Background
Method
Sample and procedure
Measures
Dental caries
Environmental risk factors
Sociocultural risk factors
Risk behaviours
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Variables | All | S-ECC |
---|---|---|
N = 597 (%) or M (SD) | N (%) or M (SD) | |
Environmental risk factors | N (%) | N (%) |
Drinking water in household | ||
Bottled | 211 (35.4) | 88 (41.7) |
Pipe | 138 (23.2) | 56 (40.6) |
Rain | 41 (6.9) | 22 (53.7) |
Well or other | 206 (34.6) | 96 (46.6) |
Weight at birth | ||
≥ 2500 g | 529 (92.0) | 234 (44.2) |
< 2500 g | 46 (8.0) | 20 (43.5) |
Smoking during pregnancy | 2 (0.4) | 0 |
Secondary smoke (at 1 year) | 158 (26.5) | 76 (48.1) |
Mother with dental cavitation(s) at baseline | 332 (66.5) | 151 (45.5) |
M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Height in cms at 6 months [M, SD] | 64.8 (2.6) | 64.9 (2.4) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) score at 3 years [M, SD] | 20.9 (2.9) | 20.8 (2.9) |
Sociocultural risk factors | N (%) | N (%) |
Mother’s age at child’s birth (in years) | ||
14–19 | 64 (10.7) | 30 (46.9) |
20–24 | 134 (22.5) | 67 (51.0) |
25–48 | 398 (66.8) | 166 (41.7) |
Mother’s schooling at child’s birth | ||
None | 82 (13.8) | 24 (29.3) |
Primary | 184 (31.0) | 99 (53.8) |
High school | 169 (28.5) | 91 (53.8) |
Post-high school | 159 (26.8) | 49 (30.8) |
Household income (in Thai Baht) | ||
0–49,999 | 216 (36.4) | 102 (47.2) |
50,000–99,999 | 116 (19.6) | 69 (59.5) |
100,000–199,999 | 129 (21.8) | 52 (40.3) |
200,000 plus | 132 (22.3) | 37 (28.0) |
Religious affiliation | ||
Muslim and other | 83 (14.0) | 29 (34.9) |
Buddhist | 511 (86.0) | 233 (45.6) |
Single parent | 216 (36.2) | 94 (43.5) |
Family size | ||
2–4 | 230 (38.6) | 109 (47.4) |
5–6 | 233 (39.1) | 108 (46.4) |
7 or more | 133 (22.3) | 45 (33.8) |
Sex of child | ||
Female | 298 (49.9) | 115 (38.6) |
Male | 299 (50.1) | 148 (49.5) |
First child in family | ||
No | 342 (66.0) | 147 (43.0) |
Yes | 176 (34.0) | 84 (47.7) |
Variables | All | S-ECC |
---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | |
Risk behaviour | ||
Infant feeding at 6 months | ||
Never breast fed | 295 (49.6) | 145 (49.2) |
Breast feeding: 1–3 months | 155 (26.1) | 55 (35.5) |
Breast feeding: 4 months or more | 145 (24.4) | 62 (42.8) |
Nocturnal feeding at 12 months | ||
Suckle to sleep when going to bed | 563 (94.5) | 251 (44.6) |
Introduction of soft drinks at 12 months | ||
None | 289 (49.1) | 113 (39.1) |
6–12 months | 299 (50.9) | 144 (48.2) |
Sleeps with bottle at 30 months | ||
No | 454 (76.2) | 187 (41.2) |
1–6 times/week | 142 (23.8) | 76 (53.5) |
Sweet food index in days in a week at 30 months (1–5) | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) |
Brushing teeth in the past 2 weeks at 12 months | 345 (58.3) | 160 (46.4) |
Brush with tooth paste at 12 months | 10 (2.9) | 3 (30.0) |
Brushing teeth at 26 months | ||
At least once daily | 160 (31.7) | 147 (36.4) |
Less than daily | 345 (68.3) | 84 (63.6) |
Use of fluoride tooth paste in past 7 days | 477 (88.8) | 220 (89.8) |
Use of oral health services | ||
Dental visit before age of 30 months | 41 (6.9) | 23 (56.1) |
Associations with severe early childhood dental caries
Variable | Severe early childhood caries | |
---|---|---|
UOR (95 % CI) | AORa (95 % CI) | |
Environmental risk factors | ||
Drinking water in the household: Rain, well or other (base = Bottled or pipe) | 1.30 (0.94–1.81)**** | 1.52 (1.00–2.33)* |
Low birth weight (<2500 g) (base = ≥2500 g) | 0.97 (0.53–1.78) | --- |
Height in cms at 6 months | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | --- |
BMI score at 3 years | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | --- |
Smoking during pregnancy (base = no) [too few cases] | 1.24 (0.08–19.99) | --- |
Secondary smoke (at 1 year) (base = no) | 1.26 (0.87–1.81)**** | --- |
Mother with dental cavitation(s) at baseline (base = none) | 1.05 (0.72–1.52) | --- |
Sociocultural risk factors | ||
Mother’s age at child’s birth (in years) | ||
14–19 | 1.00 | --- |
20–24 | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | |
25–48 | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | |
Mother’s schooling at child’s birth | ||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 2.82 (1.61–4.91)*** | 2.06 (1.24–3.42)** |
High school | 2.82 (1.61–4.95)*** | 2.21 (1.32–3.71)** |
Post-high school | 1.08 (0.60–1.93) | 1.04 (0.45–2.54) |
Household income (in Thai Baht) | ||
0–49,999 | 1.00 | --- |
50,000–99,999 | 1.64 (1.04–2.59)* | |
100,000–199,999 | 0.76 (0.49–1.17)**** | |
200,000 plus | 0.44 (0.27–0.69)*** | |
Religious affiliation: Buddhist (base = Muslim and other) | 1.56 (0.96–2.53)**** | --- |
Single parent (base = not) | 0.97 (0.69–1.36) | --- |
Family size | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | --- |
Sex of child: Male (base = female) | 1.56 (1.13–2.11)** | 1.68 (1.11–2.53)* |
First child in family (base = no) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | --- |
Risk behaviour | ||
Infant feeding at 6 months | ||
Never breast fed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Breast feeding: 1–3 months | 0.57 (0.38–0.85)** | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) |
Breast feeding: 4 months or more | 0.77 (0.52–1.15)**** | |
Nocturnal feeding at 12 months | ||
Suckle to sleep when going to bed | 1.61 (0.77–3.38)**** | --- |
Introduction of soft drinks at 12 months: 6–12 months (base = none) | 1.45 (1.04–2.01)* | --- |
Sleeps with bottle at 30 months: 1–6 times/week (base = no) | 1.64 (1.13–2.40)** | 1.79 (1.10–2.92)* |
Sweet food index in days in a week at 30 months: 3–7 times (base = 0–2 times) | 1.23 (1.08–1.41)** | --- |
Brushing teeth in the past 2 weeks at 12 months (base = no) | 1.25 (0.90–1.74)**** | |
Brush with tooth paste at 12 months (base = no) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) | |
Brushing teeth at 26 months: Less than daily (base = At least once daily) | 1.49 (1.02–2.17)* | |
Brushing teeth at 26 months with fluoride tooth paste (base = no) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) | |
Use of oral health services | ||
Dental visit before 30 months of age (base = no) | 1.68 (0.89–3.18) |