Background
Method
Study design
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Sociodemographic variables
Knowledge about HIV and other STIs
Attitudes towards different aspects of HIV/AIDS
Attitudes toward the use of condoms
Normative beliefs
Perception of control
Behavioral intention
Condom use
Statistical analyses
Results
Participants
Females (n = 596) | Males (n = 504) | Total (n = 1100) |
p
|
d
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, M (SD) | 15.87 (1.23) | 16.03 (1.37) | 15.94 (1.30) | .05 | .12 |
14 | 84 (14.3) | 61 (12.3) | 145 (13.4) | ||
15 | 155 (26.4) | 137 (27.6) | 292 (27) | ||
16 | 170 (29) | 131 (26.4) | 302 (27.8) | ||
17 | 120 (20.4) | 91 (18.3) | 211 (19.5) | ||
18 | 45 (7.7) | 45 (9.1) | 90 (8.3) | ||
19 | 13 (2.2) | 31 (6.3) | 44 (4.1) | ||
Geographic area, N (%) | |||||
Central area (Bogotá) | 386 (64.9) | 315 (62.5) | 701 (63.8) | .40 | – |
Coast area (Barranquilla) | 209 (35.1) | 189 (37.5) | 398 (36.2) | ||
Strata, N (%) | |||||
0 | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | .02 | .19 |
1 | 74 (12.6) | 46 (9.2) | 121 (11.1) | ||
2 | 231 (39.2) | 178 (35.5) | 409 (37.5) | ||
3 | 260 (44.1) | 242 (48.3) | 502 (46.1) | ||
4 | 20 (3.4) | 29 (5.8) | 49 (4.5) | ||
5 | 2 (0.3) | 6 (1.2) | 8 (0.7) | ||
Religion, N (%) | |||||
Christian | 130 (21.9) | 115 (22.9) | 246 (22.4) | .01 | .15 |
Catholic | 387 (65.3) | 288 (57.4) | 676 (61.6) | ||
Buddhist | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | ||
Islamic | 0 (0) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.4) | ||
None | 58 (9.8) | 75 (14.9) | 133 (12.1) | ||
Other | 16 (2.7) | 19 (3.8) | 35 (3.2) | ||
Attendance at religious events, N (%) | |||||
Daily | 19 (3.2) | 18 (3.6) | 37 (3.4) | .01 | .16 |
At least once a week | 160 (26.9) | 107 (21.2) | 267 (24.3) | ||
At least once every two weeks | 51 (8.6) | 41 (8.1) | 92 (8.4) | ||
At least once every three weeks | 39 (6.6) | 21 (4.2) | 60 (5.5) | ||
At least once a month | 129 (21.7) | 122 (24.2) | 252 (22.9) | ||
At least once a year | 128 (21.5) | 104 (20.6) | 233 (21.2) | ||
Never | 68 (11.7) | 91 (18.1) | 159 (14.5) | ||
Family situation, N (%) | |||||
Married parents | 290 (48.9) | 254 (50.8) | 544 (49.8) | .32 | – |
Divorced parents | 183 (30.9) | 166 (33.2) | 350 (31.9) | ||
Parents who live together | 75 (12.6) | 55 (11) | 130 (11.9) | ||
Single father or mother | 36 (6.1) | 18 (3.6) | 54 (4.9) | ||
Orphan of one parent or both | 9 (1.5) | 7 (1.4) | 16 (1.5) | ||
Number of children, M (SD) | .01 (.10) | .05 (.30) | 0.3 (0.22) | .01 | .17 |
Knowledge about HIV and other STIs
Variables | Females | Males | Total |
p
|
d
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge, M (SD) | |||||
HIV transmission (0–5) | 2.56 (1.53) | 2.71 (1.45) | 2.64 (1.64) | .09 | |
Other STIs (0–6) | 1.77 (1.78) | 1.75 (1.80) | 1.76 (1.79) | .84 | |
General HIV (0–8) | 5.39 (1.45) | 5.11 (1.51) | 5.26 (1.48) | .002 | .18 |
Condoms (0–2) | 1.33 (.71) | 1.37 (.72) | 1.34 (0.71) | .36 | |
HIV prevention (0–3) | 1.71 (1.11) | 1.58 (1.10) | 1.65 (1.11) | .06 | |
Total (0–24) | 12.92 (4.23) | 12.48 (4.73) | 12.69 (4.35) | .05 | .10 |
Attitudes towards aspects related to HIV, M (SD) | |||||
Condom use (4–16) | 13.54 (2.01) | 13.34 (2.08) | 13.45 (2.04) | .10 | |
Condom use when there are obstacles (3–12) | 10 (1.76) | 8.63 (2.09) | 9.37 (2.03) | ≤ .001 | .70 |
HIV test (2–8) | 7.12 (1.16) | 6.75 (1.28) | 6.95 (1.23) | ≤ .001 | .30 |
People living with HIV (2–8) | 6.47 (1.43) | 6.15 (1.52) | 6.32 (1.48) | ≤ .001 | .21 |
Total (11–44) | 37.15 (4.07) | 34.90 (4.75) | 36.12 (4.53) | ≤ .001 | .50 |
Condom as a method of protection is, M (SD) | |||||
Very uncomfortable (1) - Very comfortable (7) | 4.18 (2.24) | 3.19 (1.98) | 4.19 (2.12) | .95 | – |
Very harmful (1) - Very healthy (7) | 4.98 (2.34) | 5.15 (2.14) | 5.06 (2.25) | .23 | – |
Very bad (1) - Very good (7) | 4.94 (2.37) | 4.98 (2.18) | 4.96 (2.28) | .78 | – |
Very adverse (1) - Very beneficial (7) | 5.11 (2.37) | 5.13 (2.25) | 5.12 (2.31) | .91 | – |
Not unpleasant (1) - Very pleasant (7) | 3.83 (2.22) | 3.82 (2.12) | 3.83 (2.17) | .95 | – |
Normative beliefs on condom’s use | |||||
Perception of peer’s condom use, N (%) | 348 (59.1) | 305 (62) | 653 (60.4) | .33 | – |
Frequency use of peers’ condom use, N (%) | |||||
Never | 16 (2.7) | 34 (6.9) | 50 (4.6) | .005 | .01 |
Sometimes | 341 (58.4) | 260 (52.6) | 602 (55.9) | ||
Almost always | 189 (32.4) | 157 (31.9) | 345 (32.1) | ||
Always | 38 (6.5) | 41 (8.3) | 79 (7.3) | ||
People important to you expect you to use a condom (0–7), M (SD) | 6.43 (1.13) | 6.06 (1.29) | 6.26 (1.22) | ≤ .001 | .30 |
Willing to meet the expectation of people who are important for you (0–7), M (SD) | 5.56 (1.54) | 5.82 (1.31) | 5.68 (1.44) | .003 | .20 |
Self-efficacy towards condom use, M (SD) (0–7) | |||||
How likely is it that you use a condom correctly | 2.90 (2) | 3.03 (1.92) | 2.96 (1.92) | .26 | – |
How hard is it to use a condom | 4.80 (1.82) | 5.02 (1.73) | 4.90 (1.78) | .05 | .12 |
I am capable of using a condom | 5.88 (1.73) | 5.77 (1.67) | 5.83 (1.70) | .26 | – |
Behavioral intention, M (SD) (1–5) | |||||
Look for a condom | 3.72 (1.51) | 3.94 (1.27) | 3.82 (1.41) | .01 | .15 |
Use a condom | 4.42 (1.12) | 4.38 (1) | 4.40 (1.07) | .49 | – |
Condom use negotiation | 4.40 (1.10) | 4.16 (1.14) | 4.29 (1.12) | ≤ .001 | .21 |
Have sex under the influence of alcohol | 1.77 (.98) | 2.19 (1.17) | 1.96 (1.09) | ≤ .001 | .50 |
Have sex under the effect of drugs | 1.44 (.88) | 1.61 (1.08) | 1.51 (0.98) | ≤ .001 | .17 |
Attitudes toward aspects of HIV/AIDS and toward the use of condoms
Normative beliefs on condom use
Perceived control
Behavioral intention
Sexual behavior and sexual orientation
Variables | Females | Males | Total |
p
|
d / OR
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Have a sexual partner, N (%) | 222 (37.4) | 167 (33.1) | 389 (35.4) | .13 | – |
Age of the sexual partner (0–45 years), M (SD) | 17.31 (4.69) | 16.27 (3.79) | 16.87 (4.36) | .01 | .22 |
Have had sex, N (%) | 185 (31.2) | 234 (46.9) | 419 (38.3) | ≤ .001 | .51 [.40, .65] |
Number of total sexual partners whom you have had penetration, M (SD) | .54 (1.10) | 2.27 (11.50) | 1.34 (7.89) | ≤ .001 | .21 |
Sexual orientation, N (%) | |||||
Asexual | 8 (1.4) | 22 (4.5) | 30 (2.8) | ≤ .001 | .11 |
Exclusively heterosexual | 498 (84.3) | 437 (88.5) | 936 (86.2) | ||
Mainly heterosexual, with some sporadic homosexual contacts | 44 (7.4) | 9 (1.8) | 53 (4.9) | ||
Mainly heterosexual, with several sporadic homosexual contacts | 14 (2.4) | 4 (0.8) | 18 (1.7) | ||
Approximately the same homosexual and heterosexual contacts | 15 (2.5) | 11 (2.2) | 26 (2.4) | ||
Mainly homosexual, with several sporadic heterosexual contacts | 1 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | ||
Mainly homosexual, with some sporadic heterosexual contacts | 5 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.6) | ||
Exclusively homosexual | 6 (1) | 9 (1.8) | 15 (1.4) | ||
Sexual practices, N (%) | |||||
Masturbation | 274 (46.6) | 266 (53.5) | 540 (49.7) | .02 | .4 [.36, 62] |
Mutual masturbation | 121 (20.5) | 169 (33.8) | 290 (26.6) | ≤ .001 | 1.9 [1.50, 2.50] |
Oral sex | 130 (22) | 186 (37.39) | 316 (29) | ≤ .001 | .47 [.36, .61] |
Vaginal penetration | 181 (30.6) | 225 (45) | 406 (37.2) | ≤ .001 | .53 [.42, .69] |
Anal penetration | 27 (4.6) | 62 (12.5) | 89 (8.2) | ≤ .001 | .33 [.21, .53] |
Age of sexual initiation, M (SD) | |||||
Masturbation | 14.4 (1.5) | 13.3 (1.9) | 13.9 (1.8) | ≤ .001 | .65 |
Mutual masturbation | 15.0 (1.4) | 14.3 (1.9) | 14.6 (1.7) | .002 | .39 |
Oral sex | 15.2 (1.4) | 14.7 (1.5) | 14.9 (1.5) | .004 | .34 |
Vaginal penetration | 15.1 (1.3) | 14.5 (1.6) | 14.8 (1.5) | ≤ .001 | .35 |
Anal penetration | 15.7 (1.3) | 14.8 (1.4) | 15.1 (1.4) | .008 | .64 |
Frequency of sexual relationships, N (%) | |||||
I have not had sex | 434 (73.6) | 306 (62.2) | 741 (68.4) | ≤ .001 | .14 |
1 time a month | 55 (9.3) | 88 (17.9) | 143 (13.2) | ||
2 or 3 times a month | 45 (7.6) | 44 (8.9) | 89 (8.2) | ||
1 or 2 times / week | 33 (5.6) | 30 (6.1) | 63 (5.8) | ||
3 or more times/week | 17 (2.9) | 17 (3.5) | 35 (3.1) | ||
All or almost every day | 6 (1) | 7 (1.4) | 13 (1.2) | ||
Condom use at first sexual intercourse, N (%) | |||||
I have not had sex | 400 (67.3) | 251 (50) | 652 (59.4) | ≤ .001 | .30 |
I did not use it | 47 (7.9) | 71 (14.1) | 118 (10.8) | ||
Yes | 119 (20) | 142 (28.3) | 260 (23.7) | ||
I do not remember | 28 (4.75) | 38 (7.6) | 54 (6.1) | ||
Methods of protection, N (%) | |||||
Percentage of condom use, M (SD) | 70.1 (31.43) | 72.22 (25.86) | 71.34 (28.40) | .41 | |
Consistent condom use, N (%) | |||||
Yes | 61 (26.4) | 56 (18.5) | 117 (22) | .03 | 1.57 [1.0, 2.38] |
No | 170 (73.6) | 246 (81.5) | 416 (78) | ||
Percentage of pill use, M (SD) | 53.66 (38.71) | 38.44 (33.51) | 46.88 (37.18) | .004 | .42 |
Other methods, N (%) | |||||
No method | 7 (31.8) | 8 (40) | 15 (35.7) | .43 | – |
Injection | 7 (31.8) | 6 (30) | 13 (31) | ||
Implant | 5 (22.7) | 1 (5) | 6 (14.3) | ||
Vaginal ring | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | ||
Postday | 2 (9.2) | 3 (15) | 5 (11.8) | ||
Copper T | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1 (2.4) | ||
Interrupted intercourse | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1 (2.4) |
Condom use intention as a mediator between the precursors and condom use
Effect of the precursor on condom use intentiond | Effect of condom use intention in condom use | Indirect effect of condom use intention on the relationship between the precursors and condom use | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precursors of condom use intention | Path α a (SE) | 95% CI |
p
| Path β b (SE) | 95% CI |
p
| ACIc |
Knowledge on HIV and STIse | .01 (.01) | −.004, .03 | .12 | 6.13 (1.20) | 3.77, 8.49 |
≤ .001
| .09 [−.03, .25] |
Attitude towards condom usef | .13 (.02) | .08, .17 |
≤ .001
| 4.04 (1.19) | 1.69, 6.40 |
≤ .001
|
.53 [.16, 1.01]
|
Normative beliefs on condom useg | .13 (.06) | .002, .25 |
.04
| 6.10 (1.22) | 3.69, 8.51 |
≤ .001
|
.79 [.04, 1.63]
|
Perceived control on condom useh | .09 (.02) | .04, .14 |
≤ .001
| 5.12 (1.19) | 2.79, 7.46 |
≤ .001
|
.48 [.13, .98]
|