Serum klotho is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease: results from the KNOW-CKD study

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of clinical profiles obtained at enrollment for the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) study. KNOW-CKD is a nationwide prospective cohort study, including predialysis subjects with CKD from stage 1 to 5, aged between 20 and 75 years and recruited from nine clinical centers of major university-affiliated Korean hospitals. Details of the rationale and study design of the KNOW-CKD have been described elsewhere [13]. Of 2238 CKD patients recruited between June 2011 and January 2016, 484 were excluded for the following reasons: 125 for missing serum klotho data; 9 for a serum klotho level lower than the detectable range; 3 for an extremely higher klotho level (> 6000 pg/mL); and 347 for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients because large cystic masses in their kidneys and liver can cause an overestimation of abdominal obesity. Extreme klotho values were not influence value by Cook’s distance analysis. Finally, 1754 CKD patients were included in the cross-sectional analysis. Klotho expression is known to decline in cases of acute kidney injury, regardless of whether it is caused by ischemia, infection, a toxin, or ureteral obstruction [14‐16]. However, in the present study, we did not enroll patients with acute illness at the time of initial enrollment. Therefore, it is unlikely that initial klotho levels were influenced by acute illness. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committees of participating clinical centers, that is, by the Institutional Review Boards of Seoul National University Hospital (1104–089-359), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (B-1106/129–008), Yonsei University Severance Hospital (4–2011-0163), Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center (2011–01-076), Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital (KC11OIMI0441), Gil Hospital (GIRBA2553), Eulji General Hospital (201105–01), Chonnam National University Hospital (CNUH-2011-092), and Pusan Paik Hospital (11–091) in 2011. All study subjects provided written informed consent. This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Laboratory values and demographic characteristics at enrollment were extracted from an electronic case-reporting form (http://​www.​phactax.​org) developed by the assistance of the Division of Data Management at Seoul National University Medical Research Collaborating Center. Waist circumferences were measured midway between the lower part of the lowest rib and the upper iliac crest using a standardized protocol at clinics, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [17]. Brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were obtained by averaging two measurements (separated by a minimum rest of 5 min in the sitting position) obtained using a calibrated oscillometric device (BP-203RV III; Omron Co., Kyoto, Japan). Serum creatinine levels were measured by an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable method [18] at a central laboratory. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation [19]. Fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels were measured in the hospital laboratories of participating center according to a standardized protocol. Overt proteinuria was defined as a 24-h urine protein result of > 500 mg/day. Serum α-klotho level was measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Gunma, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [20]. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of this kit were 2.7–3.5% (klotho levels 186.64–2968.78 pg/mL) and 2.9–11.4% (klotho levels 165.47–2903.01 pg/mL), respectively. The data for intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were validated in our central laboratory by measurements of a serum control in 20 repeats on each ELISA plate. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were 0.57–1.78% and 3.01–6.12% (klotho levels 120.30–4468.50 pg/mL), respectively. The standard curve was shown to be linear up to 4000 pg/mL. C-terminal FGF23 was measured using a second generation human FGF23 ELISA kit (Immutopics, San Clemente, California, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation as informed by the manufacturer were 1.4–2.4% (FGF23 levels 33.7–302 RU/mL) and 2.4–4.7% (FGF23 levels 33.6–293 RU/mL), respectively.

MS was defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III criteria according to American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement, which adopted the Asian-Pacific waist circumference threshold by WHO. Subjects with three or more of the following 5 metabolic components were defined as having MS [2, 21]: 1) history of hypertension, elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg), or taking anti-hypertensive medication; 2) history of diabetes mellitus, elevated fasting plasma glucose (≥100 mg/dL), or the use of anti-diabetes medication; 3) elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL), or on drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; 4) reduced HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women), or on drug treatment for reduced HDL cholesterol; and 5) elevated waist circumference (≥90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women) according to the Asia-Pacific criteria [21, 22].

Categorical variables were evaluated using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test and presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were analyzed with independent sample t-tests or the Mann-Whitney U test. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) for variables with skewed distributions. Log transformation was used to normalize klotho variability. We performed binominal logistic regression model analysis with adjustments (the Enter method), including variables that were significant in a univariate analysis or other clinically relevant variables to investigate the independent risk factors related to MS. To explore the association between MS and eGFR, or between MS and serum klotho considering the possible non-linearity, we adopted 3-knots restricted cubic splines with 95% confidence interval (CI) which described odds ratios (ORs) of MS according to the eGFR or klotho level. Knots were chosen using SAS LGTPHCURV9 Macro by Li et al. at the eGFR of 13.4, 42.7, and 106 ml/min/1.73m²; 257, 526, and 946 pg/mL for klotho, respectively. An eGFR of 60 ml/min/1.73m², as a reference value of decreased renal function, and a serum klotho of 518 pg/mL (ROC [receiver operating characteristic] curve cut-off value) were taken as the reference point (OR = 1.00). The final model was adjusted for confounders. In subgroup analyses using an adjusted binominal logistic regression model (adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, overt proteinuria), we categorized patients according to age (aged < 50 vs. ≥50 years), sex, and CKD stages. P-values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The SPSS statistical software (SPSS version 18.0, Chicago, IL, USA) and SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) were used for all descriptive and outcome analyses.

The clinical characteristics of patients at enrollment are shown in Table 1. Mean age of the 1754 study subjects was 54.9 ± 12.1 years, and 1110 (63.3%) were male. Median serum klotho level was 527 pg/mL (IQR: 418–656 pg/mL). Among them, 1118 (63.7%) patients exhibited MS. The frequencies of the five MS component in the study subjects are shown in Fig. 1. High blood pressure (95.8%) was the most prevalent component, followed by high fasting glucose (63.7%) and abdominal obesity (53.8%). Figure 2 presents the prevalence of MS across CKD stages. The prevalence of MS was > 50% even for early stage CKD. The prevalence of MS was higher in advanced stages of CKD (P < 0.001, P for linear trend < 0.001). As show in Fig. 3, the adjusted OR (adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, and overt proteinuria) of MS was significantly increased at eGFR levels of < 60 ml/min/1.73m². Subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence of MS. Patients with MS were older (P < 0.001, Table 1) and had higher blood pressure (P < 0.001), body mass index (P < 0.001), and waist circumference (P < 0.001). At enrollment, diabetes mellitus (DM) (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), and preexisting CV disease (P < 0.001) were more prevalent among subjects with MS. Mean eGFR (P < 0.001) was lower and uric acid (P = 0.025) level was higher in MS patients. Serum klotho was significantly lower in MS patients compared with patients without MS (Median [IQR]; 521 pg/mL [413, 651] vs. 541 pg/mL [427, 676], respectively; P = 0.012; Fig. 4a). In addition, klotho levels tended to decrease as numbers of MS components increased (Fig. 4b; P = 0.038).

The clinical characteristics of patients dichotomized by serum klotho level (lower than median vs. equal to or higher than median) are shown in Table 2. Age age, sex, blood pressure, and underlying comorbidities were similar in these two groups. However, patients with a lower klotho level had a higher mean uric acid level (P < 0.001) and a higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level (P = 0.005). Mean eGFR (P < 0.001) and hemoglobin (P < 0.001) were lower in the low serum klotho level group. Serum klotho levels across CKD stages are shown in Fig. 5. Advanced CKD stages were associated with lower serum klotho levels (P < 0.001).

In the univariate analysis, serum log klotho (OR, 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.72; P = 0.002) and eGFR (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98–0.99; P < 0.001) were inversely associated with the presence of MS. On the other hand, age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02–1.04; P < 0.001) was positively associated with MS. Binominal logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, and overt proteinuria, showed that log klotho was independently associated with the presence of MS (adjusted OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23–0.82; P = 0.010; model B in Table 3). As shown in Fig. 6, the adjusted OR of MS was significantly increased at serum klotho levels of < 518 pg/mL (the ROC cut-off value). Furthermore, adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, overt proteinuria, and drug information (ACEi or ARB, diuretics, statin), log klotho was still independently associated with the presence of MS (adjusted OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27–0.98; P = 0.045).

ORs of relations between each MS component and serum klotho are shown in Table 4. Only high blood pressure (adjusted OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01–0.29; P = 0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27–0.87; P = 0.016) were found to be independently associated with log klotho. High fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, and low HDL cholesterol were not significantly associated with serum klotho.

We further analyzed the relationship between klotho and MS in several groups. Significant interaction was found in age group (aged < 50 vs. ≥50 years), suggesting that the association between klotho and MS was particularly evident in subjects aged < 50 years (adjusted OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06–0.56; P = 0.003 vs. adjusted OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.33–1.57; P = 0.412 in aged ≥50 years). Klotho levels tended to decrease as age increased (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = − 0.083, P < 0.001), but the value was not large. Klotho levels were not significantly different in aged < 50 and ≥ 50 years (Median [IQR]; 535 pg/mL [418, 668] vs. 525 pg/mL [418, 655], respectively; P = 0.465). There were no statistical interactions with sex group (interaction P = 0.605) and CKD stages (interaction P = 0.425) for the association between klotho and MS.