Background
Methods
Setting and study population
Ethical issues
Serological analysis for HBV
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Variable | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
Median (IQR) | 37 | (31, 46) |
20–29 | 88 | 19.9 |
30–39 | 165 | 37.3 |
40+ | 189 | 42.8 |
Sex | ||
Male | 166 | 37.6 |
Female | 276 | 62.4 |
Education level | ||
Primary | 27 | 6.2 |
Secondary | 67 | 15.3 |
Tertiary | 344 | 78.5 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 140 | 31.7 |
Married/Cohabiting | 275 | 62.2 |
Widow/Divorced | 27 | 6.1 |
Religion* | ||
Christian | 378 | 85.7 |
Muslim | 63 | 14.3 |
Area of residence | ||
Rural | 187 | 42.3 |
Urban | 255 | 57.7 |
Department | ||
Surgical | 194 | 43.9 |
Non-surgical | 129 | 29.2 |
Outpatient/Emergency | 21 | 4.8 |
Administrative/Supportive | 42 | 9.5 |
Laboratory/Pathology | 56 | 12.7 |
Specialty | ||
Doctor | 130 | 29.4 |
Nurse | 137 | 31.0 |
Laboratory | 37 | 8.4 |
Other health professions | 56 | 12.7 |
Administrative/ Supportive staff | 82 | 18.6 |
Work in clinical area | ||
Yes | 350 | 79.2 |
No | 92 | 20.8 |
Years of practice* | ||
< 5 | 91 | 21.0 |
≥5 | 342 | 79.0 |
Exposure to the risk of HBV infection
Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
History of surgery | ||
Yes | 145 | 32.8 |
No | 297 | 67.2 |
History of blood splash to the eyes or mouth | ||
Yes | 121 | 27.4 |
No | 319 | 72.2 |
Don’t know | 2 | 0.5 |
Ever had intravenous injections | ||
Yes | 367 | 83.0 |
No | 75 | 17.0 |
Ever had intramuscular injections | ||
Yes | 387 | 87.6 |
No | 55 | 12.4 |
History of needle stick injury* | ||
Yes | 167 | 37.9 |
No | 274 | 62.1 |
History of invasive procedure such as endoscopy* | ||
Yes | 40 | 9.1 |
No | 399 | 90.5 |
Don’t know | 2 | 0.5 |
Ever had blood transfusion | ||
Yes | 34 | 7.9 |
No | 399 | 92.2 |
HBV Vaccine uptake* | ||
Yes | 295 | 67.4 |
No | 143 | 32.6 |
Prevalence of HBV
Variable | Total | Serology n (%) | χ2* | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | ||||
Age (years) | 0.278 | 0.93** | |||
20–29 | 88 | 84 (95.4) | 4 (4.6) | ||
30–39 | 164 | 154 (93.9) | 10 (6.1) | ||
40+ | 187 | 176 (94.1) | 11 (5.9) | ||
Sex | 0.432 | 0.51 | |||
Male | 166 | 155 (93.4) | 11 (6.6) | ||
Female | 273 | 259 (94.9) | 14 (5.1) | ||
Education level | 1.835 | 0.30** | |||
Primary | 26 | 24 (92.3) | 2 (7.7) | ||
Secondary | 67 | 61 (91.0) | 6 (9.0) | ||
Tertiary | 342 | 325 (95.0) | 17 (5.0) | ||
Marital status | 4.212 | 0.14** | |||
Single | 140 | 128 (91.4) | 12 (8.6) | ||
Married/Cohabiting | 272 | 259 (95.2) | 13 (4.8) | ||
Widow/Divorced | 27 | 27 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
Religion | 3.992 | 0.05 | |||
Christian | 375 | 357 (95.2) | 18 (4.8) | ||
Muslim | 63 | 56 (88.9) | 7 (11.1) | ||
Area of residence | 1.001 | 0.32 | |||
Rural | 186 | 173 (93.0) | 13 (7.0) | ||
Urban | 253 | 241 (95.3) | 12 (4.7) | ||
Department | 2.653 | 0.47** | |||
Surgical | 193 | 183 (94.8) | 10 (5.2) | ||
Non-surgical | 129 | 122 (96.1) | 5 (3.9) | ||
Outpatient/Emergency | 21 | 19 (90.5) | 2 (9.5) | ||
Administrative/Supportive | 42 | 39 (92.9) | 3 (7.1) | ||
Laboratory/Pathology | 56 | 51 (91.1) | 5 (8.9) | ||
Specialty | 3.076 | 0.48** | |||
Doctor | 130 | 123 (94.6) | 7 (5.4) | ||
Nurse | 135 | 130 (96.3) | 5 (3.7) | ||
Laboratory | 37 | 33 (89.2) | 4 (10.8) | ||
Other health professions | 56 | 52 (92.9) | 5 (7.1) | ||
Administrative/ Supportive staff | 81 | 76 (93.8) | 5 (6.2) | ||
Work in clinical area | 1.229 | 0.32** | |||
Yes | 348 | 326 (93.7) | 22 (6.3) | ||
No | 91 | 88 (96.7) | 3 (3.3) | ||
Years of practice | 2.756 | 0.13** | |||
< 5 | 91 | 89 (97.8) | 2 (2.2) | ||
≥5 | 339 | 316 (93.2) | 23 (6.8) |
Variable | Total | Serology n (%) | χ2* | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | ||||
History of surgery* | 8.897 | 0.003** | |||
Yes | 144 | 129 (89.6) | 15 (10.4) | ||
No | 295 | 285 (96.6) | 10 (3.4) | ||
History of blood splash to the eyes or mouth* | 2.137 | 2.26** | |||
Yes | 121 | 111 (91.7) | 10 (8.3) | ||
No | 316 | 301 (95.3) | 15 (4.7) | ||
Don’t know | 2 | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
Ever had intravenous injections* | 0.446 | 0.78** | |||
Yes | 365 | 343 (94.0) | 22 (6.0) | ||
No | 74 | 71 (96.0) | 3 (4.0) | ||
Ever had intramuscular injections* | 0.414 | 0.75** | |||
Yes | 386 | 363 (94.0) | 23 (6.0) | ||
No | 53 | 51 (96.2) | 2 (3.8) | ||
History of needle stick injury* | 0.452 | 0.50 | |||
Yes | 165 | 154 (93.3) | 11 (6.8) | ||
No | 273 | 259 (94.9) | 14 (5.1) | ||
History of invasive procedure such as endoscopy* | 0.151 | 1.00** | |||
Yes | 39 | 37 (94.9) | 2 (5.1) | ||
No | 397 | 374 (94.2) | 23 (5.8) | ||
Don’t know | 2 | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
Ever had blood transfusion* | 65.946 | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 34 | 22 (64.7) | 12 (35.3) | ||
No | 399 | 388 (97.2) | 11 (2.8) | ||
HBV Vaccine uptake* | 23.420 | < 0.001** | |||
Yes | 293 | 289 (98.6) | 4 (1.4) | ||
No | 142 | 125 (88.0) | 17 (12.0) | ||
Knowledge on HBV infection | 5.886 | 0.04** | |||
Poor | 108 | 98 (90.7) | 10 (9.3) | ||
Fair | 217 | 204 (94.0) | 13 (6.0) | ||
Good | 114 | 112 (98.2) | 2 (1.8) |
Knowledge on HBV infection
Statement | n | % |
---|---|---|
1. HBV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse | 354 | 80.6 |
2. HBV can be transmitted through unprotected sex with multiple sexual partner | 79 | 17.9 |
3. HBV is the most contagious blood-borne pathogen through accidental exposure to blood and its products | 379 | 85.9 |
4. Injury with needle contaminated with infected blood is the risk factor of HBV infection | 391 | 89.1 |
5. Contact with broken skin with infected body fluid is a risk factor of HBV infection | 365 | 83.0 |
6. Contact to mucous membrane in the eyes or mouth with infected blood is a risk factor of HBV infection | 321 | 72.8 |
7. Contact of healthy skin with infected blood or products is a risk factor of HBV infection | 144 | 32.7 |
8. HBV infection can be transmitted through oral-fecal route | 134 | 30.4 |
9. HBV could be transmitted from a mother to her fetus | 290 | 65.9 |
10. Immunoglobulin against HBV can prevent infection after exposure | 233 | 53.0 |
11. There is a vaccine which is available against HBV | 398 | 91.3 |
12. If Hepatitis B vaccination is taken properly as per protocol, it is more than 95% protective against HBV infection | 340 | 77.3 |
13. The minimum numbers of doses for a complete primary HBV vaccination is three doses | 278 | 63.0 |
14. An immune response test should be done after HBV vaccination | 199 | 46.5 |
15. Antibody titer above 10 IU is the recommended amount which is protective | 138 | 31.3 |
16. You can get HBV infection from recombinant HBV vaccination | 103 | 23.4 |
Knowledge level | ||
Median (IQR) | 62.5 | (50, 75) |
Poor | 109 | 24.7 |
Fair | 219 | 49.6 |
Good | 114 | 25.8 |
Factors associated with HBV
Variable | Total | +Ve serology n (%) | cOR* (95%CI) | p-value | aOR** (95%CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Religion | ||||||
Muslim | 63 | 7 (11.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
Christian | 375 | 18 (4.8) | 0.40 (0.16, 1.01) | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.26, 4.18) | 0.94 |
History of surgery | ||||||
No | 295 | 10 (3.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 144 | 15 (10.4) | 3.31 (1.44, 7.58) | 0.005 | 2.31 (0.77, 6.90) | 0.13 |
Ever had blood transfusion | ||||||
No | 399 | 11 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 34 | 12 (35.3) | 19.24 (7.64, 48.47) | < 0.001 | 21.44 (6.05, 76.01) | < 0.001 |
HBV Vaccine uptake* | ||||||
No | 142 | 17 (12.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 293 | 4 (1.4) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.31) | < 0.001 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.26) | < 0.001 |
Knowledge on HBV infection | ||||||
Poor | 108 | 10 (9.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Fair | 217 | 13 (6.0) | 0.62 (0.26, 1.47) | 0.28 | 0.48 (0.14, 1.65) | 0.25 |
Good | 114 | 2 (1.8) | 0.18 (0.04, 0.82) | 0.03 | 0.38 (0.07, 2.09) | 0.25 |