Background
Methods
Participants
Laboratory methods
Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Statistical methods
25(OH)D <50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|
n
|
186
|
406
|
-
|
Age (years) | 46 (12) | 45 (15) | 0.35 |
Aboriginal (%) | 168 (90%) | 255 (63%) | |
Torres Strait Islander (%) | 18 (10%) | 151 (37%) |
<0.001
|
Male (%) | 71 (38%) | 150 (37%) | 0.78 |
Current smoker (%) | 77 (42%) | 169 (42%) | 0.97 |
Diabetes (%) | 100 (54%) | 148 (36%) |
<0.001
|
Past History CVD (%) | 28 (16%) | 34 (9%) |
0.014
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 (7.1) | 29.5 (7.3) | 0.15 |
Waist Hip ratio | 0.97 (0.09) | 0.92 (0.09) |
<0.001
|
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122 (19) | 115 (16) |
<0.001
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77 (11) | 73 (10) |
<0.001
|
25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 37 (9) | 74 (20) |
<0.001
|
HbA1c (%, mmol/mol) | 6.3 (5.9-7.8) 45 (40–62) | 5.9 (5.5-6.7) 41 (37–50) |
<0.001
|
HDL chol (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 0.29 |
Total chol: HDL chol | 4.5 (3.6-5.8) | 4.4 (3.6-5.7) | 0.21 |
Troponin (μg/L) | 3.0 (3.0-5.2) | 3.0 (3.0-5.7) | 0.10 |
mGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 104 (76–123) | 102 (84–119) | 0.50 |
mGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (%) | 39 (21%) | 63 (16%) | 0.10 |
Urine ACR (mg/mmol) | 2.7 (0.9-81) | 1.5 (0.7-10) |
<0.001
|
Risk factor | All participants | Aboriginal | Torres Strait Islander | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 592
|
n = 423
|
n = 169
| ||||
Male (n==221)
|
Female (n = 371)
|
Male (n==152)
|
Female (n = 271)
|
Male (n = 69)
|
Female (n = 100)
| |
Central Obesity | 163 (76%) | 262 (75%) | 116 (79%) | 200 (80%) | 47 (69%) | 62 (64%) |
Diabetes | 86 (39%) | 162 (44%) | 64 (42%) | 121 (45%) | 22 (32%) | 41 (41%) |
Low HDL* | 100 (47%) | 249 (72%) | 63 (43%) | 185 (72%) | 37 (56%)** | 64 (71%) |
Hypertension* | 69 (32%) | 83 (23%) | 47 (31%) | 69 (26%) | 22 (33%) | 14 (14%) |
Past History CVD | 30 (14%) | 32 (9%) | 24 (17%) | 30 (12%) | 6 (9%)** | 2 (2%) |
Current smoker | 100 (46%) | 146 (40%) | 72 (48%) | 111 (42%) | 28 (42%) | 35 (35%) |
3+ Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors
| 97 (51%) | 170 (54%) | 69 (53%) | 130 (57%) | 28 (46%) | 40 (47%) |
4+ Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors
| 46 (24%) | 72 (23%) | 32 (24%) | 58 (26%) | 14 (23%) | 14 (16%) |
Results
25(OH)D nmol/L | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
n = 592
|
n = 592
|
n = 489
| |
T1 (≥72) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
T2 (53–71) | 1.80 (1.18 - 2.75) | 1.73 (1.06 – 2.83) | 1.56 (0.84 – 2.90) |
T3 (<53) | 2.80 (1.85 – 4.23) | 3.01 (1.81 – 5.03) | 2.15 (1.10 – 2.18) |
Covariates in the model
| Unadjusted | Age, gender, ethnicity (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander), season, latitude | All co-variates in Model 2 and waist-hip ratio, HDL-cholesterol, mGFR, systolic BP, current smoker, urine ACR |