701–1710 SPLIT Investigators, ANZICS CTG, Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R et al (2015) Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The SPLIT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 314:1701–1710
251.
Zurück zum Zitat Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, Guillamondegui OD, May AK, Weavind L, Casey JD, Siew ED, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, Rice TW (2018) SMART investigators and the pragmatic critical care research group. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 378(9):829–839 PubMedPubMedCentral Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, Guillamondegui OD, May AK, Weavind L, Casey JD, Siew ED, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, Rice TW (2018) SMART investigators and the pragmatic critical care research group. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 378(9):829–839 PubMedPubMedCentral
252.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S et al (2013) Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 310:1809–1817 PubMed Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S et al (2013) Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 310:1809–1817 PubMed
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Haase N, Perner A, Hennings LI et al (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38 0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 346:f839 PubMedPubMedCentral Haase N, Perner A, Hennings LI et al (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38 0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 346:f839 PubMedPubMedCentral
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP et al (1996) The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemody namics in severe infection. Lancet 348:219–223 PubMed Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP et al (1996) The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemody namics in severe infection. Lancet 348:219–223 PubMed
255.
Zurück zum Zitat De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E et al (2003) Effects of dopamine, nor epinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med 31:1659–1667 PubMed De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E et al (2003) Effects of dopamine, nor epinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med 31:1659–1667 PubMed
256.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G et al (1993) Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 103:1826–1831 PubMed Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G et al (1993) Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 103:1826–1831 PubMed
257.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M et al (2000) Effect of norepinephrine on the Outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2758–2765 PubMed Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M et al (2000) Effect of norepinephrine on the Outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2758–2765 PubMed
259.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C et al (1997) Comparison of norepi nephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a pro spective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 23:282–287 PubMed Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C et al (1997) Comparison of norepi nephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a pro spective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 23:282–287 PubMed
260.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou SX, Qiu HB, Huang YZ et al (2002) Effects of norepinephrine, epi nephrine, and norepinephrine-dobutamine on systemic and gastric mucosal oxygenation in septic shock. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:654–658 PubMed Zhou SX, Qiu HB, Huang YZ et al (2002) Effects of norepinephrine, epi nephrine, and norepinephrine-dobutamine on systemic and gastric mucosal oxygenation in septic shock. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:654–658 PubMed
261.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackenzie SJ, Kapadia F, Nimmo GR et al (1991) Adrenaline in treatment of septic shock: effects on haemodynamics and oxygen transport. Intensive Care Med 17:36–39 PubMed Mackenzie SJ, Kapadia F, Nimmo GR et al (1991) Adrenaline in treatment of septic shock: effects on haemodynamics and oxygen transport. Intensive Care Med 17:36–39 PubMed
262.
Zurück zum Zitat Moran JL, O’Fathartaigh MS, Peisach AR et al (1993) Epinephrine as an inotropic agent in septic shock: a dose-profile analysis. Crit Care Med 21:70–77 PubMed Moran JL, O’Fathartaigh MS, Peisach AR et al (1993) Epinephrine as an inotropic agent in septic shock: a dose-profile analysis. Crit Care Med 21:70–77 PubMed
263.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamazaki T, Shimada Y, Taenaka N et al (1982) Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis. Crit Care Med 10:432–435 PubMed Yamazaki T, Shimada Y, Taenaka N et al (1982) Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis. Crit Care Med 10:432–435 PubMed
264.
Zurück zum Zitat Regnier B, Rapin M, Gory G et al (1977) Haemodynamic effects of dopa mine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 3:47–53 PubMed Regnier B, Rapin M, Gory G et al (1977) Haemodynamic effects of dopa mine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 3:47–53 PubMed
265.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck GC, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C, : et al (2004) Clinical review: immu-nomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 8(6):485–491 PubMed Beck GC, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C, : et al (2004) Clinical review: immu-nomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 8(6):485–491 PubMed
266.
Zurück zum Zitat Avni T, Lador A, Lev S et al (2015) Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e129305 PubMedPubMedCentral Avni T, Lador A, Lev S et al (2015) Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e129305 PubMedPubMedCentral
267.
Zurück zum Zitat CAT Study investiga tors, Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A et al (2008) A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 34:2226–2234 CAT Study investiga tors, Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A et al (2008) A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 34:2226–2234
268.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA et al (2002) Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 96:576–582 PubMed Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA et al (2002) Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 96:576–582 PubMed
269.
Zurück zum Zitat Dünser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H et al (2003) Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation 107:2313–2319 PubMed Dünser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H et al (2003) Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation 107:2313–2319 PubMed
270.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauzier F, Lévy B, Lamarre P et al (2006) Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 32:1782–1789 PubMed Lauzier F, Lévy B, Lamarre P et al (2006) Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 32:1782–1789 PubMed
271.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes CL, Walley KR, Chittock DR et al (2001) The effects of vasopres sin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Care Med 27:1416–1421 PubMed Holmes CL, Walley KR, Chittock DR et al (2001) The effects of vasopres sin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Care Med 27:1416–1421 PubMed
272.
Zurück zum Zitat Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW et al (1999) Low-dose vasopres sin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 47:699–703 (discussion 703) PubMed Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW et al (1999) Low-dose vasopres sin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 47:699–703 (discussion 703) PubMed
273.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Brien A, Clapp L, Singer M (2002) Terlipressin for norepinephrine-resis tant septic shock. Lancet 359:1209–1210 PubMed O’Brien A, Clapp L, Singer M (2002) Terlipressin for norepinephrine-resis tant septic shock. Lancet 359:1209–1210 PubMed
274.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharshar T, Blanchard A, Paillard M et al (2003) Circulating vasopressin levels in septic shock. Crit Care Med 31:1752–1758 PubMed Sharshar T, Blanchard A, Paillard M et al (2003) Circulating vasopressin levels in septic shock. Crit Care Med 31:1752–1758 PubMed
275.
Zurück zum Zitat VASST Investigators, Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J et al (2008) Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358:877–887 VASST Investigators, Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J et al (2008) Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358:877–887
276.
Zurück zum Zitat VANISH Investigators, Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Thirunavukkarasu N et al (2016) Effect of early vasopressin vs norepinephrine on kidney failure in patients with septic shock: the VANISH randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316:509–518 VANISH Investigators, Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Thirunavukkarasu N et al (2016) Effect of early vasopressin vs norepinephrine on kidney failure in patients with septic shock: the VANISH randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316:509–518
277.
Zurück zum Zitat Albanèse J, Leone M, Delmas A et al (2005) Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 33:1897–1902 PubMed Albanèse J, Leone M, Delmas A et al (2005) Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 33:1897–1902 PubMed
278.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli A, Ertmer C, Lange M et al (2008) Effects of short-term simultane ous infusion of dobutamine and terlipressin in patients with septic shock: the DOBUPRESS study. Br J Anaesth 100:494–503 PubMed Morelli A, Ertmer C, Lange M et al (2008) Effects of short-term simultane ous infusion of dobutamine and terlipressin in patients with septic shock: the DOBUPRESS study. Br J Anaesth 100:494–503 PubMed
279.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S et al (2009) Continuous terlipressin ver sus vasopressin infusion in septic shock (TERLIVAP): a randomized, controlled pilot study. Crit Care 13:R130 PubMedPubMedCentral Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S et al (2009) Continuous terlipressin ver sus vasopressin infusion in septic shock (TERLIVAP): a randomized, controlled pilot study. Crit Care 13:R130 PubMedPubMedCentral
280.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou F, Mao Z, Zeng X et al (2015) Vasopressors in septic shock: a sys tematic review and network meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:1047–1059 PubMedPubMedCentral Zhou F, Mao Z, Zeng X et al (2015) Vasopressors in septic shock: a sys tematic review and network meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:1047–1059 PubMedPubMedCentral
281.
Zurück zum Zitat De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H et al (2012) Dopamine versus norepi nephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 40:725–730 PubMed De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H et al (2012) Dopamine versus norepi nephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 40:725–730 PubMed
283.
Zurück zum Zitat Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P et al (1995) A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 333:1025–1032 PubMed Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P et al (1995) A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 333:1025–1032 PubMed
284.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH et al (1994) Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 330:1717–1722 PubMed Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH et al (1994) Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 330:1717–1722 PubMed
285.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D et al (2004) Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 32:1928–1948 PubMed Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D et al (2004) Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 32:1928–1948 PubMed
286.
Zurück zum Zitat CATS Study Group, Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A et al (2007) Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for manage ment of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet 370:676–684 CATS Study Group, Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A et al (2007) Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for manage ment of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet 370:676–684
287.
Zurück zum Zitat ProCess Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693 ProCess Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693
288.
Zurück zum Zitat ARISE Investigators, Anzics Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL, : et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506 ARISE Investigators, Anzics Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL, : et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506
289.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn JN (1967) Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods. JAMA 199:118–122 PubMed Cohn JN (1967) Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods. JAMA 199:118–122 PubMed
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE (1997) Shock. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD et al (Hrsg) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 14. Aufl. McGraw-Hill, New York, S 214–222 Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE (1997) Shock. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD et al (Hrsg) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 14. Aufl. McGraw-Hill, New York, S 214–222
291.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheer B, Perel A, Pfeiffer UJ (2002) Clinical review: complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Crit Care 6:199–204 PubMedPubMedCentral Scheer B, Perel A, Pfeiffer UJ (2002) Clinical review: complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Crit Care 6:199–204 PubMedPubMedCentral
292.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu WJ, Wu XD, Wang F et al (2016) Ultrasound guidance facilitates radial artery catheterization: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 149:166–179 PubMed Gu WJ, Wu XD, Wang F et al (2016) Ultrasound guidance facilitates radial artery catheterization: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 149:166–179 PubMed
293.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Horo JC, Maki DG, Krupp AE et al (2014) Arterial catheters as a source of bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 42:1334–1339 PubMed O’Horo JC, Maki DG, Krupp AE et al (2014) Arterial catheters as a source of bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 42:1334–1339 PubMed
294.
Zurück zum Zitat Barton P, Garcia J, Kouatli A et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of i.v. mil rinone lactate in pediatric patients with septic shock. A prospec tive, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, interventional study. Chest 109:1302–1312 PubMed Barton P, Garcia J, Kouatli A et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of i.v. mil rinone lactate in pediatric patients with septic shock. A prospec tive, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, interventional study. Chest 109:1302–1312 PubMed
295.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli A, Teboul JL, Maggiore SM et al (2006) Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study. Crit Care Med 34:2287–2293 PubMed Morelli A, Teboul JL, Maggiore SM et al (2006) Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study. Crit Care Med 34:2287–2293 PubMed
296.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul JL et al (2005) Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depres sion. Intensive Care Med 31:638–644 PubMed Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul JL et al (2005) Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depres sion. Intensive Care Med 31:638–644 PubMed
298.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmittinger CA, Torgersen C, Luckner G et al (2012) Adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 38(6):950–958 PubMed Schmittinger CA, Torgersen C, Luckner G et al (2012) Adverse cardiac events during catecholamine vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 38(6):950–958 PubMed
300.
Zurück zum Zitat Pemberton P, Veenith T, Snelson C, Whitehouse T (2015) Is it time to beta block the septic patient? Biomed Res Int 2015:424308 PubMedPubMedCentral Pemberton P, Veenith T, Snelson C, Whitehouse T (2015) Is it time to beta block the septic patient? Biomed Res Int 2015:424308 PubMedPubMedCentral
301.
Zurück zum Zitat Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S et al (1998) Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Circulation 98(12):1184–1191 PubMed Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S et al (1998) Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Circulation 98(12):1184–1191 PubMed
303.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnock-Jones KP (2012) Esmolol: a review of its use in the short-term treatment of tachyarrhythmias and the short-term control of tachycardia and hypertension. Drugs 72(1):109–132 PubMed Garnock-Jones KP (2012) Esmolol: a review of its use in the short-term treatment of tachyarrhythmias and the short-term control of tachycardia and hypertension. Drugs 72(1):109–132 PubMed
304.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanfilippo F, Santonocito C, Morelli A, Foex P (2015) Beta-blocker use in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 31(10):1817–1825 PubMed Sanfilippo F, Santonocito C, Morelli A, Foex P (2015) Beta-blocker use in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 31(10):1817–1825 PubMed
305.
Zurück zum Zitat Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M et al (2013) Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical Outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310(16):1683–1691 PubMed Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M et al (2013) Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical Outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310(16):1683–1691 PubMed
306.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE et al (2009) Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 301:2362–2375 PubMed Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE et al (2009) Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 301:2362–2375 PubMed
307.
Zurück zum Zitat Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B et al (1998) Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 26:645–650 PubMed Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B et al (1998) Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 26:645–650 PubMed
308.
Zurück zum Zitat Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M et al (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27:723–732 PubMed Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M et al (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27:723–732 PubMed
309.
Zurück zum Zitat CORTICUS Study Group, Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al (2008) Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358:111–124 CORTICUS Study Group, Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al (2008) Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358:111–124
310.
Zurück zum Zitat Sligl WI, Milner DA Jr, Sundar S et al (2009) Safety and efficacy of cortico steroids for the treatment of septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 49:93–101 PubMed Sligl WI, Milner DA Jr, Sundar S et al (2009) Safety and efficacy of cortico steroids for the treatment of septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 49:93–101 PubMed
311.
Zurück zum Zitat Volbeda M, Wetterslev J, Gluud C et al (2015) Glucocorticosteroids for sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1220–1234 PubMedPubMedCentral Volbeda M, Wetterslev J, Gluud C et al (2015) Glucocorticosteroids for sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1220–1234 PubMedPubMedCentral
312.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C et al (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871 PubMed Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C et al (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871 PubMed
313.
Zurück zum Zitat CORTICUS Study Group, Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D et al (2009) Multicenter comparison of cortisol as measured by different meth ods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 35:2151–2156 CORTICUS Study Group, Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D et al (2009) Multicenter comparison of cortisol as measured by different meth ods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 35:2151–2156
314.
Zurück zum Zitat Allolio B, Dörr H, Stuttmann R et al (1985) Effect of a single bolus of etomi date upon eight major corticosteroid hormones and plasma ACTH. Clin Endocrinol 22:281–286 Allolio B, Dörr H, Stuttmann R et al (1985) Effect of a single bolus of etomi date upon eight major corticosteroid hormones and plasma ACTH. Clin Endocrinol 22:281–286
315.
Zurück zum Zitat KETASED Collaborative Study Group, Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F et al (2009) Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intuba tion in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:293–300 KETASED Collaborative Study Group, Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F et al (2009) Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intuba tion in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:293–300
316.
Zurück zum Zitat Oppert M, Schindler R, Husung C et al (2005) Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyper dynamic septic shock. Crit Care Med 33:2457–2464 PubMed Oppert M, Schindler R, Husung C et al (2005) Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyper dynamic septic shock. Crit Care Med 33:2457–2464 PubMed
317.
Zurück zum Zitat Yildiz O, Doganay M, Aygen B et al (2002) Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388]. Crit Care 6:251–259 PubMedPubMedCentral Yildiz O, Doganay M, Aygen B et al (2002) Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388]. Crit Care 6:251–259 PubMedPubMedCentral
318.
Zurück zum Zitat Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S et al (2003) Immunologic and hemo dynamic effects of “low-dose” hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:512–520 PubMed Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S et al (2003) Immunologic and hemo dynamic effects of “low-dose” hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:512–520 PubMed
319.
Zurück zum Zitat Huh JW, Choi HS, Lim CM et al (2011) Low-dose hydrocortisone treat ment for patients with septic shock: a pilot study comparing 3days with 7days. Respirology 16:1088–1095 PubMed Huh JW, Choi HS, Lim CM et al (2011) Low-dose hydrocortisone treat ment for patients with septic shock: a pilot study comparing 3days with 7days. Respirology 16:1088–1095 PubMed
320.
Zurück zum Zitat SepNet–Critical Care Trials Group, Keh D, Trips E, Marx G et al (2016) Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis: the HYPRESS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316:1775–1785 SepNet–Critical Care Trials Group, Keh D, Trips E, Marx G et al (2016) Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis: the HYPRESS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316:1775–1785
321.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber-Carstens S, Deja M, Bercker S et al (2007) Impact of bolus appli cation of low-dose hydrocortisone on glycemic control in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 33:730–733 PubMed Weber-Carstens S, Deja M, Bercker S et al (2007) Impact of bolus appli cation of low-dose hydrocortisone on glycemic control in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 33:730–733 PubMed
322.
Zurück zum Zitat Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J et al (2014) Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med 371:1381–1391 PubMed Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J et al (2014) Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med 371:1381–1391 PubMed
323.
Zurück zum Zitat Rygard SL, Holst LB, Wetterslev J et al (2016) Long-term Outcomes in patients with septic shock transfused at a lower versus a higher haemoglobin threshold: the TRISS randomised, multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 42:1685–1694 PubMed Rygard SL, Holst LB, Wetterslev J et al (2016) Long-term Outcomes in patients with septic shock transfused at a lower versus a higher haemoglobin threshold: the TRISS randomised, multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 42:1685–1694 PubMed
324.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupuis C, Sonneville R, Adrie C et al (2017) Impact of transfusion on patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care 7:5 PubMedPubMedCentral Dupuis C, Sonneville R, Adrie C et al (2017) Impact of transfusion on patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care 7:5 PubMedPubMedCentral
325.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupuis C, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Bailly S et al (2017) Effect of transfusion on mortality and other adverse events among critically ill septic patients: an observational study using a marginal structural cox model. Crit Care Med 45:1972–1980 PubMed Dupuis C, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Bailly S et al (2017) Effect of transfusion on mortality and other adverse events among critically ill septic patients: an observational study using a marginal structural cox model. Crit Care Med 45:1972–1980 PubMed
326.
Zurück zum Zitat Investigators P, Rowan KM, Angus DC et al (2017) Early, goal-directed therapy for septic shock—a patient-level meta-analysis. N Engl J Med 376:2223–2234 Investigators P, Rowan KM, Angus DC et al (2017) Early, goal-directed therapy for septic shock—a patient-level meta-analysis. N Engl J Med 376:2223–2234
327.
Zurück zum Zitat Bundesärztekammer (2014) Querschnitts-Leitlinien zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten – Herausgegeben von der Bundesärztekammer auf Empfehlung ihres Wissenschaftlichen Beirats, 4. Aufl. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln Bundesärztekammer (2014) Querschnitts-Leitlinien zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten – Herausgegeben von der Bundesärztekammer auf Empfehlung ihres Wissenschaftlichen Beirats, 4. Aufl. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln
328.
Zurück zum Zitat Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM et al (1999) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 27:2346–2350 PubMed Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM et al (1999) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 27:2346–2350 PubMed
329.
Zurück zum Zitat Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG et al (2002) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2827–2835 PubMed Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG et al (2002) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2827–2835 PubMed
330.
Zurück zum Zitat Score-Based Immunoglobulin therapy of Sepsis (SBITS) Study Group, Werdan K, Pilz G, Bujdoso O et al (2007) Score-based immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with sepsis: the SBITS study. Crit Care Med 35(200):2693–2701 Score-Based Immunoglobulin therapy of Sepsis (SBITS) Study Group, Werdan K, Pilz G, Bujdoso O et al (2007) Score-based immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with sepsis: the SBITS study. Crit Care Med 35(200):2693–2701
332.
Zurück zum Zitat Laupland KB, Kirkpatrick AW, Delaney A (2007) Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 35:2686–2692 PubMed Laupland KB, Kirkpatrick AW, Delaney A (2007) Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 35:2686–2692 PubMed
333.
Zurück zum Zitat Pildal J, Gotzsche PC (2004) Polyclonal immunoglobulin for treatment of bacterial sepsis: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 39:38 PubMed Pildal J, Gotzsche PC (2004) Polyclonal immunoglobulin for treatment of bacterial sepsis: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 39:38 PubMed
334.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreymann KG, de Heer G, Nierhaus A et al (2007) Use of polyclonal immunoglobulins as adjunctive therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med 35:2677–2685 PubMed Kreymann KG, de Heer G, Nierhaus A et al (2007) Use of polyclonal immunoglobulins as adjunctive therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med 35:2677–2685 PubMed
335.
Zurück zum Zitat Turgeon AF, Hutton B, Fergusson DA et al (2007) Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann Intern Med 146:193–203 PubMed Turgeon AF, Hutton B, Fergusson DA et al (2007) Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann Intern Med 146:193–203 PubMed
336.
Zurück zum Zitat Shankar-Hari M, Culshaw N, Post B et al (2015) Endogenous IgG hypogammaglobulinaemia in critically ill adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1393–1401 PubMed Shankar-Hari M, Culshaw N, Post B et al (2015) Endogenous IgG hypogammaglobulinaemia in critically ill adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1393–1401 PubMed
337.
Zurück zum Zitat Welte T, Dellinger RP, Ebelt H et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of trimodulin, a novel polyclonal antibody preparation, in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, phase II trial (CIGMA study). Intensive Care Med 44(4):438–448 PubMedPubMedCentral Welte T, Dellinger RP, Ebelt H et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of trimodulin, a novel polyclonal antibody preparation, in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, phase II trial (CIGMA study). Intensive Care Med 44(4):438–448 PubMedPubMedCentral
338.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R et al (2013) Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:2209–2220 PubMedPubMedCentral Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R et al (2013) Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:2209–2220 PubMedPubMedCentral
339.
Zurück zum Zitat ABDOMIX Group, Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y et al (2015) Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peri tonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med 41:975–984 ABDOMIX Group, Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y et al (2015) Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peri tonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med 41:975–984
340.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein DJ, Foster D, Schorr CA et al (2014) The EUPHRATES trial (Evaluating the Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in a Randomized controlled trial of Adults Treated for Endotoxemia and Septic shock): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 15:218 PubMedPubMedCentral Klein DJ, Foster D, Schorr CA et al (2014) The EUPHRATES trial (Evaluating the Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in a Randomized controlled trial of Adults Treated for Endotoxemia and Septic shock): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 15:218 PubMedPubMedCentral
341.
Zurück zum Zitat EUPHRATES Trial Investigators, Dellinger RP, Bagshaw SM, Antonelli M et al (2018) Effect of targeted polymyxin B hemoperfusion on 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock and elevated endotoxin level: the EUPHRATES randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320(14):1455–1463 EUPHRATES Trial Investigators, Dellinger RP, Bagshaw SM, Antonelli M et al (2018) Effect of targeted polymyxin B hemoperfusion on 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock and elevated endotoxin level: the EUPHRATES randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320(14):1455–1463
342.
Zurück zum Zitat Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, al GiVi T, GiViTI: Gruppo Italiano per la Valutazione degli Interventi in Terapia Intensiva (Italian Group for the Evaluation of Interventions in Intensive Care Medicine) is an independent collaboration network of Italian Intensive Care units (2014) Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multi center randomised controlled clinical trial. Bmj Open 4:e3536 PubMedPubMedCentral Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, al GiVi T, GiViTI: Gruppo Italiano per la Valutazione degli Interventi in Terapia Intensiva (Italian Group for the Evaluation of Interventions in Intensive Care Medicine) is an independent collaboration network of Italian Intensive Care units (2014) Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multi center randomised controlled clinical trial. Bmj Open 4:e3536 PubMedPubMedCentral
343.
Zurück zum Zitat Schädler D, Pausch C, Heise D et al (2017) The effect of a novel extracorporeal cytokine hemoadsorption Device on IL‑6 elimination in septic patients: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 12(10):e187015 PubMedPubMedCentral Schädler D, Pausch C, Heise D et al (2017) The effect of a novel extracorporeal cytokine hemoadsorption Device on IL‑6 elimination in septic patients: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 12(10):e187015 PubMedPubMedCentral
344.
Zurück zum Zitat Hawchar F, László I, Öveges N et al (2019) Extracorporeal cytokine adsorption in septic shock: a proof of concept randomized, controlled pilot study. J Crit Care 49:172–178 PubMed Hawchar F, László I, Öveges N et al (2019) Extracorporeal cytokine adsorption in septic shock: a proof of concept randomized, controlled pilot study. J Crit Care 49:172–178 PubMed
346.
Zurück zum Zitat Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P et al (2001) Kybersept trial study group: caring for the critically ill patient. High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:1869–1878 PubMed Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P et al (2001) Kybersept trial study group: caring for the critically ill patient. High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:1869–1878 PubMed
347.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent JL, Ramesh MK, Ernest D et al (2013) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ART-123, in patients with sepsis and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 41:2069–2079 PubMed Vincent JL, Ramesh MK, Ernest D et al (2013) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ART-123, in patients with sepsis and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 41:2069–2079 PubMed
348.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Fujimi S et al (2013) Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coag ulation: a multicenter propensity score analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:644–652 PubMedPubMedCentral Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Fujimi S et al (2013) Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coag ulation: a multicenter propensity score analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:644–652 PubMedPubMedCentral
349.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Kanji S et al (2015) The efficacy and safety of heparin in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 43:511–518 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Kanji S et al (2015) The efficacy and safety of heparin in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 43:511–518
360.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart TE, Meade MO, Cook DJ et al (1998) Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group. N Engl J Med 338(6):355–361 PubMed Stewart TE, Meade MO, Cook DJ et al (1998) Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group. N Engl J Med 338(6):355–361 PubMed
361.
Zurück zum Zitat Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE et al (1999) Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med 27(8):1492–1498 PubMed Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE et al (1999) Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med 27(8):1492–1498 PubMed
362.
Zurück zum Zitat Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Perez-Mendez L et al (2006) A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves Outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 34(5):1311–1318 PubMed Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Perez-Mendez L et al (2006) A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves Outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 34(5):1311–1318 PubMed
374.
Zurück zum Zitat Dasenbrook EC, Needham DM, Brower RG et al (2011) Higher peep in patients with acute lung injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Care 56(5):568–575 PubMed Dasenbrook EC, Needham DM, Brower RG et al (2011) Higher peep in patients with acute lung injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Care 56(5):568–575 PubMed
378.
Zurück zum Zitat Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C et al (1999) Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282(1):54–61 PubMed Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C et al (1999) Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282(1):54–61 PubMed
384.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe GJ, Ferguson ND (2006) Lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 12(1):3–7 PubMed Lowe GJ, Ferguson ND (2006) Lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 12(1):3–7 PubMed
385.
Zurück zum Zitat Suzumura EA, Figueiro M, Normilio-Silva K et al (2014) Effects of alveolar recruitment maneuvers on clinical Outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40(9):1227–1240 PubMed Suzumura EA, Figueiro M, Normilio-Silva K et al (2014) Effects of alveolar recruitment maneuvers on clinical Outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40(9):1227–1240 PubMed
386.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavalcanti AB et al (2017) Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:1335 PubMedPubMedCentral Cavalcanti AB et al (2017) Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:1335 PubMedPubMedCentral
387.
Zurück zum Zitat Maggiore SM, Lellouche F, Pigeot J et al (2003) Prevention of endotracheal suctioning-induced alveolar derecruitment in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(9):1215–1224 PubMed Maggiore SM, Lellouche F, Pigeot J et al (2003) Prevention of endotracheal suctioning-induced alveolar derecruitment in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(9):1215–1224 PubMed
388.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyhr T, Bonde J, Larsson A (2003) Lung recruitment manoeuvres are effective in regaining lung volume and oxygenation after open endotracheal suctioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 7(1):55–62 PubMed Dyhr T, Bonde J, Larsson A (2003) Lung recruitment manoeuvres are effective in regaining lung volume and oxygenation after open endotracheal suctioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 7(1):55–62 PubMed
390.
Zurück zum Zitat Bein T, Bischoff M, Bruckner U et al (2015) Kurzversion S2e-Leitlinie – „Lagerungstherapie und Fruhmobilisation zur Prophylaxe oder Therapie von pulmonalen Funktionsstorungen“ (Short version S2e guidelines: “Positioning therapy and early mobilization for prophylaxis or therapy of pulmonary function disorders”). Anaesthesist 64(8):596–611. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00101-015-0060-4 CrossRefPubMed Bein T, Bischoff M, Bruckner U et al (2015) Kurzversion S2e-Leitlinie – „Lagerungstherapie und Fruhmobilisation zur Prophylaxe oder Therapie von pulmonalen Funktionsstorungen“ (Short version S2e guidelines: “Positioning therapy and early mobilization for prophylaxis or therapy of pulmonary function disorders”). Anaesthesist 64(8):596–611. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00101-015-0060-4 CrossRefPubMed
393.
Zurück zum Zitat Davidson JE (2013) Family presence on rounds in neonatal, pediatric, and adult intensive care units. Ann Am Thorac Soc 10:152–156 PubMed Davidson JE (2013) Family presence on rounds in neonatal, pediatric, and adult intensive care units. Ann Am Thorac Soc 10:152–156 PubMed
394.
Zurück zum Zitat Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC et al (2013) PROSEVA study group: prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368:2159–2168 PubMed Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC et al (2013) PROSEVA study group: prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368:2159–2168 PubMed
404.
Zurück zum Zitat Putensen C, Zech S, Wrigge H et al (2001) Long-term effects of spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:43–49 PubMed Putensen C, Zech S, Wrigge H et al (2001) Long-term effects of spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:43–49 PubMed
408.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou Y et al (2017) Early application of airway pressure release ventilation may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 43:1648 PubMedPubMedCentral Zhou Y et al (2017) Early application of airway pressure release ventilation may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 43:1648 PubMedPubMedCentral
409.
Zurück zum Zitat Kiehl M, Schiele C, Stenzinger W et al (1996) Volume-controlled versus biphasic positive airway pressure ventilation in leukopenic patients with severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 24:780–784 PubMed Kiehl M, Schiele C, Stenzinger W et al (1996) Volume-controlled versus biphasic positive airway pressure ventilation in leukopenic patients with severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 24:780–784 PubMed
410.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan LJ, Bailey H, Formosa V (2001) Airway pressure release ventilation increases cardiac performance in patients with acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 5(4):221–226 PubMedPubMedCentral Kaplan LJ, Bailey H, Formosa V (2001) Airway pressure release ventilation increases cardiac performance in patients with acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 5(4):221–226 PubMedPubMedCentral
411.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez M, Arroliga AC, Frutos-Vivar F et al (2010) Airway pressure release ventilation versus assist-control ventilation: a comparative propensity score and international cohort study. Intensive Care Med 36:817–827 PubMed Gonzalez M, Arroliga AC, Frutos-Vivar F et al (2010) Airway pressure release ventilation versus assist-control ventilation: a comparative propensity score and international cohort study. Intensive Care Med 36:817–827 PubMed
413.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr Y, Vincent JL, Reinhart K et al (2005) High tidal volume and positive fluid balance are associated with worse Outcome in acute lung injury. Chest 128(5):3098–3108 PubMed Sakr Y, Vincent JL, Reinhart K et al (2005) High tidal volume and positive fluid balance are associated with worse Outcome in acute lung injury. Chest 128(5):3098–3108 PubMed
419.
Zurück zum Zitat Lung Open Ventilation Study Investigators, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH et al (2008) Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:637–645 Lung Open Ventilation Study Investigators, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH et al (2008) Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:637–645
420.
Zurück zum Zitat Expiratory Pressure (Express) Study Group, Mercat A, Richard JC, Vielle B et al (2008) Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:646–655 Expiratory Pressure (Express) Study Group, Mercat A, Richard JC, Vielle B et al (2008) Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:646–655
421.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1438–1444 PubMed Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1438–1444 PubMed
422.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M et al (1998) A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429–435 PubMed Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M et al (1998) A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429–435 PubMed
423.
Zurück zum Zitat FLORALI Study Group, REVA Network, Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A et al (2015) High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 372:2185–2196 FLORALI Study Group, REVA Network, Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A et al (2015) High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 372:2185–2196
424.
Zurück zum Zitat Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP et al (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864–1869 PubMed Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP et al (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864–1869 PubMed
425.
Zurück zum Zitat Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF et al (2000) Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 342:1471–1477 PubMed Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF et al (2000) Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 342:1471–1477 PubMed
426.
Zurück zum Zitat Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:126–134 PubMed Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:126–134 PubMed
427.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS et al (2009) Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373:1874–1882 PubMed Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS et al (2009) Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373:1874–1882 PubMed
428.
Zurück zum Zitat Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC et al (2012) Early intensive care sedation predicts long term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186:724–731 Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC et al (2012) Early intensive care sedation predicts long term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186:724–731
429.
Zurück zum Zitat Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R et al (1999) Effect of a nursing-imple mented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 27:2609–2615 PubMed Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R et al (1999) Effect of a nursing-imple mented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 27:2609–2615 PubMed
430.
Zurück zum Zitat Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ (2008) A randomized trial of protocol directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 36:1444–1450 PubMed Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ (2008) A randomized trial of protocol directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 36:1444–1450 PubMed
431.
Zurück zum Zitat Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS et al (1998) The use of continuous i.v. seda tion is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 114:541–548 PubMed Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS et al (1998) The use of continuous i.v. seda tion is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 114:541–548 PubMed
432.
Zurück zum Zitat Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE et al (2006) A randomized trial of inter mittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechani cally ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 34:1326–1332 PubMed Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE et al (2006) A randomized trial of inter mittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechani cally ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 34:1326–1332 PubMed
433.
Zurück zum Zitat SLEAP Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D et al (2012) Daily sedation interruption in mechani cally ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation proto col: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308:1985–1992 SLEAP Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D et al (2012) Daily sedation interruption in mechani cally ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation proto col: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308:1985–1992
434.
Zurück zum Zitat Jansen JP, Naci H (2013) Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC Med 11:159 PubMedPubMedCentral Jansen JP, Naci H (2013) Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC Med 11:159 PubMedPubMedCentral
435.
Zurück zum Zitat Strøm T, Martinussen T, Toft P (2010) A protocol of no sedation for criti cally ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 375:475–480 PubMed Strøm T, Martinussen T, Toft P (2010) A protocol of no sedation for criti cally ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 375:475–480 PubMed
436.
Zurück zum Zitat Lonardo NW, Mone MC, Nirula R et al (2014) Propofol is associated with favor-able Outcomes compared with benzodiazepines in ventilated intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:1383–1394 PubMed Lonardo NW, Mone MC, Nirula R et al (2014) Propofol is associated with favor-able Outcomes compared with benzodiazepines in ventilated intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:1383–1394 PubMed
437.
Zurück zum Zitat Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP et al (2013) Benzodiazepine versus non-benzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:S30–S38 PubMed Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP et al (2013) Benzodiazepine versus non-benzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:S30–S38 PubMed
438.
Zurück zum Zitat DahLIA Investigators; Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R et al (2016) Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 315:1460–1468 DahLIA Investigators; Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R et al (2016) Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 315:1460–1468
439.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Critical Care Medicine, Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K et al (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 41:263–306 American College of Critical Care Medicine, Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K et al (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 41:263–306
441.
Zurück zum Zitat Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 PubMed Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 PubMed
442.
Zurück zum Zitat Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449–461 PubMed Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449–461 PubMed
443.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM et al (2008) Intensive versus conven tional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3190–3197 PubMed Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM et al (2008) Intensive versus conven tional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3190–3197 PubMed
444.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet): Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358:125–139 PubMed Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet): Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358:125–139 PubMed
445.
Zurück zum Zitat De La Gdel RC, Donado JH, Restrepo AH et al (2008) Strict gly caemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit: a randomised clinical trial. Crit Care 12(5):R120 De La Gdel RC, Donado JH, Restrepo AH et al (2008) Strict gly caemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit: a randomised clinical trial. Crit Care 12(5):R120
446.
Zurück zum Zitat Finfer S, Blair D, Bellomo R et al (2009) Intensive versus conven tional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360(13):1283–1297 PubMed Finfer S, Blair D, Bellomo R et al (2009) Intensive versus conven tional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360(13):1283–1297 PubMed
447.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V et al (2010) Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(4):341–348 PubMed Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V et al (2010) Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(4):341–348 PubMed
448.
Zurück zum Zitat CGAO-REA Study Group, Kalfon P, Giraudeau B, Ichai C et al (2014) Tight computerized versus conventional glucose control in the ICU: a ran domized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:171–181 CGAO-REA Study Group, Kalfon P, Giraudeau B, Ichai C et al (2014) Tight computerized versus conventional glucose control in the ICU: a ran domized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:171–181
449.
Zurück zum Zitat Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S et al (2009) A prospective ran domised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med 35:1738–1748 PubMed Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S et al (2009) A prospective ran domised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med 35:1738–1748 PubMed
450.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang RH, Li T et al (2008) Evaluation of optimal goal of glucose con trol in critically ill patients. Chinese J Clin Nutr 16:204–208 Zhang RH, Li T et al (2008) Evaluation of optimal goal of glucose con trol in critically ill patients. Chinese J Clin Nutr 16:204–208
451.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedrich JO, Chant C, Adhikari NK (2010) Does intensive insulin therapy really reduce mortality in critically ill surgical patients? A reanalysis of meta-analytic data. Crit Care 14:324 PubMedPubMedCentral Friedrich JO, Chant C, Adhikari NK (2010) Does intensive insulin therapy really reduce mortality in critically ill surgical patients? A reanalysis of meta-analytic data. Crit Care 14:324 PubMedPubMedCentral
452.
Zurück zum Zitat Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM et al (2009) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 180:821–827 PubMed Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM et al (2009) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 180:821–827 PubMed
453.
Zurück zum Zitat Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M et al (2011) Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 154:268–282 PubMed Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M et al (2011) Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 154:268–282 PubMed
454.
Zurück zum Zitat Marik PE, Preiser JC (2010) Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 137:544–551 PubMed Marik PE, Preiser JC (2010) Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 137:544–551 PubMed
455.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ (2008) Benefits and risks of tight glu cose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300:933–944 PubMed Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ (2008) Benefits and risks of tight glu cose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300:933–944 PubMed
456.
Zurück zum Zitat Ling Y, Li X, Gao X (2012) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Intern Med 23:564–574 PubMed Ling Y, Li X, Gao X (2012) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Intern Med 23:564–574 PubMed
457.
Zurück zum Zitat Song F, Zhong LJ, Han L et al (2014) Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int 2014:698265 PubMedPubMedCentral Song F, Zhong LJ, Han L et al (2014) Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int 2014:698265 PubMedPubMedCentral
458.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association (2014) Standards of medical care in diabe tes—2014. Diabetes Care 37(Suppl 1):S14–S80 American Diabetes Association (2014) Standards of medical care in diabe tes—2014. Diabetes Care 37(Suppl 1):S14–S80
459.
Zurück zum Zitat Marvin MR, Inzucchi SE, Besterman BJ (2013) Computerization of the Yale insulin infusion protocol and potential insights into causes of hypoglycemia with intravenous insulin. Diabetes Technol Ther 15:246–252 PubMedPubMedCentral Marvin MR, Inzucchi SE, Besterman BJ (2013) Computerization of the Yale insulin infusion protocol and potential insights into causes of hypoglycemia with intravenous insulin. Diabetes Technol Ther 15:246–252 PubMedPubMedCentral
460.
Zurück zum Zitat Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians, Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL et al (2014) Inpatient gly cemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual 29:95–98 Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians, Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL et al (2014) Inpatient gly cemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual 29:95–98
461.
Zurück zum Zitat Siegelaar SE, Hermanides J, Oudemans-van Straaten HM et al (2010) Mean glucose during ICU admission is related to mortality by a U-shaped curve in surgical and medical patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 14:R224 PubMedPubMedCentral Siegelaar SE, Hermanides J, Oudemans-van Straaten HM et al (2010) Mean glucose during ICU admission is related to mortality by a U-shaped curve in surgical and medical patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 14:R224 PubMedPubMedCentral
462.
Zurück zum Zitat Badawi O, Waite MD, Fuhrman SA et al (2012) Association between intensive care unit-acquired dysglycemia and in-hospital mortality. Crit Care Med 40:3180–3188 PubMed Badawi O, Waite MD, Fuhrman SA et al (2012) Association between intensive care unit-acquired dysglycemia and in-hospital mortality. Crit Care Med 40:3180–3188 PubMed
463.
Zurück zum Zitat Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR et al (2012) Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 367(12):1108–1118 PubMed Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR et al (2012) Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 367(12):1108–1118 PubMed
464.
Zurück zum Zitat CGAO-REA Study Group, Kalfon P, Le Manach Y, Ichai C et al (2015) Severe and multiple hypoglycemic episodes are associated with increased risk of death in ICU patients. Crit Care 19:153 CGAO-REA Study Group, Kalfon P, Le Manach Y, Ichai C et al (2015) Severe and multiple hypoglycemic episodes are associated with increased risk of death in ICU patients. Crit Care 19:153
465.
Zurück zum Zitat Krinsley JS (2008) Glycemic variability: a strong independent predic tor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3008–3013 PubMed Krinsley JS (2008) Glycemic variability: a strong independent predic tor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3008–3013 PubMed
466.
Zurück zum Zitat Todi S, Bhattacharya M (2014) Glycemic variability and outcome in critically ill. Indian J Crit Care Med 18:285–290 PubMedPubMedCentral Todi S, Bhattacharya M (2014) Glycemic variability and outcome in critically ill. Indian J Crit Care Med 18:285–290 PubMedPubMedCentral
467.
Zurück zum Zitat Kauffmann RM, Hayes RM, Jenkins JM et al (2011) Provision of balanced nutrition protects against hypoglycemia in the critically ill surgical patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35:686–694 PubMedPubMedCentral Kauffmann RM, Hayes RM, Jenkins JM et al (2011) Provision of balanced nutrition protects against hypoglycemia in the critically ill surgical patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35:686–694 PubMedPubMedCentral
468.
Zurück zum Zitat Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2008) Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med 36:2249–2255 PubMed Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2008) Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med 36:2249–2255 PubMed
469.
Zurück zum Zitat Krinsley JS (2009) Glycemic variability and mortality in critically ill patients: the impact of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:1292–1301 PubMedPubMedCentral Krinsley JS (2009) Glycemic variability and mortality in critically ill patients: the impact of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:1292–1301 PubMedPubMedCentral
470.
Zurück zum Zitat Krinsley JS, Preiser JC (2015) Time in blood glucose range 70 to 140 mg/dl 〉80 % is strongly associated with increased survival in non-diabetic critically ill adults. Crit Care 19:179 PubMedPubMedCentral Krinsley JS, Preiser JC (2015) Time in blood glucose range 70 to 140 mg/dl 〉80 % is strongly associated with increased survival in non-diabetic critically ill adults. Crit Care 19:179 PubMedPubMedCentral
471.
Zurück zum Zitat Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2011) The interaction of chronic and acute glycemia with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes. Crit Care Med 39:105–111 PubMed Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2011) The interaction of chronic and acute glycemia with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes. Crit Care Med 39:105–111 PubMed
472.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandler V, Misiasz MR, Jones J et al (2014) Reducing the risk of hypogly cemia associated with intravenous insulin: experience with a com puterized insulin infusion program in 4 adult intensive care units. J Diabetes Sci Technol 8:923–929 PubMedPubMedCentral Sandler V, Misiasz MR, Jones J et al (2014) Reducing the risk of hypogly cemia associated with intravenous insulin: experience with a com puterized insulin infusion program in 4 adult intensive care units. J Diabetes Sci Technol 8:923–929 PubMedPubMedCentral
473.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira AJ, Corrêa TD, de Almeida FP et al (2015) Inaccuracy of venous point-of-care glucose measurements in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 10:e129568 PubMedPubMedCentral Pereira AJ, Corrêa TD, de Almeida FP et al (2015) Inaccuracy of venous point-of-care glucose measurements in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 10:e129568 PubMedPubMedCentral
474.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoedemaekers CW, Klein Gunnewiek JM, Prinsen MA et al (2008) Accuracy of bedside glucose measurement from three glucometers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3062–3066 PubMed Hoedemaekers CW, Klein Gunnewiek JM, Prinsen MA et al (2008) Accuracy of bedside glucose measurement from three glucometers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:3062–3066 PubMed
475.
Zurück zum Zitat Inoue S, Egi M, Kotani J et al (2013) Accuracy of blood-glucose measure ments using glucose meters and arterial blood gas analyzers in criti cally ill adult patients: systematic review. Crit Care 17:R48 PubMedPubMedCentral Inoue S, Egi M, Kotani J et al (2013) Accuracy of blood-glucose measure ments using glucose meters and arterial blood gas analyzers in criti cally ill adult patients: systematic review. Crit Care 17:R48 PubMedPubMedCentral
476.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B et al (2005) Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 33:2778–2785 PubMed Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B et al (2005) Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 33:2778–2785 PubMed
477.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan AI, Vasquez Y, Gray J et al (2006) The variability of results between point-of-care testing glucose meters and the central laboratory ana lyzer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1527–1532 PubMed Khan AI, Vasquez Y, Gray J et al (2006) The variability of results between point-of-care testing glucose meters and the central laboratory ana lyzer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1527–1532 PubMed
478.
Zurück zum Zitat Rice MJ, Coursin DB (2016) Glucose meters: here today, gone tomorrow? Crit Care Med 44:e97–e100 PubMed Rice MJ, Coursin DB (2016) Glucose meters: here today, gone tomorrow? Crit Care Med 44:e97–e100 PubMed
479.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson M, Weinreb J, Hoo GW (2007) Intensive insulin therapy in critical care: a review of 12 protocols. Diabetes Care 30:1005–1011 PubMed Wilson M, Weinreb J, Hoo GW (2007) Intensive insulin therapy in critical care: a review of 12 protocols. Diabetes Care 30:1005–1011 PubMed
480.
Zurück zum Zitat Dortch MJ, Mowery NT, Ozdas A et al (2008) A computerized insulin infu sion titration protocol improves glucose control with less hypogly cemia compared to a manual titration protocol in a trauma intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 32:18–27 PubMed Dortch MJ, Mowery NT, Ozdas A et al (2008) A computerized insulin infu sion titration protocol improves glucose control with less hypogly cemia compared to a manual titration protocol in a trauma intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 32:18–27 PubMed
481.
Zurück zum Zitat Newton CA, Smiley D, Bode BW et al (2010) A comparison study of con tinuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: computer-guided vs. standard column-based algorithms. J Hosp Med 5:432–437 PubMed Newton CA, Smiley D, Bode BW et al (2010) A comparison study of con tinuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: computer-guided vs. standard column-based algorithms. J Hosp Med 5:432–437 PubMed
482.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartlett RH, Mault JR, Dechert RE et al (1986) Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration: improved survival in surgical acute renal failure? Surgery 100:400–408 PubMed Bartlett RH, Mault JR, Dechert RE et al (1986) Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration: improved survival in surgical acute renal failure? Surgery 100:400–408 PubMed
483.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Farmer M, Parkin G et al (1995) Severe acute renal failure: a comparison of acute continuous hemodiafiltration and conventional dialytic therapy. Nephron 71:59–64 PubMed Bellomo R, Farmer M, Parkin G et al (1995) Severe acute renal failure: a comparison of acute continuous hemodiafiltration and conventional dialytic therapy. Nephron 71:59–64 PubMed
484.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Mansfield D, Rumble S et al (1992) Acute renal failure in critical illness. Conventional dialysis versus acute continuous hemodiafiltration. ASAIO J 38:M654–M657 PubMed Bellomo R, Mansfield D, Rumble S et al (1992) Acute renal failure in critical illness. Conventional dialysis versus acute continuous hemodiafiltration. ASAIO J 38:M654–M657 PubMed
485.
Zurück zum Zitat Kierdorf H (1991) Continuous versus intermittent treatment: clinical results in acute renal failure. In: Sieberth HG, Mann H, Stummvoll HK (Hrsg) Continuous Hemofiltration. Karger, Basel, S 1–12 Kierdorf H (1991) Continuous versus intermittent treatment: clinical results in acute renal failure. In: Sieberth HG, Mann H, Stummvoll HK (Hrsg) Continuous Hemofiltration. Karger, Basel, S 1–12
486.
Zurück zum Zitat Mauritz W, Sporn P, Schindler I et al (1986) Acute renal failure in abdominal infection. Comparison of hemodialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed 21:212–217 PubMed Mauritz W, Sporn P, Schindler I et al (1986) Acute renal failure in abdominal infection. Comparison of hemodialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed 21:212–217 PubMed
487.
Zurück zum Zitat Guérin C, Girard R, Selli JM et al (2002) Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care units: results from a multicenter prospective epidemiological survey. Intensive Care Med 28:1411–1418 PubMed Guérin C, Girard R, Selli JM et al (2002) Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care units: results from a multicenter prospective epidemiological survey. Intensive Care Med 28:1411–1418 PubMed
488.
Zurück zum Zitat van Bommel E, Bouvy ND, So KL et al (1995) Acute dialytic support for the critically ill: intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous arterio venous hemodiafiltration. Am J Nephrol 15:192–200 PubMed van Bommel E, Bouvy ND, So KL et al (1995) Acute dialytic support for the critically ill: intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous arterio venous hemodiafiltration. Am J Nephrol 15:192–200 PubMed
489.
Zurück zum Zitat Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP et al (2002) Continuous versus intermit tent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28:29–37 PubMed Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP et al (2002) Continuous versus intermit tent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28:29–37 PubMed
490.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonelli M, Manns B, Feller-Kopman D (2002) Acute renal failure in the inten sive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery. Am J Kidney Dis 40:875–885 PubMed Tonelli M, Manns B, Feller-Kopman D (2002) Acute renal failure in the inten sive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery. Am J Kidney Dis 40:875–885 PubMed
491.
Zurück zum Zitat Augustine JJ, Sandy D, Seifert TH et al (2004) A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 44:1000–1007 PubMed Augustine JJ, Sandy D, Seifert TH et al (2004) A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 44:1000–1007 PubMed
492.
Zurück zum Zitat Gasparovi V, Filipovi-Grci I, Merkler M, : et al (2003) Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or intermittent hemodialysis (IHD)—what is the procedure of choice in critically ill patients? Ren Fail 25:855–862 Gasparovi V, Filipovi-Grci I, Merkler M, : et al (2003) Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or intermittent hemodialysis (IHD)—what is the procedure of choice in critically ill patients? Ren Fail 25:855–862
493.
Zurück zum Zitat Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU, Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB et al (2001) A randomized clinical trial of continu ous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 60:1154–1163 Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU, Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB et al (2001) A randomized clinical trial of continu ous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 60:1154–1163
494.
Zurück zum Zitat Uehlinger DE, Jakob SM, Ferrari P et al (2005) Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1630–1637 PubMed Uehlinger DE, Jakob SM, Ferrari P et al (2005) Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1630–1637 PubMed
495.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemodiafe Study Group, Vinsonneau C, Camus C, Combes A et al (2006) Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent hae modialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368:379–385 Hemodiafe Study Group, Vinsonneau C, Camus C, Combes A et al (2006) Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent hae modialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368:379–385
496.
Zurück zum Zitat John S, Griesbach D, Baumgärtel M et al (2001) Effects of continuous haemofiltration vs intermittent haemodialysis on systemic haemody namics and splanchnic regional perfusion in septic shock patients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:320–327 PubMed John S, Griesbach D, Baumgärtel M et al (2001) Effects of continuous haemofiltration vs intermittent haemodialysis on systemic haemody namics and splanchnic regional perfusion in septic shock patients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:320–327 PubMed
497.
Zurück zum Zitat Misset B, Timsit JF, Chevret S et al (1996) A randomized cross-over comparison of the hemodynamic response to intermittent hemodialysis and continuous hemofiltration in ICU patients with acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 22:742–746 PubMed Misset B, Timsit JF, Chevret S et al (1996) A randomized cross-over comparison of the hemodynamic response to intermittent hemodialysis and continuous hemofiltration in ICU patients with acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 22:742–746 PubMed
498.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L et al (2009) Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 361(17):1627–1638 PubMed Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L et al (2009) Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 361(17):1627–1638 PubMed
499.
Zurück zum Zitat Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ et al (2008) Intensity of renal sup port in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 359(1):7–20 PubMed Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ et al (2008) Intensity of renal sup port in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 359(1):7–20 PubMed
500.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouman CS, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Tijssen JG et al (2002) Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on sur¬vival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 30:2205–2211 PubMed Bouman CS, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Tijssen JG et al (2002) Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on sur¬vival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 30:2205–2211 PubMed
501.
Zurück zum Zitat Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C et al (2016) Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315:2190–2199 PubMed Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C et al (2016) Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315:2190–2199 PubMed
502.
Zurück zum Zitat AKIKI Study Group, Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F et al (2016) Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 375:122–133 AKIKI Study Group, Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F et al (2016) Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 375:122–133
503.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR et al (1990) Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis. A prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med 112:492–498 PubMed Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR et al (1990) Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis. A prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med 112:492–498 PubMed
504.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V et al (1991) Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic aci dosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 19:1352–1356 PubMed Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V et al (1991) Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic aci dosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 19:1352–1356 PubMed
505.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook D, Crowther M, Meade M et al (2005) Deep venous thrombosis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Crit Care Med 33:1565–1571 PubMed Cook D, Crowther M, Meade M et al (2005) Deep venous thrombosis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Crit Care Med 33:1565–1571 PubMed
506.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e195S–e226S PubMedPubMedCentral Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e195S–e226S PubMedPubMedCentral
507.
Zurück zum Zitat Alhazzani W, Lim W, Jaeschke RZ et al (2013) Heparin thromboprophy laxis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:2088–2098 PubMed Alhazzani W, Lim W, Jaeschke RZ et al (2013) Heparin thromboprophy laxis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:2088–2098 PubMed
509.
Zurück zum Zitat Xigris and Prophylactic HepaRin Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (XPRESS) Study Group, Levi M, Levy M, Williams MD et al (2007) Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:483–490 Xigris and Prophylactic HepaRin Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (XPRESS) Study Group, Levi M, Levy M, Williams MD et al (2007) Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:483–490
510.
Zurück zum Zitat Beitland S, Sandven I, Kjærvik LK et al (2015) Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in intensive care patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1209–1219 PubMed Beitland S, Sandven I, Kjærvik LK et al (2015) Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in intensive care patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41:1209–1219 PubMed
512.
Zurück zum Zitat Phung OJ, Kahn SR, Cook DJ et al (2011) Dosing frequency of unfrac tionated heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Chest 140:374–381 PubMed Phung OJ, Kahn SR, Cook DJ et al (2011) Dosing frequency of unfrac tionated heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Chest 140:374–381 PubMed
513.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahan CE, Pini M, Spyropoulos AC (2010) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin in the hospitalized medi cal patient: the case for thrice daily over twice daily dosing. Intern Emerg Med 5:299–306 PubMed Mahan CE, Pini M, Spyropoulos AC (2010) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin in the hospitalized medi cal patient: the case for thrice daily over twice daily dosing. Intern Emerg Med 5:299–306 PubMed
514.
Zurück zum Zitat Hull RD et al (1986) Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 315:1109–1114 PubMed Hull RD et al (1986) Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 315:1109–1114 PubMed
515.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayr AJ et al (2002) Antifactor Xa activity in intensive care patients receiving thromboembolic prophylaxis with standard doses of enoxaparin. Thromb Res 105(3):201–204 PubMed Mayr AJ et al (2002) Antifactor Xa activity in intensive care patients receiving thromboembolic prophylaxis with standard doses of enoxaparin. Thromb Res 105(3):201–204 PubMed
519.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim W et al (2006) Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 144(9):673–684 PubMed Lim W et al (2006) Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 144(9):673–684 PubMed
520.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabbat CG et al (2005) Dalteparin thromboprophylaxis for critically ill medical-surgical patients with renal insufficiency. J Crit Care 20:357–363 PubMed Rabbat CG et al (2005) Dalteparin thromboprophylaxis for critically ill medical-surgical patients with renal insufficiency. J Crit Care 20:357–363 PubMed
521.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M et al (2008) Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin: an assessment of safety and pharmacodynamics: the DIRECT study. Arch Intern Med 168:1805–1812 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M et al (2008) Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin: an assessment of safety and pharmacodynamics: the DIRECT study. Arch Intern Med 168:1805–1812
522.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook D, Meade M, Guyatt G et al (2011) Dalteparin versus unfrac tionated heparin in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 364(14):1305–1314 PubMed Cook D, Meade M, Guyatt G et al (2011) Dalteparin versus unfrac tionated heparin in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 364(14):1305–1314 PubMed
523.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Fowler RA, Mittmann N, Geerts W et al (2014) Cost-effectiveness of dalteparin vs unfraction ated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in criti cally ill patients. JAMA 312:2135–2145 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Fowler RA, Mittmann N, Geerts W et al (2014) Cost-effectiveness of dalteparin vs unfraction ated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in criti cally ill patients. JAMA 312:2135–2145
524.
Zurück zum Zitat Leitlinie „Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE)“ (AWMF-Leitlinien Register-Nr. 003/001) Leitlinie „Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE)“ (AWMF-Leitlinien Register-Nr. 003/001)
527.
Zurück zum Zitat Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e278S–e325S PubMedPubMedCentral Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e278S–e325S PubMedPubMedCentral
528.
Zurück zum Zitat Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e227S–e277S PubMedPubMedCentral Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e227S–e277S PubMedPubMedCentral
530.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Alsolamy S, Al-Dawood A et al (2016) Thromboprophylaxis using combined intermittent pneumatic compression and pharmaco logic prophylaxis versus pharmacologic prophylaxis alone in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 17:390 PubMedPubMedCentral Arabi YM, Alsolamy S, Al-Dawood A et al (2016) Thromboprophylaxis using combined intermittent pneumatic compression and pharmaco logic prophylaxis versus pharmacologic prophylaxis alone in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 17:390 PubMedPubMedCentral
531.
Zurück zum Zitat Pavon JM, Adam SS, Razouki ZA et al (2016) Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression devices for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review. J Arthroplasty 31:524–532 PubMed Pavon JM, Adam SS, Razouki ZA et al (2016) Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression devices for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review. J Arthroplasty 31:524–532 PubMed
533.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Khedr M, Dara SI et al (2013) Use of intermittent pneumatic compression and not graduated compression stockings is associated with lower incident VTE in critically ill patients: a multiple propensity scores adjusted analysis. Chest 144:152–159 PubMed Arabi YM, Khedr M, Dara SI et al (2013) Use of intermittent pneumatic compression and not graduated compression stockings is associated with lower incident VTE in critically ill patients: a multiple propensity scores adjusted analysis. Chest 144:152–159 PubMed
534.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Cook DJ, Griffith LE, Walter SD et al (2001) The attributable mortality and length of intensive care unit stay of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care 5:368–375 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Cook DJ, Griffith LE, Walter SD et al (2001) The attributable mortality and length of intensive care unit stay of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care 5:368–375
535.
Zurück zum Zitat Bardou M, Quenot JP, Barkun A (2015) Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:98–107 PubMed Bardou M, Quenot JP, Barkun A (2015) Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:98–107 PubMed
536.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH et al (1994) Risk factors for gastrointes tinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 330:377–381 PubMed Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH et al (1994) Risk factors for gastrointes tinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 330:377–381 PubMed
537.
Zurück zum Zitat SUP-ICU co-authors, Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Prevalence and Outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid suppressants in acutely ill adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 41:833–845 SUP-ICU co-authors, Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Prevalence and Outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid suppressants in acutely ill adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 41:833–845
538.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersson B, Nilsson J, Brandt J et al (2005) Gastrointestinal complica tions after cardiac surgery. Br J Surg 92:326–333 PubMed Andersson B, Nilsson J, Brandt J et al (2005) Gastrointestinal complica tions after cardiac surgery. Br J Surg 92:326–333 PubMed
539.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruno JJ, Canada TW, Wakefield CD et al (2009) Stress-related mucosal bleeding in critically ill oncology patients. J Oncol Pharm Pract 15:9–16 PubMed Bruno JJ, Canada TW, Wakefield CD et al (2009) Stress-related mucosal bleeding in critically ill oncology patients. J Oncol Pharm Pract 15:9–16 PubMed
540.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Ancona G, Baillot R, Poirier B et al (2003) Determinants of gastrointestinal complications in cardiac surgery. Tex Heart Inst J 30:280–285 PubMedPubMedCentral D’Ancona G, Baillot R, Poirier B et al (2003) Determinants of gastrointestinal complications in cardiac surgery. Tex Heart Inst J 30:280–285 PubMedPubMedCentral
541.
Zurück zum Zitat Faisy C, Guerot E, Diehl JL et al (2003) Clinically significant gastrointes tinal bleeding in critically ill patients with and without stress-ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 29:1306–1313 PubMed Faisy C, Guerot E, Diehl JL et al (2003) Clinically significant gastrointes tinal bleeding in critically ill patients with and without stress-ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 29:1306–1313 PubMed
542.
Zurück zum Zitat Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2014) Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:11–22 PubMed Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2014) Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:11–22 PubMed
543.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasabuchi Y, Matsui H, Lefor AK et al (2016) Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis for patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 44:e464–e469 PubMed Sasabuchi Y, Matsui H, Lefor AK et al (2016) Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis for patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 44:e464–e469 PubMed
544.
Zurück zum Zitat Eastwood GM, Litton E, Bellomo R et al (2014) Opinions and practice of stress ulcer prophylaxis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Crit Care Resusc 16:170–174 PubMed Eastwood GM, Litton E, Bellomo R et al (2014) Opinions and practice of stress ulcer prophylaxis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Crit Care Resusc 16:170–174 PubMed
545.
Zurück zum Zitat Preslaski CR, Mueller SW, Kiser TH et al (2014) A survey of prescriber perceptions about the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding in the intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther 39:658–662 PubMed Preslaski CR, Mueller SW, Kiser TH et al (2014) A survey of prescriber perceptions about the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding in the intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther 39:658–662 PubMed
546.
Zurück zum Zitat Shears M, Alhazzani W, Marshall JC et al (2016) Stress ulcer prophy laxis in critical illness: a Canadian survey. Can J Anaesth 63:718–724 PubMed Shears M, Alhazzani W, Marshall JC et al (2016) Stress ulcer prophy laxis in critical illness: a Canadian survey. Can J Anaesth 63:718–724 PubMed
547.
Zurück zum Zitat Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20:120 PubMedPubMedCentral Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20:120 PubMedPubMedCentral
548.
Zurück zum Zitat Alhazzani W, Alenezi F, Jaeschke RZ et al (2013) Proton pump inhibitors versus histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 41:693–705 PubMed Alhazzani W, Alenezi F, Jaeschke RZ et al (2013) Proton pump inhibitors versus histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 41:693–705 PubMed
549.
Zurück zum Zitat Barkun AN, Bardou M, Pham CQ, Martel M (2012) Proton pump inhibi tors vs. histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress-related mucosal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 107(4):507–520 (quiz 21) PubMed Barkun AN, Bardou M, Pham CQ, Martel M (2012) Proton pump inhibi tors vs. histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress-related mucosal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 107(4):507–520 (quiz 21) PubMed
550.
Zurück zum Zitat Alhazzani W et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med 44(1):1–11 PubMed Alhazzani W et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med 44(1):1–11 PubMed
551.
Zurück zum Zitat Barkun AN, Adam V, Martel M et al (2013) Cost-effectiveness analysis: stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists. Value Health 16:14–22 PubMed Barkun AN, Adam V, Martel M et al (2013) Cost-effectiveness analysis: stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists. Value Health 16:14–22 PubMed
552.
Zurück zum Zitat MacLaren R, Campbell J (2014) Cost-effectiveness of histamine receptor‑2 antagonist versus proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 42:809–815 PubMed MacLaren R, Campbell J (2014) Cost-effectiveness of histamine receptor‑2 antagonist versus proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 42:809–815 PubMed
553.
554.
555.
Zurück zum Zitat Krag et al (2018) N Eng J Med 379(23):2199–2208 Krag et al (2018) N Eng J Med 379(23):2199–2208
556.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartl et al (2013) Aktuel Ernahrmed 38:e90–e100 Hartl et al (2013) Aktuel Ernahrmed 38:e90–e100
557.
Zurück zum Zitat Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG, Adolph , Felbinger TW, Graf T, de Heer G, Heller AR, Kampa U, Mayer K, Muhl E, Niemann B, Rümelin A, Steiner S, Stoppe C, Weimann A, Bischoff SC (2018) DGEM Leitlinie Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 43:341–408 Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG, Adolph , Felbinger TW, Graf T, de Heer G, Heller AR, Kampa U, Mayer K, Muhl E, Niemann B, Rümelin A, Steiner S, Stoppe C, Weimann A, Bischoff SC (2018) DGEM Leitlinie Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 43:341–408
560.
Zurück zum Zitat Weimann A, Felbinger T (2016) Gastrointestinal dysmotility in the critically ill—a role for nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 19:353–359 PubMed Weimann A, Felbinger T (2016) Gastrointestinal dysmotility in the critically ill—a role for nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 19:353–359 PubMed
561.
Zurück zum Zitat Borzotta AP, Pennings J, Papasadero B et al (1994) Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after severe closed head injury. J Trauma 37:459–468 PubMed Borzotta AP, Pennings J, Papasadero B et al (1994) Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after severe closed head injury. J Trauma 37:459–468 PubMed
562.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams S, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ et al (1986) Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 26:882–891 PubMed Adams S, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ et al (1986) Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 26:882–891 PubMed
563.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunham CM, Frankenfield D, Belzberg H et al (1994) Gut failure–predictor of or contributor to mortality in mechanically ventilated blunt trauma patients? J Trauma 37:30–34 PubMed Dunham CM, Frankenfield D, Belzberg H et al (1994) Gut failure–predictor of or contributor to mortality in mechanically ventilated blunt trauma patients? J Trauma 37:30–34 PubMed
564.
Zurück zum Zitat CALORIES Trial Investigators, Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371:1673–1684 CALORIES Trial Investigators, Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371:1673–1684
565.
Zurück zum Zitat Justo Meirelles CM, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE (2011) Enteral or parenteral nutrition in traumatic brain injury: a prospective randomised trial. Nutr Hosp 26:1120–1124 PubMed Justo Meirelles CM, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE (2011) Enteral or parenteral nutrition in traumatic brain injury: a prospective randomised trial. Nutr Hosp 26:1120–1124 PubMed
566.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N et al (1997) Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg 84:1665–1669 PubMed Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N et al (1997) Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg 84:1665–1669 PubMed
567.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM (1989) TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma—reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29(7):916–922 (discussion 22–23) PubMed Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM (1989) TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma—reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29(7):916–922 (discussion 22–23) PubMed
568.
Zurück zum Zitat Peterson VM, Moore EE, Jones TN et al (1988) Total enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition after major torso injury: attenuation of hepatic protein reprioritization. Surgery 104:199–207 PubMed Peterson VM, Moore EE, Jones TN et al (1988) Total enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition after major torso injury: attenuation of hepatic protein reprioritization. Surgery 104:199–207 PubMed
569.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun JK, Mu XW, Li WQ et al (2013) Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function of severe acute pancreatitis patients. World J Gastroenterol 19:917–922 PubMedPubMedCentral Sun JK, Mu XW, Li WQ et al (2013) Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function of severe acute pancreatitis patients. World J Gastroenterol 19:917–922 PubMedPubMedCentral
570.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang G, Wen J, Xu L et al (2013) Effect of enteral nutrition and ecoim-munonutrition on bacterial translocation and cytokine production in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 183:592–597 PubMed Wang G, Wen J, Xu L et al (2013) Effect of enteral nutrition and ecoim-munonutrition on bacterial translocation and cytokine production in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 183:592–597 PubMed
572.
Zurück zum Zitat Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2016) A multicentre, randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early nutritional support via the parenteral versus the enteral route in critically ill patients (CALORIES). Health Technol Assess 20:1–144 PubMedPubMedCentral Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2016) A multicentre, randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early nutritional support via the parenteral versus the enteral route in critically ill patients (CALORIES). Health Technol Assess 20:1–144 PubMedPubMedCentral
574.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian F, Wang X, Gao X, Wan X, Wu C, Zhang L, Li N, Li J (2015) Effect of initial caloric intake via enteral nutrition in critical illness: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Crit Care 19:180 PubMedPubMedCentral Tian F, Wang X, Gao X, Wan X, Wu C, Zhang L, Li N, Li J (2015) Effect of initial caloric intake via enteral nutrition in critical illness: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Crit Care 19:180 PubMedPubMedCentral
575.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang G, Zhang K, Cui W, Hong Y, Zhang Z (2018) The effect of enteral versus parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Anesth 51:62–92 PubMed Zhang G, Zhang K, Cui W, Hong Y, Zhang Z (2018) The effect of enteral versus parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Anesth 51:62–92 PubMed
576.
Zurück zum Zitat Reignier J, Boisramé-Helms J, Brisard L, Lascarrou JB, Ait Hssain A, Anguel N, Argaud L, Asehnoune K, Asfar P, Bellec F, Botoc V, Bretagnol A, Bui HN, Canet E, Da Silva D, Darmon M, Das V, Devaquet J, Djibre M, Ganster F, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Gaudry S, Gontier O, Guérin C, Guidet B, Guitton C, Herbrecht JE, Lacherade JC, Letocart P, Martino F, Maxime V, Mercier E, Mira JP, Nseir S, Piton G, Quenot JP, Richecoeur J, Rigaud JP, Robert R, Rolin N, Schwebel C, Sirodot M, Tinturier F, Thévenin D, Giraudeau B, Le Gouge A (2018) Enteral versus parenteral early nutrition in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group study (NUTRIREA-2). NUTRIREA‑2 Trial Investigators; Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) group. Lancet 391(10116):133–143. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(17)32146-3 CrossRefPubMed Reignier J, Boisramé-Helms J, Brisard L, Lascarrou JB, Ait Hssain A, Anguel N, Argaud L, Asehnoune K, Asfar P, Bellec F, Botoc V, Bretagnol A, Bui HN, Canet E, Da Silva D, Darmon M, Das V, Devaquet J, Djibre M, Ganster F, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Gaudry S, Gontier O, Guérin C, Guidet B, Guitton C, Herbrecht JE, Lacherade JC, Letocart P, Martino F, Maxime V, Mercier E, Mira JP, Nseir S, Piton G, Quenot JP, Richecoeur J, Rigaud JP, Robert R, Rolin N, Schwebel C, Sirodot M, Tinturier F, Thévenin D, Giraudeau B, Le Gouge A (2018) Enteral versus parenteral early nutrition in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group study (NUTRIREA-2). NUTRIREA‑2 Trial Investigators; Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) group. Lancet 391(10116):133–143. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(17)32146-3 CrossRefPubMed
578.
Zurück zum Zitat Kudsk KA (2002) Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 183:390–398 PubMed Kudsk KA (2002) Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 183:390–398 PubMed
579.
Zurück zum Zitat Eyer SD, Micon LT, Konstantinides FN et al (1993) Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic response after blunt trauma. J Trauma 34:639–643 (discussion 643) PubMed Eyer SD, Micon LT, Konstantinides FN et al (1993) Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic response after blunt trauma. J Trauma 34:639–643 (discussion 643) PubMed
580.
Zurück zum Zitat Dvorak MF, Noonan VK, Bölanger L et al (2004) Early versus late enteral feeding in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Spine 29:E175–E180 PubMed Dvorak MF, Noonan VK, Bölanger L et al (2004) Early versus late enteral feeding in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Spine 29:E175–E180 PubMed
581.
Zurück zum Zitat Grahm TW, Zadrozny DB, Harrington T (1989) The benefits of early jejunal hyperalimentation in the head-injured patient. Neurosurgery 25:729–735 PubMed Grahm TW, Zadrozny DB, Harrington T (1989) The benefits of early jejunal hyperalimentation in the head-injured patient. Neurosurgery 25:729–735 PubMed
582.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU et al (1995) Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19:437–443 PubMed Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU et al (1995) Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19:437–443 PubMed
583.
Zurück zum Zitat Minard G, Kudsk KA, Melton S et al (2000) Early versus delayed feeding with an immune-enhancing diet in patients with severe head injuries. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24:145–149 PubMed Minard G, Kudsk KA, Melton S et al (2000) Early versus delayed feeding with an immune-enhancing diet in patients with severe head injuries. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24:145–149 PubMed
584.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore EE, Jones TN (1986) Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma—a prospective, randomized study. J Trauma 26:874–881 PubMed Moore EE, Jones TN (1986) Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma—a prospective, randomized study. J Trauma 26:874–881 PubMed
585.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh G, Ram RP, Khanna SK (1998) Early postoperative enteral feeding in patients with nontraumatic intestinal perforation and peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg 187:142–146 PubMed Singh G, Ram RP, Khanna SK (1998) Early postoperative enteral feeding in patients with nontraumatic intestinal perforation and peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg 187:142–146 PubMed
586.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen NQ, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK et al (2008) The impact of delaying enteral feeding on gastric emptying, plasma cholecystokinin, and peptide YY concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:1469–1474 PubMed Nguyen NQ, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK et al (2008) The impact of delaying enteral feeding on gastric emptying, plasma cholecystokinin, and peptide YY concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36:1469–1474 PubMed
587.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng YZ, Yuan ZQ, Xiao GX (2001) Effects of early enteral feeding on the prevention of enterogenic infection in severely burned patients. Burns 27:145–149 PubMed Peng YZ, Yuan ZQ, Xiao GX (2001) Effects of early enteral feeding on the prevention of enterogenic infection in severely burned patients. Burns 27:145–149 PubMed
588.
Zurück zum Zitat Chuntrasakul C, Chinswangwatanakul V, Chockvivatanavanit S, Siltharm S, Pongprasobchai T, Bunnak A (1996) Early nutritional support in severe traumatic patients. J Med Assoc Thai 79(1):21–26 PubMed Chuntrasakul C, Chinswangwatanakul V, Chockvivatanavanit S, Siltharm S, Pongprasobchai T, Bunnak A (1996) Early nutritional support in severe traumatic patients. J Med Assoc Thai 79(1):21–26 PubMed
589.
Zurück zum Zitat Chourdakis M, Kraus MM, Tzellos T et al (2012) Effect of early compared with delayed enteral nutrition on endocrine function in patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled randomized trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36:108–116 PubMed Chourdakis M, Kraus MM, Tzellos T et al (2012) Effect of early compared with delayed enteral nutrition on endocrine function in patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled randomized trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36:108–116 PubMed
590.
Zurück zum Zitat Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F et al (2011) Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality in trauma patients requiring intensive care: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. Injury 42:50–56 PubMed Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F et al (2011) Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality in trauma patients requiring intensive care: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. Injury 42:50–56 PubMed
591.
Zurück zum Zitat Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F et al (2009) Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 35:2018–2027 PubMed Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F et al (2009) Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 35:2018–2027 PubMed
592.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra A, Mathur AK, Gupta S (2004) Early enteral nutrition after surgical treatment of gut perforations: a prospective randomised study. J Postgrad Med 50:102–106 PubMed Malhotra A, Mathur AK, Gupta S (2004) Early enteral nutrition after surgical treatment of gut perforations: a prospective randomised study. J Postgrad Med 50:102–106 PubMed
593.
Zurück zum Zitat Pupelis G, Austrums E, Jansone A et al (2000) Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of postoperative enteral feeding in patients with severe pancreatitis: preliminary report. Eur J Surg 166:383–387 PubMed Pupelis G, Austrums E, Jansone A et al (2000) Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of postoperative enteral feeding in patients with severe pancreatitis: preliminary report. Eur J Surg 166:383–387 PubMed
594.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Aldawood AS, Haddad SH et al (2015) PermiT trial group: permissive underfeeding or standard enteral feeding in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 372:2398–2408 PubMed Arabi YM, Aldawood AS, Haddad SH et al (2015) PermiT trial group: permissive underfeeding or standard enteral feeding in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 372:2398–2408 PubMed
595.
Zurück zum Zitat Marik PE, Hooper MH (2016) Normocaloric versus hypocaloric feeding on the Outcomes of ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42:316–323 PubMed Marik PE, Hooper MH (2016) Normocaloric versus hypocaloric feeding on the Outcomes of ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42:316–323 PubMed
596.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Dhar GS et al (2011) Permissive underfeeding and intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 93:569–577 PubMed Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Dhar GS et al (2011) Permissive underfeeding and intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 93:569–577 PubMed
597.
Zurück zum Zitat Charles EJ, Petroze RT, Metzger R et al (2014) Hypocaloric compared with eucaloric nutritional support and its effect on infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100:1337–1343 PubMedPubMedCentral Charles EJ, Petroze RT, Metzger R et al (2014) Hypocaloric compared with eucaloric nutritional support and its effect on infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100:1337–1343 PubMedPubMedCentral
598.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibrahim EH, Mehringer L, Prentice D et al (2002) Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:174–181 PubMed Ibrahim EH, Mehringer L, Prentice D et al (2002) Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:174–181 PubMed
599.
Zurück zum Zitat National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Rice TW, Wheeler AP et al (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307(8):795–803 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Rice TW, Wheeler AP et al (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307(8):795–803
600.
Zurück zum Zitat Petros S, Horbach M, Seidel F et al (2016) Hypocaloric vs normocaloric nutrition in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized pilot trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:242–249 PubMed Petros S, Horbach M, Seidel F et al (2016) Hypocaloric vs normocaloric nutrition in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized pilot trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:242–249 PubMed
601.
Zurück zum Zitat Rice TW, Mogan S, Hays MA et al (2011) Randomized trial of initial trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 39:967–974 PubMedPubMedCentral Rice TW, Mogan S, Hays MA et al (2011) Randomized trial of initial trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 39:967–974 PubMedPubMedCentral
602.
Zurück zum Zitat Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Bienvenu OJ et al (2013) One year Outcomes in patients with acute lung injury randomised to initial trophic or full enteral feeding: prospective followup of EDEN randomised trial. BMJ 346:f1532 PubMedPubMedCentral Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Bienvenu OJ et al (2013) One year Outcomes in patients with acute lung injury randomised to initial trophic or full enteral feeding: prospective followup of EDEN randomised trial. BMJ 346:f1532 PubMedPubMedCentral
604.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi EY, Park DA, Park J (2015) Calorie intake of enteral nutrition and clinical Outcomes in acutely critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 39:291–300 PubMed Choi EY, Park DA, Park J (2015) Calorie intake of enteral nutrition and clinical Outcomes in acutely critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 39:291–300 PubMed
605.
Zurück zum Zitat Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G et al (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365:506–517 PubMed Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G et al (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365:506–517 PubMed
606.
Zurück zum Zitat Early PN Investigators of the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA et al (2013) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:2130–2138 Early PN Investigators of the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA et al (2013) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:2130–2138
607.
Zurück zum Zitat Young B, Ott L, Haack D et al (1987) Effect of total parenteral nutrition upon intracranial pressure in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67:76–80 PubMed Young B, Ott L, Haack D et al (1987) Effect of total parenteral nutrition upon intracranial pressure in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67:76–80 PubMed
608.
Zurück zum Zitat Rapp RP, Donaldson ES, Bivins BA (1983) Parenteral nutrition in a patient with familial Type IV hypertriglyceridemia: a dilemma. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 17(6):458–460 PubMed Rapp RP, Donaldson ES, Bivins BA (1983) Parenteral nutrition in a patient with familial Type IV hypertriglyceridemia: a dilemma. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 17(6):458–460 PubMed
609.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadique Z, Grieve R, Harrison D et al (2015) Cost-effectiveness of early parenteral versus enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Value Health 18:A532 Sadique Z, Grieve R, Harrison D et al (2015) Cost-effectiveness of early parenteral versus enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Value Health 18:A532
610.
Zurück zum Zitat The TARGET Investigators for the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2018) Energy-dense versus routine enteral nutrition in the critically ill. N Engl J Med 379:823–834 The TARGET Investigators for the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2018) Energy-dense versus routine enteral nutrition in the critically ill. N Engl J Med 379:823–834
611.
Zurück zum Zitat Allingstrup MJ, Kondrup J, Wiis J, Claudius C, Pedersen UG, Hein-Rasmussen R, Bjerregaard MR, Steensen M, Jensen TH, Lange T, Madsen MB, Møller MH, Perner A (2017) Early goal-directed nutrition versus standard of care in adult intensive care patients: the single-centre, randomised, Outcome assessor-blinded EAT-ICU trial. Intensive Care Med 43(11):1637–1647. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00134-017-4880-3 CrossRefPubMed Allingstrup MJ, Kondrup J, Wiis J, Claudius C, Pedersen UG, Hein-Rasmussen R, Bjerregaard MR, Steensen M, Jensen TH, Lange T, Madsen MB, Møller MH, Perner A (2017) Early goal-directed nutrition versus standard of care in adult intensive care patients: the single-centre, randomised, Outcome assessor-blinded EAT-ICU trial. Intensive Care Med 43(11):1637–1647. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00134-017-4880-3 CrossRefPubMed
612.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuani Franzosi O, Delfino von Frankenberg A, Loss SH, Solva Leite Nunes D, Rios Vieiira SR (2017) Underfeeding versus full enteral feeding in critically ill patients witrh acute respirartoryx failure: a systematic review with meta-analyis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Hosp 34:19–29 PubMed Stuani Franzosi O, Delfino von Frankenberg A, Loss SH, Solva Leite Nunes D, Rios Vieiira SR (2017) Underfeeding versus full enteral feeding in critically ill patients witrh acute respirartoryx failure: a systematic review with meta-analyis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Hosp 34:19–29 PubMed
613.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeh DD, Fuentes E, Quraishi SA, Cropano C, Kaafarani H, Lee J, King DR, DeMoya M, Fagenholz P, Butler K, Chang Y, Velmahos G (2016) Adequate nutrition may get you home: effect of caloric/protein deficits on the discharge destination of critically ill surgical patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:37–44 PubMed Yeh DD, Fuentes E, Quraishi SA, Cropano C, Kaafarani H, Lee J, King DR, DeMoya M, Fagenholz P, Butler K, Chang Y, Velmahos G (2016) Adequate nutrition may get you home: effect of caloric/protein deficits on the discharge destination of critically ill surgical patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:37–44 PubMed
614.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicolo M, Heyland DK, Crittiams J, Sammarco T, Compher C (2016) Clinical Outcomes related toprotein delivery in a critically ill population: a multicenter,multinational observational study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40(1):45–51 PubMed Nicolo M, Heyland DK, Crittiams J, Sammarco T, Compher C (2016) Clinical Outcomes related toprotein delivery in a critically ill population: a multicenter,multinational observational study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40(1):45–51 PubMed
615.
Zurück zum Zitat Zusman O, Theilla M, Cohen J, Kagan I, Bendavid I, Singer P (2016) Resting energy expenditure, calorie and protein consumption in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 20(1):367 PubMedPubMedCentral Zusman O, Theilla M, Cohen J, Kagan I, Bendavid I, Singer P (2016) Resting energy expenditure, calorie and protein consumption in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 20(1):367 PubMedPubMedCentral
616.
Zurück zum Zitat Compher C, Chittams J, Sammero T, Nicolo M, Heyland DK (2017) Greater protein and energy intake may be associated with improved mortality in higher risk critically ill patients: a multicenter multinational observational study. Crit Care Med 41:104–112 Compher C, Chittams J, Sammero T, Nicolo M, Heyland DK (2017) Greater protein and energy intake may be associated with improved mortality in higher risk critically ill patients: a multicenter multinational observational study. Crit Care Med 41:104–112
618.
Zurück zum Zitat A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors, American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Provision, Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient, Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), McClave SA, McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM et al (2016) Important and most recent guideline regarding clinical nutrition in the ICU. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:159–211 A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors, American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Provision, Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient, Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), McClave SA, McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM et al (2016) Important and most recent guideline regarding clinical nutrition in the ICU. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:159–211
619.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH et al (2002) North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:S80–S85 PubMed McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH et al (2002) North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:S80–S85 PubMed
620.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA et al (2005) Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 33:324–330 PubMed McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA et al (2005) Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 33:324–330 PubMed
621.
Zurück zum Zitat Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE (2008) Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings. Am J Crit Care 17(6):512–519 (quiz 20) PubMedPubMedCentral Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE (2008) Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings. Am J Crit Care 17(6):512–519 (quiz 20) PubMedPubMedCentral
622.
Zurück zum Zitat Montejo JC, Miñambres E, Bordejö L et al (2010) Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med 36:1386–1393 PubMed Montejo JC, Miñambres E, Bordejö L et al (2010) Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med 36:1386–1393 PubMed
623.
Zurück zum Zitat Poulard F, Dimet J, Martin-Lefevre L et al (2010) Impact of not measuring residual gastric volume in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral feeding: a prospective before-after study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34:125–130 PubMed Poulard F, Dimet J, Martin-Lefevre L et al (2010) Impact of not measuring residual gastric volume in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral feeding: a prospective before-after study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34:125–130 PubMed
624.
Zurück zum Zitat Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group, Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A et al (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:249–256 Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group, Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A et al (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:249–256
626.
Zurück zum Zitat van Noord C, Dieleman JP, van Herpen G et al (2010) Domperidone and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death: a population-based casecontrol study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 33:1003–1014 PubMed van Noord C, Dieleman JP, van Herpen G et al (2010) Domperidone and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death: a population-based casecontrol study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 33:1003–1014 PubMed
627.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S et al (2004) Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 351:1089–1096 PubMed Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S et al (2004) Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 351:1089–1096 PubMed
628.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis K, Alqahtani Z, Mcintyre L et al (2016) The efficacy and safety of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20:259 PubMedPubMedCentral Lewis K, Alqahtani Z, Mcintyre L et al (2016) The efficacy and safety of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20:259 PubMedPubMedCentral
629.
Zurück zum Zitat BDDixon DJCoopersmith FCM et al (2008) Pharmacoepidemiology of QT-interval prolonging drug administration in critically ill patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:971–981 BDDixon DJCoopersmith FCM et al (2008) Pharmacoepidemiology of QT-interval prolonging drug administration in critically ill patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:971–981
631.
Zurück zum Zitat Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M et al (2001) Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, risk factors, and complications. Crit Care Med 29:1955–1961 PubMed Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M et al (2001) Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, risk factors, and complications. Crit Care Med 29:1955–1961 PubMed
632.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaloga GP, Marik P (2000) Promotility agents in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:2657–2659 PubMed Zaloga GP, Marik P (2000) Promotility agents in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:2657–2659 PubMed
633.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiancha H, Jiyong J, Min Y (2015) How to promote bedside placement of the postpyloric feeding tube: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 39:521–530 PubMed Tiancha H, Jiyong J, Min Y (2015) How to promote bedside placement of the postpyloric feeding tube: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 39:521–530 PubMed
634.
Zurück zum Zitat Alhazzani W, Almasoud A, Jaeschke R et al (2013) Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 17:R127 PubMedPubMedCentral Alhazzani W, Almasoud A, Jaeschke R et al (2013) Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 17:R127 PubMedPubMedCentral
635.
Zurück zum Zitat Valenta J, Brodska H, Drabek T et al (2011) High-dose selenium substitution in sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 37:808–815 PubMed Valenta J, Brodska H, Drabek T et al (2011) High-dose selenium substitution in sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 37:808–815 PubMed
636.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloos F, Trips E, Nierhaus A, Briegel J, Heyland DK, Jaschinski U, Moerer O, Weyland A, Marx G, Gründling M, Kluge S, Kaufmann I, Ott K, Quintel M, Jelschen F, Meybohm P, Rademacher S, Meier-Hellmann A, Utzolino S, Kaisers UX, Putensen C, Elke G, Ragaller M, Gerlach H, Ludewig K, Kiehntopf M, Bogatsch H, Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Loeffler M, Reinhart K, SepNet Critical Care Trials Group Effect of Sodium Selenite Administration, Procalcitonin-Guided Therapy on Mortality in Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock (2016) A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176(9):1266–1276. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jamainternmed.​2016.​2514 CrossRefPubMed Bloos F, Trips E, Nierhaus A, Briegel J, Heyland DK, Jaschinski U, Moerer O, Weyland A, Marx G, Gründling M, Kluge S, Kaufmann I, Ott K, Quintel M, Jelschen F, Meybohm P, Rademacher S, Meier-Hellmann A, Utzolino S, Kaisers UX, Putensen C, Elke G, Ragaller M, Gerlach H, Ludewig K, Kiehntopf M, Bogatsch H, Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Loeffler M, Reinhart K, SepNet Critical Care Trials Group Effect of Sodium Selenite Administration, Procalcitonin-Guided Therapy on Mortality in Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock (2016) A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176(9):1266–1276. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jamainternmed.​2016.​2514 CrossRefPubMed
637.
Zurück zum Zitat SepNet Critical Care Trials Group, Bloos F, Trips E, Nierhaus A et al (2016) Effect of sodium selenite administration and procalcitonin-guided therapy on mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176:1266–1276 SepNet Critical Care Trials Group, Bloos F, Trips E, Nierhaus A et al (2016) Effect of sodium selenite administration and procalcitonin-guided therapy on mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176:1266–1276
638.
Zurück zum Zitat Marik PE, Zaloga GP (2001) Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 29:2264–2270 PubMed Marik PE, Zaloga GP (2001) Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 29:2264–2270 PubMed
639.
Zurück zum Zitat Avenell A (2006) Glutamine in critical care: current evidence from systematic reviews. Proc Nutr Soc 65:236–241 PubMed Avenell A (2006) Glutamine in critical care: current evidence from systematic reviews. Proc Nutr Soc 65:236–241 PubMed
640.
Zurück zum Zitat Avenell A (2009) Hot topics in parenteral nutrition. Current evidence and ongoing trials on the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients and patients undergoing surgery. Proc Nutr Soc 68:261–268 PubMed Avenell A (2009) Hot topics in parenteral nutrition. Current evidence and ongoing trials on the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients and patients undergoing surgery. Proc Nutr Soc 68:261–268 PubMed
641.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang H, Chen W, Hu W et al (2009) The impact of glutamine-enhanced enteral nutrition on clinical Outcome of patients with critical illness: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 25:325–330 PubMed Jiang H, Chen W, Hu W et al (2009) The impact of glutamine-enhanced enteral nutrition on clinical Outcome of patients with critical illness: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 25:325–330 PubMed
642.
Zurück zum Zitat Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A et al (2002) Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 30:2022–2029 PubMed Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A et al (2002) Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 30:2022–2029 PubMed
643.
Zurück zum Zitat Metabolism, Nutrition Working Group, SEMICYUC, Spain, Grau T, Bonet A, Miñambres E et al (2011) The effect of L‑alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 39:1263–1268 Metabolism, Nutrition Working Group, SEMICYUC, Spain, Grau T, Bonet A, Miñambres E et al (2011) The effect of L‑alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 39:1263–1268
644.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P et al (2009) A large-bolus injection, but not continuous infusion of sodium selenite improves Outcome in peritonitis. Shock 32:140–146 PubMed Wang Z, Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P et al (2009) A large-bolus injection, but not continuous infusion of sodium selenite improves Outcome in peritonitis. Shock 32:140–146 PubMed
645.
Zurück zum Zitat Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group, Wernerman J, Kirketeig T, Andersson B et al (2011) Scandinavian glutamine trial: a pragmatic multicentre randomised clinical trial of intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55:812–818 Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group, Wernerman J, Kirketeig T, Andersson B et al (2011) Scandinavian glutamine trial: a pragmatic multicentre randomised clinical trial of intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55:812–818
646.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE et al (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368:1489–1497 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE et al (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368:1489–1497
647.
Zurück zum Zitat Beale RJ, Sherry T, Lei K et al (2008) Early enteral supplementation with key pharmaconutrients improves Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in critically ill patients with sepsis: Outcome of a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Crit Care Med 36:131–144 PubMed Beale RJ, Sherry T, Lei K et al (2008) Early enteral supplementation with key pharmaconutrients improves Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in critically ill patients with sepsis: Outcome of a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Crit Care Med 36:131–144 PubMed
648.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, González-Ojeda A et al (2004) L‑alanylL-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin Nutr 23:13–21 PubMed Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, González-Ojeda A et al (2004) L‑alanylL-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin Nutr 23:13–21 PubMed
649.
650.
Zurück zum Zitat Stehle P, Ellger B, Kojic D, Feuersenger A, Schneid C, Stover J, Scheiner D, Westphal M (2017) Glutamine dipeptide—supplemented parenteral nutrition improves the clinical ouitcomes of critically ill patients: a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 17:75–85 PubMed Stehle P, Ellger B, Kojic D, Feuersenger A, Schneid C, Stover J, Scheiner D, Westphal M (2017) Glutamine dipeptide—supplemented parenteral nutrition improves the clinical ouitcomes of critically ill patients: a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 17:75–85 PubMed
651.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia de Acilu M, Leal S, Caralt B, Roca O, Sabater J, Masclans JR (2015) The role of omega‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. Biomed Res Int 2015:653750 PubMedPubMedCentral Garcia de Acilu M, Leal S, Caralt B, Roca O, Sabater J, Masclans JR (2015) The role of omega‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. Biomed Res Int 2015:653750 PubMedPubMedCentral
652.
Zurück zum Zitat NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators, NHLBI ARDS Clinical Trials Network, Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT et al (2011) Enteral omega‑3 fatty acid, gammalinolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 306:1574–1581 PubMedCentral NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators, NHLBI ARDS Clinical Trials Network, Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT et al (2011) Enteral omega‑3 fatty acid, gammalinolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 306:1574–1581 PubMedCentral
654.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen H, Wang S, Zhao Y et al (2018) Correlation analysis of omega‑3 fatty acids and mortality of sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS in adults: data from previous randomized controlled trials. Nutr J 17(1):57 PubMedPubMedCentral Chen H, Wang S, Zhao Y et al (2018) Correlation analysis of omega‑3 fatty acids and mortality of sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS in adults: data from previous randomized controlled trials. Nutr J 17(1):57 PubMedPubMedCentral
657.
Zurück zum Zitat White DB, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD et al (2010) The language of prognostication in intensive care units. Med Decis Making 30:76–83 PubMed White DB, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD et al (2010) The language of prognostication in intensive care units. Med Decis Making 30:76–83 PubMed
658.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiarchiaro J, Buddadhumaruk P, Arnold RM et al (2015) Quality of communication in the ICU and surrogate’s understanding of prognosis. Crit Care Med 43:542–548 PubMedPubMedCentral Chiarchiaro J, Buddadhumaruk P, Arnold RM et al (2015) Quality of communication in the ICU and surrogate’s understanding of prognosis. Crit Care Med 43:542–548 PubMedPubMedCentral
659.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Downar J, You JJ, Bagshaw SM et al (2015) Nonbeneficial treatment Canada: definitions, causes, and potential solutions from the perspective of healthcare practitioners. Crit Care Med 43:270–281 Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Downar J, You JJ, Bagshaw SM et al (2015) Nonbeneficial treatment Canada: definitions, causes, and potential solutions from the perspective of healthcare practitioners. Crit Care Med 43:270–281
660.
Zurück zum Zitat Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Project Advisory Board, Nelson JE, Curtis JR, Mulkerin C et al (2013) Choosing and using screening criteria for palliative care consultation in the ICU: a report from the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Advisory Board. Crit Care Med 41:2318–2327 Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Project Advisory Board, Nelson JE, Curtis JR, Mulkerin C et al (2013) Choosing and using screening criteria for palliative care consultation in the ICU: a report from the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Advisory Board. Crit Care Med 41:2318–2327
661.
Zurück zum Zitat Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC et al (2010) The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised con trolled trial. BMJ 340:c1345 PubMedPubMedCentral Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC et al (2010) The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised con trolled trial. BMJ 340:c1345 PubMedPubMedCentral
662.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheunemann LP, McDevitt M, Carson SS et al (2011) Randomized, con trolled trials of interventions to improve communication in intensive care: a systematic review. Chest 139:543–554 PubMed Scheunemann LP, McDevitt M, Carson SS et al (2011) Randomized, con trolled trials of interventions to improve communication in intensive care: a systematic review. Chest 139:543–554 PubMed
663.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society ad hoc Committee on Futile and Potentially Inappropriate Treatment, American Thoracic Society, American Association for Critical Care Nurses, American College of Chest Physicians, European Society for Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care, Bosslet GT, Bosslet GT, Pope TM, Rubenfeld GD et al (2015) An Official ATS/AACN/ACCP/ESICM/SCCM Policy Statement: Responding to Requests for Potentially Inappropriate Treatments in Intensive Care Units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191:1318–1330 American Thoracic Society ad hoc Committee on Futile and Potentially Inappropriate Treatment, American Thoracic Society, American Association for Critical Care Nurses, American College of Chest Physicians, European Society for Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care, Bosslet GT, Bosslet GT, Pope TM, Rubenfeld GD et al (2015) An Official ATS/AACN/ACCP/ESICM/SCCM Policy Statement: Responding to Requests for Potentially Inappropriate Treatments in Intensive Care Units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191:1318–1330
664.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Critical Care Medicine, American Thoracic Society: Shared Decision Making in ICUs, Kon AA, Davidson JE, Morrison W et al (2016) An American college of critical care medicine and American thoracic society policy statement. Crit Care Med 44:188–201 American College of Critical Care Medicine, American Thoracic Society: Shared Decision Making in ICUs, Kon AA, Davidson JE, Morrison W et al (2016) An American college of critical care medicine and American thoracic society policy statement. Crit Care Med 44:188–201
665.
Zurück zum Zitat Aslakson R, Cheng J, Vollenweider D et al (2014) Evidence-based pallia tive care in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of interven tions. J Palliat Med 17:219–235 PubMedPubMedCentral Aslakson R, Cheng J, Vollenweider D et al (2014) Evidence-based pallia tive care in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of interven tions. J Palliat Med 17:219–235 PubMedPubMedCentral
666.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulz V, Novick RJ (2013) The distinct role of palliative care in the sur gical intensive care unit. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17:240–248 PubMed Schulz V, Novick RJ (2013) The distinct role of palliative care in the sur gical intensive care unit. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17:240–248 PubMed
667.
Zurück zum Zitat Khandelwal N, Kross EK, Engelberg RA et al (2015) Estimating the effect of palliative care interventions and advance care planning on ICU utilization: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 43:1102–1111 PubMedPubMedCentral Khandelwal N, Kross EK, Engelberg RA et al (2015) Estimating the effect of palliative care interventions and advance care planning on ICU utilization: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 43:1102–1111 PubMedPubMedCentral
668.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCato TW, Engelberg RA, Downey L et al (2013) Hospital variation and temporal trends in palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU. Crit Care Med 41:1405–1411 PubMedPubMedCentral DeCato TW, Engelberg RA, Downey L et al (2013) Hospital variation and temporal trends in palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU. Crit Care Med 41:1405–1411 PubMedPubMedCentral
669.
Zurück zum Zitat Sprung CL, Truog RD, Curtis JR et al (2014) Seeking worldwide profes sional consensus on the principles of end-of-life care for the critically ill. The Consensus for Worldwide End-of-Life Practice for Patients in Intensive Care Units (WELPICUS) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190:855–866 PubMed Sprung CL, Truog RD, Curtis JR et al (2014) Seeking worldwide profes sional consensus on the principles of end-of-life care for the critically ill. The Consensus for Worldwide End-of-Life Practice for Patients in Intensive Care Units (WELPICUS) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190:855–866 PubMed
670.
Zurück zum Zitat Flanders SA, Strasen JH (2014) Review of evidence about family pres ence during resuscitation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 26:533–550 PubMed Flanders SA, Strasen JH (2014) Review of evidence about family pres ence during resuscitation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 26:533–550 PubMed
671.
Zurück zum Zitat Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C et al (2015) The offering of family presence during resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care 3:41 PubMedPubMedCentral Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C et al (2015) The offering of family presence during resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care 3:41 PubMedPubMedCentral
672.
Zurück zum Zitat Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C et al (2015) Canadian critical care society: family presence during resuscitation: a Canadian critical care society position paper. Can Respir J 22:201:205vv Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C et al (2015) Canadian critical care society: family presence during resuscitation: a Canadian critical care society position paper. Can Respir J 22:201:205vv
673.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyland DK, Hopman W, Coo H, Tranmer J, McColl MA (2000) Long-term health-related quality of life in survivors of sepsis. Short Form 36: a valid and reliable measure of health-related quality of life. Crit Care Med 28(11):3599–3605 PubMed Heyland DK, Hopman W, Coo H, Tranmer J, McColl MA (2000) Long-term health-related quality of life in survivors of sepsis. Short Form 36: a valid and reliable measure of health-related quality of life. Crit Care Med 28(11):3599–3605 PubMed
674.
Zurück zum Zitat Korosec Jagodic H, Jagodic K, Podbregar M (2006) Long-term outcome and quality of life of patients treated in surgical intensive care: a comparison between sepsis and trauma. Crit Care 10(5):R134 PubMedPubMedCentral Korosec Jagodic H, Jagodic K, Podbregar M (2006) Long-term outcome and quality of life of patients treated in surgical intensive care: a comparison between sepsis and trauma. Crit Care 10(5):R134 PubMedPubMedCentral
675.
Zurück zum Zitat Granja C, Dias C, Costa-Pereira A, Sarmento A (2004) Quality of life of survivors from severe sepsis and septic shock may be similar to that of others who survive critical illness. Crit Care 8(2):R91–R98 PubMedPubMedCentral Granja C, Dias C, Costa-Pereira A, Sarmento A (2004) Quality of life of survivors from severe sepsis and septic shock may be similar to that of others who survive critical illness. Crit Care 8(2):R91–R98 PubMedPubMedCentral
676.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolton CF, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF, Sibbald WJ (1984) Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47(11):1223–1231 PubMedPubMedCentral Bolton CF, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF, Sibbald WJ (1984) Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47(11):1223–1231 PubMedPubMedCentral
677.
Zurück zum Zitat Tepper M, Rakic S, Haas JA, Woittiez AJ (2000) Incidence and onset of critical illness polyneuropathy in patients with septic shock. Neth J Med 56(6):211–214 PubMed Tepper M, Rakic S, Haas JA, Woittiez AJ (2000) Incidence and onset of critical illness polyneuropathy in patients with septic shock. Neth J Med 56(6):211–214 PubMed
678.
Zurück zum Zitat Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM (2009) Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 35(5):796–809 PubMed Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM (2009) Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 35(5):796–809 PubMed
679.
Zurück zum Zitat Schelling G (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder in somatic disease: lessons from critically ill patients. Prog Brain Res 167:229–237 PubMed Schelling G (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder in somatic disease: lessons from critically ill patients. Prog Brain Res 167:229–237 PubMed
680.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehlhorn J, Freytag A, Schmidt K et al (2014) Crit Care Med 42(5):1263–1271 PubMed Mehlhorn J, Freytag A, Schmidt K et al (2014) Crit Care Med 42(5):1263–1271 PubMed
681.
Zurück zum Zitat Graf J, Doig GS, Cook DJ, Vincent JL, Sibbald WJ (2002) Randomized, controlled clinical trials in sepsis: has methodologicalquality improved over time? Crit Care Med 30(2):461–472 PubMed Graf J, Doig GS, Cook DJ, Vincent JL, Sibbald WJ (2002) Randomized, controlled clinical trials in sepsis: has methodologicalquality improved over time? Crit Care Med 30(2):461–472 PubMed
683.
Zurück zum Zitat S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Infektiologie e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V., der Paul-Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V, der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft und der Gesellschaft für Virologie. Pneumologie 2018; 72(01): 15–63 S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Infektiologie e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie e. V., der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V., der Paul-Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V, der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft und der Gesellschaft für Virologie. Pneumologie 2018; 72(01): 15–63
686.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhoe SX (2002) Acta Pharmacol Sin 23(7):654–658 Zhoe SX (2002) Acta Pharmacol Sin 23(7):654–658
688.
691.
Zurück zum Zitat Luiking YC, Poeze M, Deutz NE (2015) Arginine infusion in patients with septic shock increases nitric oxide production without hemodynamic instability. Clin Sci 128:57–67 Luiking YC, Poeze M, Deutz NE (2015) Arginine infusion in patients with septic shock increases nitric oxide production without hemodynamic instability. Clin Sci 128:57–67
Metadaten
Titel
S3-Leitlinie Sepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge
Langfassung
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. med. F. M. Brunkhorst
M. A. Weigand
M. Pletz
P. Gastmeier
S. W. Lemmen
A. Meier-Hellmann
M. Ragaller
A. Weyland
G. Marx
M. Bucher
H. Gerlach
B. Salzberger
B. Grabein
T. Welte
K. Werdan
S. Kluge
H. G. Bone
C. Putensen
R. Rossaint
M. Quintel
C. Spies
B. Weiß
S. John
M. Oppert
A. Jörres
T. Brenner
G. Elke
M. Gründling
K. Mayer
A. Weimann
T. W. Felbinger
H. Axer
Deutsche Sepsis Gesellschaft e. V.
Publikationsdatum
30.04.2020
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe Sonderheft 2/2020
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-020-00685-0

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.