Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 6/2017

04.02.2017 | Original Article

Serious fungal infections in Canada

verfasst von: S. F. Dufresne, D. C. Cole, D. W. Denning, D. C. Sheppard

Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Ausgabe 6/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

There are currently no nationwide epidemiological data on fungal infections in Canada. We estimated the burden of serious fungal diseases using literature review and modeling, as per a methodology previously described by the LIFE program (http://​www.​LIFE-worldwide.​org). Among the population of Canada (35.5 million in 2014), it was estimated that approximately 1.8% are affected by a serious fungal infection. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, severe asthma with fungal sensitization, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are the most frequent infections, with population prevalences of 498,688 (1403/100,000), 73,344 (206/100,000), and 61,854 (174/100,000) cases, respectively. Over 3000 invasive fungal infections are estimated to occur annually, with incidences of 2068 cases (5.8/100,000) of invasive candidiasis, 566 cases (1.6/100,000) of invasive aspergillosis, 252 cases (0.71/100,000) of Pneumocystis pneumonia, 99 cases (0.28/100,000) of endemic mycoses, and 63 cases (0.18/100,000) of cryptococcosis. These estimates warrant validation through more formal epidemiological studies in Canada.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicolle L, Rotstein C, Bourgault A, St-Germain G, Garber G; Canadian Infectious Diseases Society Invasive Fungal Registry (1998) Invasive fungal infections in Canada from 1992 to 1994. Can J Infect Dis 9(6):347–352CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nicolle L, Rotstein C, Bourgault A, St-Germain G, Garber G; Canadian Infectious Diseases Society Invasive Fungal Registry (1998) Invasive fungal infections in Canada from 1992 to 1994. Can J Infect Dis 9(6):347–352CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Gago S, Cuenca-Estrella M, León C, Miro JM, Nuñez Boluda A, Ruiz Camps I, Sole A, Denning DW; University of Manchester in association with the LIFE program (2015) Burden of serious fungal infections in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(2):183–189. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.013 CrossRefPubMed Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Gago S, Cuenca-Estrella M, León C, Miro JM, Nuñez Boluda A, Ruiz Camps I, Sole A, Denning DW; University of Manchester in association with the LIFE program (2015) Burden of serious fungal infections in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(2):183–189. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cmi.​2014.​07.​013 CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruhnke M, Groll AH, Mayser P, Ullmann AJ, Mendling W, Hof H, Denning DW; University of Manchester in association with the LIFE program (2015) Estimated burden of fungal infections in Germany. Mycoses 58(Suppl 5):22–28. doi:10.1111/myc.12392 CrossRefPubMed Ruhnke M, Groll AH, Mayser P, Ullmann AJ, Mendling W, Hof H, Denning DW; University of Manchester in association with the LIFE program (2015) Estimated burden of fungal infections in Germany. Mycoses 58(Suppl 5):22–28. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12392 CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Statistics Canada. Table 051-0001. Estimates of population, by age group and sex for July 1, Canada, provinces and territories, annual (persons unless otherwise noted). CANSIM (database) Statistics Canada. Table 051-0001. Estimates of population, by age group and sex for July 1, Canada, provinces and territories, annual (persons unless otherwise noted). CANSIM (database)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Statistics Canada. Table 105-0502. Health indicator profile, two year period estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2013 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional. CANSIM (database) Statistics Canada. Table 105-0502. Health indicator profile, two year period estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2013 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional. CANSIM (database)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Cancer Society’s AdvisoryCommittee on Cancer Statistics (2015) Canadian Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Society, Toronto, Ontario Canadian Cancer Society’s AdvisoryCommittee on Cancer Statistics (2015) Canadian Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Society, Toronto, Ontario
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) (2014) Canadian organ replacement register annual report: treatment of end-stage organ failure in Canada, 2003 to 2012. CIHI, Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) (2014) Canadian organ replacement register annual report: treatment of end-stage organ failure in Canada, 2003 to 2012. CIHI, Ottawa, Ontario
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Health at a glance 2013: OECD indicators (2013). OECD Publishing Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Health at a glance 2013: OECD indicators (2013). OECD Publishing
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Public Health Agency of Canada (2014) HIV and AIDS in Canada: surveillance report to December 31, 2013. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Public Health Agency of Canada (2014) HIV and AIDS in Canada: surveillance report to December 31, 2013. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cystic Fibrosis Canada (2015) The Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Registry: 2013 annual report Cystic Fibrosis Canada (2015) The Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Registry: 2013 annual report
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat St-Germain G, Laverdière M, Pelletier R, René P, Bourgault AM, Lemieux C, Libman M (2008) Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream Candida isolates in Quebec: Report on 453 cases between 2003 and 2005. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 19(1):55–62PubMedPubMedCentral St-Germain G, Laverdière M, Pelletier R, René P, Bourgault AM, Lemieux C, Libman M (2008) Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream Candida isolates in Quebec: Report on 453 cases between 2003 and 2005. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 19(1):55–62PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH (2013) Finding the “missing 50%” of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis 56(9):1284–1292. doi:10.1093/cid/cit006 CrossRefPubMed Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH (2013) Finding the “missing 50%” of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis 56(9):1284–1292. doi:10.​1093/​cid/​cit006 CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Barkati S, Dufresne SF, Bélanger S, Vadnais B, Bergeron J, Labbé AC, Laverdière M (2014) Incidence of invasive aspergillosis following remission-induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia: a retrospective cohort study in a single Canadian tertiary care centre. CMAJ Open 2(2):E86–E93. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20130062 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Barkati S, Dufresne SF, Bélanger S, Vadnais B, Bergeron J, Labbé AC, Laverdière M (2014) Incidence of invasive aspergillosis following remission-induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia: a retrospective cohort study in a single Canadian tertiary care centre. CMAJ Open 2(2):E86–E93. doi:10.​9778/​cmajo.​20130062 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Fianchi L, Martino B, Pastore D, Picardi M, Bonini A, Chierichini A, Fanci R, Caramatti C, Invernizzi R, Mattei D, Mitra ME, Melillo L, Aversa F, Van Lint MT, Falcucci P, Valentini CG, Girmenia C, Nosari A (2006) The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 91(8):1068–1075PubMed Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Fianchi L, Martino B, Pastore D, Picardi M, Bonini A, Chierichini A, Fanci R, Caramatti C, Invernizzi R, Mattei D, Mitra ME, Melillo L, Aversa F, Van Lint MT, Falcucci P, Valentini CG, Girmenia C, Nosari A (2006) The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 91(8):1068–1075PubMed
18.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, Anaissie EJ, Brumble LM, Herwaldt L, Ito J, Kontoyiannis DP, Lyon GM, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Park BJ, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Oster RA, Schuster MG, Walker R, Walsh TJ, Wannemuehler KA, Chiller TM (2010) Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis 50(8):1101–1111. doi:10.1086/651262 CrossRefPubMed Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, Anaissie EJ, Brumble LM, Herwaldt L, Ito J, Kontoyiannis DP, Lyon GM, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Park BJ, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Oster RA, Schuster MG, Walker R, Walsh TJ, Wannemuehler KA, Chiller TM (2010) Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis 50(8):1101–1111. doi:10.​1086/​651262 CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Corzo-León DE, Satlin MJ, Soave R, Shore TB, Schuetz AN, Jacobs SE, Walsh TJ (2015) Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the era of antifungal prophylaxis: a single-centre study with focus on emerging pathogens. Mycoses 58(6):325–336. doi:10.1111/myc.12318 CrossRefPubMed Corzo-León DE, Satlin MJ, Soave R, Shore TB, Schuetz AN, Jacobs SE, Walsh TJ (2015) Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the era of antifungal prophylaxis: a single-centre study with focus on emerging pathogens. Mycoses 58(6):325–336. doi:10.​1111/​myc.​12318 CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison N, Mitterbauer M, Tobudic S, Kalhs P, Rabitsch W, Greinix H, Burgmann H, Willinger B, Presterl E, Forstner C (2015) Incidence and characteristics of invasive fungal diseases in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 15:584. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1329-6 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Harrison N, Mitterbauer M, Tobudic S, Kalhs P, Rabitsch W, Greinix H, Burgmann H, Willinger B, Presterl E, Forstner C (2015) Incidence and characteristics of invasive fungal diseases in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 15:584. doi:10.​1186/​s12879-015-1329-6 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, Gersten ID, Mendizabal AM, Leather HL, Confer DL, Maziarz RT, Stadtmauer EA, Bolaños-Meade J, Brown J, Dipersio JF, Boeckh M, Marr KA; Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (2010) Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 116(24):5111–5118. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-268151 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, Gersten ID, Mendizabal AM, Leather HL, Confer DL, Maziarz RT, Stadtmauer EA, Bolaños-Meade J, Brown J, Dipersio JF, Boeckh M, Marr KA; Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (2010) Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 116(24):5111–5118. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2010-02-268151 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Montesinos P, Rodríguez-Veiga R, Boluda B, Martínez-Cuadrón D, Cano I, Lancharro A, Sanz J, Arilla MJ, López-Chuliá F, Navarro I, Lorenzo I, Salavert M, Pemán J, Calvillo P, Martínez J, Carpio N, Jarque I, Sanz GF, Sanz MA (2015) Incidence and risk factors of post-engraftment invasive fungal disease in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving oral azoles prophylaxis. Bone Marrow Transplant 50(11):1465–1472. doi:10.1038/bmt.2015.181 CrossRefPubMed Montesinos P, Rodríguez-Veiga R, Boluda B, Martínez-Cuadrón D, Cano I, Lancharro A, Sanz J, Arilla MJ, López-Chuliá F, Navarro I, Lorenzo I, Salavert M, Pemán J, Calvillo P, Martínez J, Carpio N, Jarque I, Sanz GF, Sanz MA (2015) Incidence and risk factors of post-engraftment invasive fungal disease in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving oral azoles prophylaxis. Bone Marrow Transplant 50(11):1465–1472. doi:10.​1038/​bmt.​2015.​181 CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, Ito J, Andes DR, Baddley JW, Brown JM, Brumble LM, Freifeld AG, Hadley S, Herwaldt LA, Kauffman CA, Knapp K, Lyon GM, Morrison VA, Papanicolaou G, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Schuster MG, Walker R, Wannemuehler KA, Wingard JR, Chiller TM, Pappas PG (2010) Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 50(8):1091–1100. doi:10.1086/651263 CrossRefPubMed Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, Ito J, Andes DR, Baddley JW, Brown JM, Brumble LM, Freifeld AG, Hadley S, Herwaldt LA, Kauffman CA, Knapp K, Lyon GM, Morrison VA, Papanicolaou G, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Schuster MG, Walker R, Wannemuehler KA, Wingard JR, Chiller TM, Pappas PG (2010) Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 50(8):1091–1100. doi:10.​1086/​651263 CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Guinea J, Torres-Narbona M, Gijón P, Muñoz P, Pozo F, Peláez T, de Miguel J, Bouza E (2010) Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 16(7):870–877. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03015.x CrossRefPubMed Guinea J, Torres-Narbona M, Gijón P, Muñoz P, Pozo F, Peláez T, de Miguel J, Bouza E (2010) Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 16(7):870–877. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1469-0691.​2009.​03015.​x CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, Huynh M, Bartlett KH, Fyfe M, Macdougall L, Boekhout T, Kwon-Chung KJ, Meyer W (2004) A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(49):17258–17263. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402981101 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, Huynh M, Bartlett KH, Fyfe M, Macdougall L, Boekhout T, Kwon-Chung KJ, Meyer W (2004) A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(49):17258–17263. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0402981101 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat BC Centre for Disease Control (2014) British Columbia Annual Summary of Reportable Diseases 2013. Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services (CDPACS), Provincial Health Services Authority Vancouver, British Columbia BC Centre for Disease Control (2014) British Columbia Annual Summary of Reportable Diseases 2013. Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services (CDPACS), Provincial Health Services Authority Vancouver, British Columbia
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalcin D, Ahmed SZ (2015) Blastomycosis in northwestern Ontario, 2004 to 2014. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 26(5):259–262PubMedPubMedCentral Dalcin D, Ahmed SZ (2015) Blastomycosis in northwestern Ontario, 2004 to 2014. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 26(5):259–262PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Government of Manitoba (2014) Manitoba Annual Summary of Communicable Diseases 2013. Epidemiology & Surveillance, Public Health Branch, Public Health and Primary Health Care Division, Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors Government of Manitoba (2014) Manitoba Annual Summary of Communicable Diseases 2013. Epidemiology & Surveillance, Public Health Branch, Public Health and Primary Health Care Division, Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Guy R, Roy O, Poupart G, Panisset M (1949) Histoplasmin sensitivity; preliminary observations in a group of school children in the Province of Quebec. Can J Public Health 40(2):68–71PubMed Guy R, Roy O, Poupart G, Panisset M (1949) Histoplasmin sensitivity; preliminary observations in a group of school children in the Province of Quebec. Can J Public Health 40(2):68–71PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Leznoff A, Frank H, Taussig A, Brandt JL (1969) The focal distribution of histoplasmosis in Montreal. Can J Public Health 60(8):321–325PubMed Leznoff A, Frank H, Taussig A, Brandt JL (1969) The focal distribution of histoplasmosis in Montreal. Can J Public Health 60(8):321–325PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat MacEachern EJ, McDonald JC (1971) Histoplasmin sensitivity in McGill University students. Can J Public Health 62(5):415–422PubMed MacEachern EJ, McDonald JC (1971) Histoplasmin sensitivity in McGill University students. Can J Public Health 62(5):415–422PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Sekhon AS, Isaac-Renton J, Dixon JM, Stein L, Sims HV (1991) Review of human and animal cases of coccidioidomycosis diagnosed in Canada. Mycopathologia 113(1):1–10CrossRefPubMed Sekhon AS, Isaac-Renton J, Dixon JM, Stein L, Sims HV (1991) Review of human and animal cases of coccidioidomycosis diagnosed in Canada. Mycopathologia 113(1):1–10CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Foxman B, Muraglia R, Dietz JP, Sobel JD, Wagner J (2013) Prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 5 European countries and the United States: results from an internet panel survey. J Low Genit Tract Dis 17(3):340–345. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e318273e8cf CrossRefPubMed Foxman B, Muraglia R, Dietz JP, Sobel JD, Wagner J (2013) Prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 5 European countries and the United States: results from an internet panel survey. J Low Genit Tract Dis 17(3):340–345. doi:10.​1097/​LGT.​0b013e318273e8cf​ CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, Ariyawardana A, D’Amato-Palumbo S, Fischer DJ, Martof A, Nicolatou-Galitis O, Patton LL, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT; Fungal Infections Section, Oral Care Study Group, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO) (2010) A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer 18(8):985–992. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0892-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, Ariyawardana A, D’Amato-Palumbo S, Fischer DJ, Martof A, Nicolatou-Galitis O, Patton LL, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT; Fungal Infections Section, Oral Care Study Group, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO) (2010) A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer 18(8):985–992. doi:10.​1007/​s00520-010-0892-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Matee MI, Scheutz F, Moshy J (2000) Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV-infected adult Tanzanians. Oral Dis 6(2):106–111CrossRefPubMed Matee MI, Scheutz F, Moshy J (2000) Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV-infected adult Tanzanians. Oral Dis 6(2):106–111CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ Jr, Chmiel JS, Lichtenstein KA, Novak RM, Wood KC, Brooks JT; HOPS Investigators (2010) AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994–2007: a cohort study. AIDS 24(10):1549–1559. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3967 CrossRefPubMed Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ Jr, Chmiel JS, Lichtenstein KA, Novak RM, Wood KC, Brooks JT; HOPS Investigators (2010) AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994–2007: a cohort study. AIDS 24(10):1549–1559. doi:10.​1097/​QAD.​0b013e32833a3967​ CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Fong IW (1996) Clinical and cost considerations in the pharmacotherapy of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Pharmacoeconomics 9(6):497–505CrossRefPubMed Fong IW (1996) Clinical and cost considerations in the pharmacotherapy of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Pharmacoeconomics 9(6):497–505CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Haider S, Rotstein C, Horn D, Laverdiere M, Azie N (2014) The Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance(®) registry: A two-centre Canadian experience. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 25(1):17–23PubMedPubMedCentral Haider S, Rotstein C, Horn D, Laverdiere M, Azie N (2014) The Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance(®) registry: A two-centre Canadian experience. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 25(1):17–23PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Serious fungal infections in Canada
verfasst von
S. F. Dufresne
D. C. Cole
D. W. Denning
D. C. Sheppard
Publikationsdatum
04.02.2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Ausgabe 6/2017
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-2922-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2017

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 6/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.