Background
Methods
Results
All | Lisbon | Palma | Venice | Athens | Ljubljan | Brno | Vienna | Berlin | Liverpool | Pa
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portugal | Spain | Italy | Greece | Slovenia | Czech Republic | Austria | Germany | UK | (between cities) | ||
n | 1341 | 144 | 147 | 139 | 167 | 146 | 148 | 165 | 141 | 144 | |
Male (%) | 48.5 | 55.9 | 43.5 | 56.1 | 47.3 | 41.8 | 50.7 | 53.9 | 46.1 | 41.0 | * |
Age (median) | 21.0 | 22.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 21.0 | 23.0 | *** |
Single (%) | 56.1 | 57.7 | 61.4 | 63.4 | 54.8 | 47.2 | 54.8 | 53.6 | 54.8 | 57.3 | ns |
Sex | |||||||||||
ever had (%) | 92.4 | 93.8 | 89.8 | 84.9 | 97.6 | 84.9 | 95.3 | 90.3 | 95.0 | 99.3 | *** |
age first had (median) | 16.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | *** |
Alcohol | |||||||||||
ever used (%) | 98.5 | 99.3 | 98.0 | 95.7 | 99.4 | 97.9 | 100.0 | 98.2 | 98.6 | 99.3 | ns |
age first used (median) | 14.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | *** |
Cannabis | |||||||||||
ever used (%) | 73.8 | 66.7 | 76.9 | 77.7 | 65.9 | 62.3 | 91.2 | 63.0 | 83.7 | 79.9 | *** |
age first used (median) | 16.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | *** |
Cocaine | |||||||||||
ever used (%) | 30.4 | 27.1 | 42.9 | 38.1 | 26.3 | 17.1 | 24.3 | 18.8 | 31.9 | 50.0 | *** |
age first used (median) | 18.0 | 20.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 18.0 | *** |
Ecstasy | |||||||||||
ever used (%) | 28.7 | 25.0 | 32.0 | 23.7 | 18.6 | 17.1 | 48.0 | 17.0 | 33.3 | 46.5 | *** |
age first used (median) | 17.0 | 18.5 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | ** |
Initiation to sex and substance use
Percentage having had sex under 16 years of age | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | City (Country) | |||||||||||||
Used under 16 | All | Male | Female | Pa
| Lisbon Portugal | Palma Spain | Venice Italy | Athens Greece | Ljubljana Slovenia | Prague Czech Republic | Vienna Austria | Berlin Germany | Liverpool UK | Pa
|
Alcohol
| ||||||||||||||
No | 14.0 | 22.6 | 7.1 | *** | 9.5 | 12.7 | 29.4 | 13.3 | 15.2 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 22.2 | 0.0 | 0.117 |
Yes | 36.2 | 42.0 | 30.5 | *** | 30.9 | 37.0 | 36.6 | 33.8 | 27.5 | 41.5 | 49.6 | 35.6 | 30.0 | * |
P | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ns | ** | ns | ** | *** | ns | ** | ||
Cannabis
| ||||||||||||||
No | 19.3 | 27.3 | 12.4 | *** | 19.5 | 19.0 | 21.7 | 16.1 | 17.8 | 22.5 | 27.5 | 18.8 | 11.5 | 0.321 |
Yes | 50.0 | 52.3 | 47.4 | ns | 54.5 | 40.5 | 45.8 | 70.6 | 46.9 | 47.4 | 70.6 | 47.3 | 43.5 | ns |
P | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | *** | ** | ** | *** | ** | *** | ||
Cocaine
| ||||||||||||||
No | 28.0 | 34.6 | 21.9 | *** | 24.5 | 22.7 | 29.4 | 21.1 | 23.7 | 34.2 | 39.6 | 32.3 | 25.0 | <0.005 |
Yes | 69.0 | 75.0 | 61.1 | ns | - | 66.7 | 77.8 | 100.0 | 75.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 80.0 | 30.0 | ns |
P | *** | *** | *** | na | * | ** | ns | * | ns | ** | * | ns | ||
Ecstasy
| ||||||||||||||
No | 27.2 | 34.2 | 20.8 | *** | 23.2 | 23.6 | 28.6 | 21.1 | 21.6 | 32.4 | 39.4 | 32.3 | 22.9 | <0.005 |
Yes | 77.8 | 80.8 | 75.0 | ns | 75.0 | 50.0 | 87.5 | - | 87.5 | 77.8 | 100.0 | 80.0 | 63.6 | ns |
P | *** | *** | *** | * | Ns | ** | na | *** | * | ** | * | ** |
Strategic use of substances for sexual purposes
All | Female (%) | Male (%) | P | Single (%) | Not Single (%) | P | 16–20 (%) | 21–25 (%) | 26–35 (%) | P | Gay or Bisexual (%) | Heterosexual (%) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Users (n) | 1094 | 553 | 540 | 552 | 513 | 446 | 446 | 202 | 133 | 911 | ||||
Prolong sex | 11.6 | 6.5 | 16.9 | *** | 12.5 | 10.9 | ns | 14.6 | 9.4 | 9.9 | * | 9.0 | 12.2 | ns |
Enhance sensations and arousal | 12.7 | 13.6 | 11.9 | ns | 13.6 | 11.9 | ns | 15.0 | 11.2 | 10.9 | ns | 15.8 | 12.5 | ns |
Facilitate sexual encounter | 28.6 | 23.3 | 34.1 | *** | 35.1 | 22.0 | *** | 30.0 | 28.9 | 24.8 | ns | 37.6 | 27.8 | * |
Unusual/exciting sexual activity | 14.6 | 13.6 | 15.7 | ns | 15.6 | 13.6 | ns | 15.2 | 15.0 | 12.4 | ns | 15.0 | 14.3 | ns |
Cannabis Users (n)
|
497
|
212
|
284
|
284
|
204
|
204
|
213
|
80
|
76
|
417
| ||||
Prolong sex | 11.4 | 9.4 | 13.0 | ns | 13.0 | 9.3 | ns | 18.1 | 5.6 | 10.0 | *** | 10.5 | 11.8 | ns |
Enhance sensations and arousal | 25.8 | 29.2 | 23.2 | ns | 27.1 | 23.5 | ns | 30.4 | 20.7 | 27.5 | ns | 35.5 | 24.2 | * |
Facilitate sexual encounter | 14.1 | 14.2 | 13.7 | ns | 17.3 | 9.3 | * | 16.7 | 10.3 | 17.5 | ns | 27.6 | 11.5 | *** |
Unusual/exciting sexual activity | 12.7 | 12.3 | 13.0 | ns | 15.1 | 8.8 | * | 17.2 | 8.9 | 11.3 | * | 18.4 | 11.8 | ns |
Cocaine Users (n)
|
172
|
69
|
103
|
113
|
54
|
52
|
86
|
34
|
35
|
136
| ||||
Prolong sex | 26.2 | 23.2 | 28.2 | ns | 29.2 | 20.4 | ns | 30.8 | 20.9 | 32.4 | ns | 28.6 | 25.7 | ns |
Enhance sensations and arousal | 28.5 | 21.7 | 33.0 | ns | 33.6 | 16.7 | * | 34.6 | 19.8 | 41.2 | * | 42.9 | 25.0 | * |
Facilitate sexual encounter | 15.1 | 15.9 | 14.6 | ns | 18.6 | 7.4 | ns | 11.5 | 14.0 | 23.5 | ns | 17.1 | 14.7 | ns |
Unusual/exciting sexual activity | 22.1 | 21.7 | 22.3 | ns | 23.0 | 18.5 | ns | 28.8 | 15.1 | 29.4 | ns | 34.3 | 19.1 | ns |
Ecstasy (n)
|
146
|
56
|
89
|
94
|
51
|
60
|
65
|
21
|
28
|
118
| ||||
Prolong sex | 10.3 | 1.8 | 15.7 | ** | 8.5 | 13.7 | ns | 10.0 | 10.8 | 9.5 | ns | 14.3 | 9.3 | ns |
Enhance sensations and arousal | 22.6 | 14.3 | 28.1 | ns | 20.2 | 27.5 | ns | 20.0 | 20.0 | 38.1 | ns | 10.7 | 25.4 | ns |
Facilitate sexual encounter | 12.3 | 8.9 | 13.5 | ns | 9.6 | 15.7 | ns | 10.0 | 13.8 | 14.3 | ns | 17.9 | 11.0 | ns |
Unusual/exciting sexual activity | 20.5 | 8.9 | 28.1 | ** | 19.1 | 23.5 | ns | 18.3 | 20.0 | 28.6 | ns | 17.9 | 21.2 | ns |
Differences between substances
a
| ||||||||||||||
Prolong sex | *** | *** | ** | *** | ns | * | *** | ** | * | *** | ||||
Enhance sensations and arousal | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
Facilitate sexual encounter | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | * | *** | ||||
Unusual/exciting sexual activity | ** | ns | ** | ns | * | ns | ns | * | ns | * |
Substance use and sexual risk taking
Sexual behaviour in the last 12 months | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 5 or more sexual partners | Sex over 50 times | Had sex without a condom | Not used condom as too drunk or high | Had totally unprotected sex | Paid for sex | Exchanged sex for drugs | Had an STI test | Had regretted sex after alcohol or drug use | Not had sex as too drunk or high | Sex always or mostly under influence of alcohola
| Sex always or mostly under influence of drugsb
| |
Drunk in the last 4 weeks
| |||||||||||||
No | 319 | 12.2 | 43.3 | 66.6 | 5.6 | 35.7 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 25.7 | 7.8 | 14.1 | 6.0 | 8.0 |
Yes | 828 | 19.7 | 42.1 | 74.4 | 12.1 | 41.1 | 6.4 | 2.4 | 27.9 | 15.3 | 19.7 | 12.6 | 13.4 |
P | ** | ns | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | * | ** | ns | |
Alcohol
| |||||||||||||
Never | 11 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 0.0 | na | 0.0 |
Experimented | 14 | 7.1 | 42.9 | 78.6 | 7.1 | 28.6 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 7.1 | na | 0.0 |
Ex User | 28 | 14.3 | 25.0 | 57.7 | 7.1 | 30.8 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 35.7 | 3.6 | 10.7 | na | 33.3 |
Occasional | 83 | 9.6 | 41.0 | 77.5 | 1.2 | 33.8 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 26.5 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 0.0 |
Regular | 1011 | 18.7 | 43.4 | 72.7 | 11.3 | 40.7 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 27.6 | 14.4 | 19.6 | 11.7 | 12.7 |
P | ns | ns | *** | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ** | ns | |
Cannabis
| |||||||||||||
Never | 276 | 13.0 | 35.9 | 62.0 | 5.1 | 32.3 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 24.3 | 4.3 | 15.9 | 7.3 | 5.6 |
Experimented | 173 | 13.9 | 44.5 | 68.0 | 6.4 | 37.3 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 25.4 | 12.1 | 14.5 | 8.1 | 8.3 |
Ex User | 201 | 14.9 | 44.3 | 78.4 | 9.5 | 41.2 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 28.9 | 12.4 | 19.9 | 6.4 | 4.5 |
Occasional | 121 | 17.4 | 43.0 | 73.9 | 12.4 | 36.1 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 33.9 | 11.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 5.0 |
Regular | 376 | 24.2 | 45.2 | 77.6 | 15.7 | 46.2 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 27.4 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 17.3 | 16.2 |
P | ** | ns | *** | *** | ** | ** | ** | ns | *** | ns | *** | ** | |
Cocaine
| |||||||||||||
Never | 774 | 13.6 | 39.1 | 70.2 | 6.5 | 35.1 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 22.7 | 9.6 | 16.3 | 7.3 | 9.2 |
Experimented | 132 | 18.2 | 43.9 | 73.3 | 11.4 | 48.9 | 6.1 | 3.0 | 27.3 | 16.7 | 23.5 | 18.3 | 10.8 |
Ex User | 69 | 21.7 | 53.6 | 73.1 | 15.9 | 46.3 | 13.0 | 0.0 | 42.0 | 23.2 | 18.8 | 13.6 | 17.8 |
Occasional | 81 | 27.2 | 44.4 | 77.2 | 14.8 | 43.0 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 39.5 | 18.5 | 22.2 | 18.2 | 9.9 |
Regular | 91 | 39.6 | 58.2 | 82.4 | 33.0 | 56.0 | 16.5 | 9.9 | 44.0 | 27.5 | 22.0 | 21.8 | 23.1 |
P | *** | ** | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | ** | |
Ecstasy
| |||||||||||||
Never | 792 | 13.9 | 39.9 | 69.4 | 6.9 | 36.1 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 24.4 | 8.7 | 15.7 | 7.3 | 7.7 |
Experimented | 117 | 17.9 | 48.7 | 71.3 | 16.2 | 44.3 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 34.2 | 20.5 | 17.1 | 13.9 | 12.9 |
Ex User | 92 | 21.7 | 53.3 | 78.0 | 12.0 | 46.2 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 29.3 | 22.8 | 23.9 | 19.0 | 18.2 |
Occasional | 86 | 31.4 | 39.5 | 87.1 | 18.6 | 51.8 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 33.7 | 22.1 | 31.4 | 19.3 | 16.3 |
Regular | 60 | 40.0 | 51.7 | 80.0 | 28.3 | 48.3 | 11.7 | 15.0 | 40.0 | 31.7 | 25.0 | 27.6 | 21.7 |
P | *** | * | ** | *** | ** | ns | *** | * | *** | ** | *** | ** |
Predictors of sexual risk taking
Five or more partners | Sex without a condom | Sex without any birth control | Paid for sex | Exchanged sex for drugs | Had an STI test | Had regretted sex after alcohol or drugs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| AOR 95%CI
| |
Age | |||||||
26–35 (Ref)
| *** | ** | |||||
21–25 |
0.41
0.27,0.61
|
2.26
1.28,3.98
| |||||
16–20 |
0.88
0.61,1.27
|
1.38
0.77,2.46
| |||||
Gender | |||||||
Female (Ref)
| ** | *** | |||||
Male
|
1.77
1.25,2.52
|
5.60
2.67,11.73
| |||||
Relationship Status | |||||||
Not single (Ref)
| *** | *** | ** | ** | |||
Single
|
2.30
1.60,3.31
|
0.58
0.44,0.77
|
2.43
1.30,4.53
|
1.80
1.23,2.64
| |||
Sexuality | |||||||
Heterosexual (Ref)
| *** | ** | ** | ** | |||
Other
|
4.29 2.81,6.56 |
4.06
1.44,11.42
|
1.99
1.35,2.93
|
2.05
1.30,3.23
| |||
Been drunk in last four weeks | |||||||
No (Ref)
| * | ||||||
Yes
|
1.59 1.03,2.46 | ||||||
Cannabis use | |||||||
Never used (Ref)
| * | * | * | ||||
Experimented
|
1.19
0.77,1.85
|
1.45
0.94,2.24
|
2.69
1.26,5.73
| ||||
Ex user
|
1.82
1.15,2.89
|
1.70
1.11,2.60
|
2.16
1.01,4.59
| ||||
Occasional user
|
1.59
0.95,2.66
|
1.31
0.80,2.13
|
2.22
0.97,5.09
| ||||
Regular user
|
1.75
1.16,2.65
|
1.86
1.24,2.76
|
3.29
1.67,6.48
| ||||
Cocaine use | |||||||
Never used (Ref)
| *** | ** | ** | ** | |||
Experimented
|
1.42
0.84,2.40
|
1.56
1.04,2.34
|
1.77
0.75,4.20
|
1.17
0.76,1.82
| |||
Ex user
|
1.50
0.74,3.02
|
1.32
0.77,2.27
|
3.56
1.45,8.73
|
2.13
1.22,3.69
| |||
Occasional user
|
2.02
1.11,3.68
|
1.32
0.78,2.22
|
1.44
0.46,4.50
|
1.83
1.10,3.07
| |||
Regular user
|
5.65
3.12,10.23
|
2.71
1.61,4.55
|
5.13
2.22,11.87
|
2.47
1.50,4.09
| |||
Ecstasy use | |||||||
Never used (Ref)
| ** | ||||||
Experimented
|
2.12
1.22,3.69
| ||||||
Ex user
|
2.66
1.47,4.83
| ||||||
Occasional user
|
2.10
1.14,3.87
| ||||||
Regular user
|
2.77
1.44,5.35
| ||||||
Country | |||||||
Portugal (Ref)
| *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||
Spain
|
0.40
0.17,0.95
|
1.42
0.79,2.55
|
0.54
0.30,0.97
|
2.59
0.62,10.80
|
0.77
0.42,1.42
| ||
Italy
|
1.05
0.50,2.18
|
1.80
0.99,3.28
|
0.92
0.53,1.59
|
2.21
0.51,9.49
|
0.69
0.38,1.26
| ||
Greece
|
1.01
0.51,1.99
|
1.04
0.64,1.71
|
1.66
1.02,2.71
|
7.39
2.05,26.65
|
0.83
0.48,1.42
| ||
Slovenia
|
0.43
0.18,1.03
|
3.76
1.98,7.14
|
1.15
0.68,1.95
|
0.52
0.05,5.19
|
0.34
0.17,0.65
| ||
Czech Republic
|
0.96
0.48,1.93
|
3.81
1.98,7.31
|
0.65
0.39,1.09
|
1.27
0.24,6.55
|
0.43
0.23,0.80
| ||
Austria
|
2.36
1.23,4.54
|
1.34
0.78,2.28
|
0.42
0.25,0.73
|
6.10
1.63,22.83
|
1.68
0.97,2.89
| ||
Germany
|
1.41
0.72,2.75
|
2.65
1.43,4.90
|
0.50
0.29,0.87
|
0.92
0.15,5.77
|
1.08
0.62,1.88
| ||
UK
|
0.40
0.19,0.88
|
1.06
0.63,1.81
|
0.42
0.24,0.72
|
1.87
0.43,8.11
|
0.66
0.38,1.16
|