nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.01.2012 | Biological Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Original Article

Set shifting and working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

verfasst von: Helena Rohlf, Viola Jucksch, Caterina Gawrilow, Michael Huss, Jakob Hein, Ulrike Lehmkuhl, Harriet Salbach-Andrae

Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission | Ausgabe 1/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Compared to the high number of studies that investigated executive functions (EF) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a little is known about the EF performance of adults with ADHD. This study compared 37 adults with ADHD (ADHD_total) and 32 control participants who were equivalent in age, intelligence quotient (IQ), sex, and years of education, in two domains of EF—set shifting and working memory. Additionally, the ADHD_total group was subdivided into two subgroups: ADHD patients without comorbidity (ADHD⁻, n = 19) and patients with at least one comorbid disorder (ADHD⁺, n = 18). Participants fulfilled two measures for set shifting (i.e., the trail making test, TMT and a computerized card sorting test, CKV) and one measure for working memory (i.e., digit span test, DS). Compared to the control group the ADHD_total group displayed deficits in set shifting and working memory. The differences between the groups were of medium-to-large effect size (TMT: d = 0.48; DS: d = 0.51; CKV: d = 0.74). The subgroup comparison of the ADHD⁺ group and the ADHD⁻ group revealed a poorer performance in general information processing speed for the ADHD⁺ group. With regard to set shifting and working memory, no significant differences could be found between the two subgroups. These results suggest that the deficits of the ADHD_total group are attributable to ADHD rather than to comorbidity. An influence of comorbidity, however, could not be completely ruled out as there was a trend of a poorer performance in the ADHD⁺ group on some of the outcome measures.

Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Willis C, Adams AM (2004) A structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in young children. J Exp Child Psychol 87(2):85–106. doi:S0022096503001619 PubMedCrossRef

APA (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. APA, Washington, DC

Barkley RA (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121(1):65–94PubMedCrossRef

Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K (2002) The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 111(2):279–289PubMedCrossRef

Baudic S, Tzortzis C, Barba GD, Traykov L (2004) Executive deficits in elderly patients with major unipolar depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17(4):195–201. doi:10.1177/0891988704269823 PubMedCrossRef

Biederman J (2005) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1215–1220. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020 PubMedCrossRef

Bonilha L, Molnar C, Horner MD, Anderson B, Forster L, George MS, Nahas Z (2008) Neurocognitive deficits and prefrontal cortical atrophy in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 101(1–3):142–151. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.023 PubMedCrossRef

Boonstra AM, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK (2005) Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Med 35(8):1097–1108. doi:10.1017/S003329170500499X PubMedCrossRef

Brocki KC, Randall KD, Bohlin G, Kerns KA (2008) Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type: are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30(7):1–11. doi:10.1080/13803390701754720

Brown TE (2008) ADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice. Curr Psychiatry Rep 10(5):407–411. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7 PubMedCrossRef

Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(8):617–628. doi:10.1038/nrn896 PubMed

Clark C, Prior M, Kinsella GJ (2000) Do executive function deficits differentiate between adolescents with ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder? A neuropsychological study using the six elements test and Hayling sentence completion test. J Abnorm Child Psychol 28(5):403–414. doi:10.1023/A:1005176320912 PubMedCrossRef

Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale

Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E (1999) Conners’ adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS). Multi-Health Systems, New York

Corbett BA, Constantine LJ, Hendren R, Rocke D, Ozonoff S (2009) Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Psychiatry Res 166(2–3):210–222. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.005 PubMedCrossRef

Croft RJ, Mackay AJ, Mills ATD, Gruzelier JGH (2001) The relative contributions of ecstasy and cannabis to cognitive impairment. Psychopharmacology 153(3):373–379. doi:10.1007/s002130000591 PubMedCrossRef

Cuffe SP, Moore CG, McKeown RE (2005) Prevalence and correlates of ADHD symptoms in the national health interview survey. J Atten Disord 9(2):392–401. doi:10.1177/1087054705280413 PubMedCrossRef

Drühe-Wienholt CM, Wienholt W (2004) Computergestütztes Kartensortierverfahren. Manual Swets Test Services

Engelhardt PE, Nigg JT, Carr LA, Ferreira F (2008) Cognitive inhibition and working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 117(3):591–605. doi:10.1037/a0012593 PubMedCrossRef

Epstein JN, Johnson DE, Varia IM, Conners CK (2001) Neuropsychological assessment of response inhibition in adults with ADHD. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 23(3):362–371. doi:10.1076/jcen.23.3.362.1186 PubMedCrossRef

Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Demyttenaere K, De Girolamo G, Haro JM, Karam EG, Lara C, Lepine JP, Ormel J, Posada-Villa J, Zaslavsky AM, Jin R (2007) Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 190:402–409. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389 PubMedCrossRef

Gallagher P, Massey AE, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH (2003) Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on executive function in healthy male volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 3:10. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-3-10 PubMedCrossRef

Gansler DA, Fucetola R, Krengel M, Stetson S, Zimering R, Makary C (1998) Are there cognitive subtypes in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Nerv Ment Dis 186(12):776–781PubMedCrossRef

Gathercole SE, Pickering SJ (2000) Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age. Br J Educ Psychol 70(Pt 2):177–194PubMedCrossRef

Grant DA, Berg D (1948) A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. J Exp Psychol 38:404–411PubMedCrossRef

Gropper RJ, Tannock R (2009) A pilot study of working memory and academic achievement in college students with ADHD. J Atten Disord 12(6):574–581. doi:10.1177/1087054708320390 PubMedCrossRef

Hervey AS, Epstein JN, Curry JF (2004) Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 18(3):485–503. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.485 PubMedCrossRef

Johnson DE, Epstein JN, Waid LR, Latham PK, Voronin KE, Anton RF (2001) Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 16(6):587–604. doi:10.1093/arclin/16.6.587 PubMed

Johnston K, Madden AK, Bramham J, Russell AJ (2010) Response inhibition in adults with autism spectrum disorder compared to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1113-9

Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Howes MJ, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2006) The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 163(4):716–723. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716 PubMedCrossRef

Kim SY, Hwang YH, Lee HW, Suh CK, Kwon SH, Park SP (2007) Cognitive impairment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. J Clin Neurol 3(2):86–92. doi:10.3988/jcn.2007.3.2.86 PubMedCrossRef

Klemm S, Schmidt B, Knappe S, Blanz B (2006) Impaired working speed and executive functions as frontal lobe dysfunctions in young first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(7):400–408. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0547-2 PubMedCrossRef

Koenigs M, Barbey AK, Postle BR, Grafman J (2009) Superior parietal cortex is critical for the manipulation of information in working memory. J Neurosci 29(47):14980–14986. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3706-09.2009 PubMedCrossRef

Liepelt I, Wendt A, Schweitzer KJ, Wolf B, Godau J, Gaenslen A, Bruessel T, Berg D (2008) Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity assessed by transcranial sonography is related to neuropsychological impairment in the elderly population. J Neural Transm 115(7):993–999. doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0043-6 PubMedCrossRef

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, La Padula M (1993) Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(7):565–567PubMedCrossRef

Marazziti D, Catena Dell‘osso M, Conversano C, Consoli G, Vivarelli L, Mungai F, Di Nasso E, Golia F (2008) Executive function abnormalities in pathological gamblers. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 4:7. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-7 CrossRef

Marchetta ND, Hurks PP, Krabbendam L, Jolles J (2008) Interference control, working memory, concept shifting, and verbal fluency in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology 22(1):74–84. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.74 PubMedCrossRef

Martel M, Nikolas M, Nigg JT (2007) Executive function in adolescents with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(11):1437–1444. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814cf953 PubMedCrossRef

Martinussen R, Hayden J, Hogg-Johnson S, Tannock R (2005) A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(4):377–384. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73 PubMedCrossRef

Marx I, Hubner T, Herpertz SC, Berger C, Reuter E, Kircher T, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K (2010) Cross-sectional evaluation of cognitive functioning in children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD. J Neural Transm 117(3):403–419. doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0345-3 PubMedCrossRef

Mick E, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2004) Age-dependent expression of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Psychiatr Clin North Am 27(2):215–224. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.01.003 PubMedCrossRef

Miyake A, Friedman N, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A (2000) The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 41(1):49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 PubMedCrossRef

Monsell S (1996) Control of mental processes. In: Bruce V (ed) Unsolved mysteries of the mind: Tutorial essays in cognition. Taylor & Francis, Oxford, pp 93–148

Mueller U, Waechter T, Barthel H, Reuter M, von Cramon DY (2000) Striatal [123I]beta-CIT SPECT and prefrontal cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 107(3):303–319. doi:10.1007/s007020050025 CrossRef

Mueller BW, Gimbel K, Keller-Pliessnig A, Sartory G, Gastpar M, Davids E (2007) Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257(2):112–119. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0688-9 CrossRef

Murphy P (2002a) Cognitive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 5(4):203–209PubMedCrossRef

Murphy P (2002b) Inhibitory control in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 6(1):1–4. doi:10.1177/108705470200600101 PubMedCrossRef

Murphy KR, Barkley RA, Bush T (2001) Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 15(2):211–220. doi:10.1037//0894-4105.15.2.211 PubMedCrossRef

Oades RD, Christiansen H (2008) Cognitive switching processes in young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23(1):21–32. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.002 PubMedCrossRef

Ossmann JM, Mulligan NW (2003) Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychol 116(1):35–50PubMedCrossRef

Rapeli P, Kivisaari R, Autti T, Kahkonen S, Puuskari V, Jokela O, Kalska H (2006) Cognitive function during early abstinence from opioid dependence: a comparison to age, gender, and verbal intelligence matched controls. BMC Psychiatry 6:9. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-6-9 PubMedCrossRef

Rapport LJ, Van Voorhis A, Tzelepis A, Friedman SR (2001) Executive functioning in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neuropsychol 15(4):479–491PubMedCrossRef

Reitan R (1986a) The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery for adults (age 15 and older). Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory, AZ

Reitan RM (1986b) Trail Making Test. Manual for administration and scoring. Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory, AZ

Roca M, Parr A, Thompson R, Woolgar A, Torralva T, Antoun N, Manes F, Duncan J (2010) Executive function and fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions. Brain 133(Pt 1):234–247. doi:10.1093/brain/awp269 PubMedCrossRef

Romine CB, Lee D, Wolfe ME, Homack S, George C, Riccio CA (2004) Wisconsin card sorting test with children: a meta-analytic study of sensitivity and specificity. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19(8):1027–1041. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.12.009 PubMedCrossRef

Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Stieglitz RD (2008) HASE. Homburger ADHS-Skalen für Erwachsene, vol 1. Hogrefe, Homburg

Rupp CI, Fleischhacker WW, Drexler A, Hausmann A, Hinterhuber H, Kurz M (2006) Executive function and memory in relation to olfactory deficits in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30(8):1355–1362. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00162.x PubMedCrossRef

Samuelson KW, Neylan TC, Metzler TJ, Lenoci M, Rothlind J, Henn-Haase C, Choucroun G, Weiner MW, Marmar CR (2006) Neuropsychological functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychology 20(6):716–726. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.6.716 PubMedCrossRef

Schoechlin C, Engel RR (2005) Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 20(6):727–744. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005 PubMedCrossRef

Schweitzer JB, Hanford RB, Medoff DR (2006) Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD: is there evidence for subtype differences? Behav Brain Funct 2:43. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-43 PubMedCrossRef

Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Weber W, Ouellette C (1997) Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample. J Consult Clin Psychol 65(1):150–160. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.1.150 PubMedCrossRef

Simon V, Czobor P, Balint S, Meszaros A, Bitter I (2009) Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 194(3):204–211. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 PubMedCrossRef

Smith DJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH (2006) Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord 8(1):40–46. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00275.x PubMedCrossRef

Sobanski E (2006) Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(Suppl 1):i26–i31. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-1004-4

Sonuga-Barke EJ (2002) Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD—a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behav Brain Res 130(1–2):29–36. doi:S0166432801004326 PubMedCrossRef

Stavro GM, Ettenhofer ML, Nigg JT (2007) Executive functions and adaptive functioning in young adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13(2):324–334. doi:10.1017/S1355617707070348 PubMedCrossRef

Tucha L, Tucha O, Laufkotter R, Walitza S, Klein HE, Lange KW (2008) Neuropsychological assessment of attention in adults with different subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm 115(2):269–278. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0836-z PubMedCrossRef

Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY (2006) Funktionen frontaler Strukturen. In: Karnath H-O, Thier P (eds) Neuropsychologie, 2nd edn. Springer, pp 479–488

von Aster M, Neubauer A, Horn R (2006) Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Erwachsene (WIE). Manual. Übersetzung und Adaption der WAIS-III von David Wechsler. Harcourt Test Services, Frankfurt/M

Walker AJ, Shores EA, Trollor JN, Lee T, Sachdev PS (2000) Neuropsychological functioning of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 22(1):115–124. doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT115 PubMedCrossRef

Wechsler D (1997) Wechsler adult intelligence scale-third edition (WAIS-III). The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX

Weiß RH (2006) Grundintelligenztest Skala 2: Revision; CFT 20-R, Manual. Hogrefe, Göttingen

Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T (1985) Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 24(2):211–220PubMedCrossRef

Welsh MC, Pennington BF (1988) Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: views from developmental psychology. Dev Neuropsychol 4(3):199–230. doi:10.1080/87565648809540405 CrossRef

WHO (1991) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: ICD 10. In: Kapitel V (ed) Huber, Bern

Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF (2005) Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 PubMedCrossRef

Wittchen H-U, Zaudig M, Fydrich T (1997) Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV Achse I und Achse II; Handanweisung. Hogrefe, Göttingen

Wodushek TR, Neumann CS (2003) Inhibitory capacity in adults with symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Arch Clin Neuropsychol 18(3):317–330. doi:10.1093/arclin/18.3.317 PubMed

Titel: Set shifting and working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
verfasst von: Helena Rohlf
Viola Jucksch
Caterina Gawrilow
Michael Huss
Jakob Hein
Ulrike Lehmkuhl
Harriet Salbach-Andrae
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2012
Verlag: Springer Vienna
Erschienen in: Journal of Neural Transmission / Ausgabe 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0300-9564
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-1463
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-011-0660-3

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

16.04.2024 | Maligne primäre ZNS-Tumoren | Nachrichten

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Set shifting and working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Manche Gestagene können das Risiko für Meningeome erhöhen

Parkinson: Größere Studie bestätigt Genauigkeit von Hauttest

Simple Kortisontherapie stoppt primär progrediente Aphasie

Impostor-Syndrom häufig bei Hyperhidrose zu finden

Update Neurologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2012

Biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors influence symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidity in children with ADHD

Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) in an LD50 assay

Clavulanic acid does not affect convulsions in acute seizure tests in mice

The effect of selegiline on total scavenger capacity and liver fat content: a preliminary study in an animal model

Substantia nigra echogenicity in Parkinson’s disease: relation to serum iron and C-reactive protein

Transcriptional modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission genes by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in neuroblastoma cells

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Manche Gestagene können das Risiko für Meningeome erhöhen

Parkinson: Größere Studie bestätigt Genauigkeit von Hauttest

Simple Kortisontherapie stoppt primär progrediente Aphasie

Impostor-Syndrom häufig bei Hyperhidrose zu finden

Update Neurologie