Introduction
Methods
Literature Search
Screening Procedures
Data Extraction
Analysis
Results
Systematic Review
Article information | |||||||||
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Author (publication year) | Study type | Recruitment source | Sample population | ASMM definition | Sample size (n) | Mean age | Race/ethnicity | City/state/region | |
ASMM defined by sexual history with another man | |||||||||
1 | Goodenow, Netherland, and Szalacha (2002) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | 9th to 12th-grade Massachusetts public high school students | Sexual act with male partner | 202 | 16.2 | 64% White, 10% Black, 7% Hispanic/Latino, 17% other | Massachusetts |
2 | Halkitis et al. (2011) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, including from providers, street recruitment, participant referral | 13–29 YMSM in NYC | Sexual act with male partner | 39 | No info, all 13–17 | 5% White, 31% Black, 33% Hispanic/Latino, 31% other | New York City |
3 | Halkitis et al. (2013) | Baseline data from ongoing prospective cohort study | Community-based, including venue, internet, flyers | 18–19 year old males; residents of NYC; self-report of MSM and self-report of negative HIV-serostatus | Report having had sex with another man in the 6-month period before screening | 592 | No info, but all 18 or 19 | 29% White, 15% Black, 38% Hispanic/Latino, 18% other | New York City |
4 | Kann et al. (2016) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | Black, white, and Hispanic/Latino male students who had sexual contact with males in grade 9–12 | Sexual contact with male in lifetime | 1681 | No info | 14% White, 41% Black, 46% Hispanic/Latino | Multi-city |
5 | Mustanski, Andrews, Herrick, Stall, and Schnarrs (2014) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | Males aged 13 years or older who were sexually active | Sexual contact with male in lifetime | 1185 | 16.1 | 51% White, 22% Black, 15% Hispanic/Latino, 12% other | Multi-city |
6 | Pathela and Schillinger (2010) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | NYC public high school students | Self-reported sexual act with male | 246 | 15.8 | 8% White, 32% Black, 47% Hispanic/Latino, 13% other | New York City |
7 | Sifakis et al. (2007) | Surveilance-YMS | Community-based, through venues | MSM aged 15–29 years in Baltimore, MD | Recruited from venues frequented by MSM; had sex with a man | 135 | No info, all 15–19 | 48% White, 39% Black, 3% Hispanic/Latino, 10% other | Baltimore, MD |
8 | Waldo, McFarland, Katz, MacKellar, and Valleroy (2000) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, through venues | Age 15–22, residents of San Francisco bay area, recruited from venues frequented by young gay and bisexual men | No info; recruited from venues frequented by MSM; had anal intercourse in past 6 months | 100 | No info, all 15–17 | 32% White, 23% Black, 31% Hispanic/Latino, 14% other | San Francisco Bay Area |
ASMM defined based on gay, bisexual, or other non-heterosexual identity | |||||||||
9 | Arrington-Sanders, Dao et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional survey in a qualitative study | Referral, school-based health clinics, social venues, internet | Black men 15–19 years of age living in Baltimore, MD | Not explicit, but includes self-identified gay, bisexual, other (questioning/intersex) | 50 | 17.6 | 100% Black | Baltimore, MD |
10 | Arrington-Sanders, Oidtman et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional survey in a qualitative study | Modified snowball sampling, internet, clinics, venues | Young Black gay and bisexual men age 16–19 | Self-identified as gay or bisexual | 20 | 18.4 | 100% Black | No info |
11 | Everett, Schnarrs, Rosario, Garofalo, and Mustanski (2014) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | 12–18 year old male adolescents who reported at least 1 sex partner | Identify as gay or bisexual, or had sexual contact with males in their lifetime; sexually active (at least 1 partner) | 855 | 16.1 | 49% White, 22% Black, 23% Hispanic/Latino, 6% other | Multi-city |
12 | Mustanski, Birkett et al. (2014) | Surveillance-YRBS | School-based | 13–18 years old adolescents | Self-identify as non-heterosexual (homosexual, bisexual or unsure) | 864 | 16.1 | 39% White, 19% Black, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 14% other | Multi-city |
13 | Saewyc, Bearinger et al. (1998) | Cross-sectional | School-based | Public school students in grades 7–12 in randomly selected Minnesota schools, original sample includes lesbian and bisexual females | Self-identified as homosexual or bisexual | 212 | 15.1 | 79% White, 11% Black, 2% Hispanic/Latino, 7% other | Minnesota |
14 | Saewyc, Skay, Bearinger, Blum, and Resnick (1998b) | Cross-sectional | School-based | American Indian adolescent males and females who reported ever having had heterosexual intercourse | Self-reported as gay, bisexual or unsure | 320 | 15.1 | 100% reservation-based American Indian | Indian Health Services areas, multiple locations |
15 | Thoma and Huebner (2014) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, through venues | Male adolescents reporting as non-heterosexual, 14–19, 4 US cities, living with a parent | Self-identified as non-heterosexual | 257 | 17.4 | 22% White, 35% Black, 43% other | Multi-city |
ASMM defined other | |||||||||
16 | Arrington-Sanders, Trent, Morgan, Harper, and Fortenberry (2014) | Cross-sectional survey in a qualitative study | Modified snowball sampling, internet, clinics, venues | Black gay and bisexual men age 15–19 | Not explicit | 31 | 18.1 | 100% Black | No info |
17 | Barney (2003) | Cross-sectional | School-based | 12–19 year old males who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native | When you think or daydream about sex, think of males only | 65 | 15 | 100% American Indian and Alaskan Natives | American Indian and Alaska Natives in Minnesota and Alaska |
18 | Rotheram-Borus, Reid, Rosario, and Kasen (1995) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, LGBT organization | Consecutive series of male youths, aged 14 to 19 seeking services at a LGBT organization | Seeking services at organization for homosexual youths | 136 | 16.8 | 12% White, 29% Black, 53% Hispanic/Latino, 7% Other | New York City |
19 | Rotheram-Borus, Reid, and Rosario (1994) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, LGBT organization | Consecutive series of male youths, aged 14 to 19 seeking services at a LGBT organization | Seeking services at organization for homosexual youths | 136 | 16.8 | 12% White, 31% Black, 51% Hispanic/Latino, 7% other | New York City |
20 | Rotheram-Borus, Rosario et al. (1994) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, LGBT organization | Consecutive series of male youths, aged 14 to 19 seeking services at a LGBT organization | Seeking services at organization for homosexual youths | 131 | 16.8 | 12% White, 31% Black, 50% Hispanic/Latino, 7% other | New York City |
21 | Rotheram-Borus, Rosario, Van Rossem, Reid, and Gillis (1995) | Cross-sectional | Community-based, LGBT organization | Consecutive series of male youths, aged 14 to 19 seeking services at a LGBT organization | Seeking services at organization for homosexual youths | 136 | 16.8 | 12% White, 30% Black, 51% Hispanic/Latino, 7% other | New York City |
Data Extraction and Outcomes
Outcome | Details |
---|---|
Ever had sex with a male in lifetime | Ever sex or sexual contact with a male partner was asked in some studies that defined their ASMM study population based on a non-heterosexual identity; this outcome was not reported in studies that defined their ASMM population based on history of sex with a male. How the question was asked, and thus how the outcome is defined, varied by study. Sex or sexual contact with a male partner in lifetime was not defined in three articles, was specified as oral or anal sex in the fourth, and as any genital contact in the fifth |
Recent sex | Recent sex was not consistently defined, nor was the population consistent. The recent sex outcome consolidated articles reporting sex in the last 3 or 6 months, and included articles describing recent anal sex, anal sex with males, sex with a male without specifying type, and sex not specifying either gender or type of sex. Recent sex was reported either among people who previously had sex in their lifetime or among all ASMM in the study |
Any condomless anal sex in past 6 months | Condomless anal sex was reported among those who had sex in the last 6 or 12 months. One paper specified condomless anal sex with a male while the other four did not specify gender of partner. Three papers mentioned that the studies asked about condomless sex with both receptive and insertive anal sex roles, while two studies did not specify role |
No condom use at last sex | Reported among ASMM who had sex in their lifetime, and type of sex and partner gender were not specified |
Alcohol or drug use at last sex | Reported among ASMM who had sex in their lifetime, and type of sex and partner gender were not specified |
Age at first sex ≤ 13 | Articles did not specify type of sex or gender of partner, and articles reported only among ASMM who reported ever having sex |
Forced sexual contact in lifetime | Articles did not specify type of sex or gender of person, and articles reported only among ASMM who reported ever having sex |
Mean number of lifetime sexual partners | Articles did not specify gender of partners or type of sex |
Mean age at first sex | Articles did not consistently report partner gender or type of sex at sexual debut |
Analysis
Number of studies k | Sample size
n
| Sample distribution % | |
---|---|---|---|
Race/ethnicity
| |||
White | – | 1310 | 27 |
Black | – | 1402 | 28 |
Hispanic/latino | – | 1443 | 29 |
Other | – | 783 | 16 |
Mean age
| |||
15 years old | 4 | 843 | 17 |
16 years old | 4 | 1293 | 26 |
17 years old | 2 | 307 | 6 |
18 years old | 3 | 643 | 13 |
No mean reported | 3 | 1855 | 38 |
City/state/region
| |||
New York City | 4 | 1013 | 21 |
Multiple areas | 5 | 3178 | 64 |
Baltimore | 2 | 185 | 4 |
Minnesota | 1 | 212 | 4 |
San Francisco | 1 | 100 | 2 |
Massachusetts | 1 | 202 | 4 |
No info | 2 | 51 | 1 |
Proportion outcomesa | Number of studies k | Sample size
n
| Proportion (95% CI) | Tau-Squared |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ever had sex with a male in lifetime | 5 | 1423 | 0.62 (0.39, 0.81) | 1.16 |
Recent sex with any gender partner (past 3–6 months) | 5 | 2455 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.78) | 0.35 |
Any condomless anal sex in past 6 months | 5 | 1157 | 0.44 (0.31, 0.57) | 0.33 |
No condom use at last sex with any gender partner, among those who ever had sex | 4 | 2164 | 0.50 (0.45, 0.55) | 0.03 |
Alcohol or drug use at last sex with any gender partner, among those who ever had sex | 4 | 2167 | 0.32 (0.22, 0.43) | 0.22 |
Age at first sex ≤ 13 with any gender partner | 3 | 536 | 0.49 (0.36, 0.62) | 0.19 |
Forced sexual contact in lifetime with person of any gender | 3 | 1300 | 0.30 (0.21, 0.41) | 0.17 |
Mean outcomes | Mean (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of lifetime sexual partners of any gender, among those who ever had sex | 6 | 1426 | 6.92 (4.54, 9.30) | 7.70 |
Age at first sex with any gender partner | 3 | 944 | 13.6 (13.3, 13.8) | 0.00 |