Introduction
Current treatment options, adverse effects and suicide rates
The standard head and neck cancer therapies, high-dose radiation accompanied by intravenous cisplatin chemotherapy, lead to satisfying tumor control rates but are often limited because of aggravating adverse effects. Dysphagia, tracheostomy, mucositis, weight loss, functional speech and hearing loss often result from radiotherapy(Achim et al. 2017). The suicide risk for head and neck (HN) cancer patients is greater than for other cancer incidences and is increased in patients treated with radiation alone compared to those treated with surgery alone (Green and Griffiths 2014; Anguiano et al. 2012; Misono et al. 2008; Osazuwa-Peters et al. 2016). The reasons for the increased suicide rates in HN cancer patients are poor quality of life due to the therapy’s side effects (Park et al. 2016; Briscoe and Webb 2016; Ringash et al. 2015; Zecha et al. 2016). Radiation’s side effects derive from damage to healthy tissue including the facial nerves, and systemic chemotherapy’s side effects mainly derive from cisplatin toxicity.
The control of tumors that positively test for human papilloma virus (HPV) seem to be achieved more easily and is, therefore, under investigation for a more gentle treatment, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or transoral robot surgery (TORS), without primary chemoradiation (Marta et al. 2014). Only R0 resections give hope for a possible omission of radiochemotherapy.
Anzeige
However, the problem of severe side effects not only remains but increases while tumor control improves in general. A shift in the patient cohort to more HPV-related tumors with a better prognosis may lead to a more gentle treatment with less radiotherapy. For the younger generation, there is an even more urgent need for treatment without life-threatening or sociopsychologically problematic adverse effects (Ringash 2015; Rathod et al. 2015). Irradiation for HNC accounts for good locoregional tumor control rates but is also the main reason for severe side effects and patients’ discomfort. Chemotherapy administered intravenously is limited mainly because of its nephrotoxicity. An efficacious concentration at the tumor site would require a non-tolerable systemic dosage. We, therefore, investigated the feasibility and response rates of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and observed drug concentrations in the tumor-supplying artery as well as the tumor-draining vein.
Chemotherapy application methods
The standard application method for chemotherapeutic drugs is intravenous infusion. The infusion time ranges from 30 min to several hours. The drug is distributed in the whole-body blood volume, and the drug concentration at the tumor site is similar to that in the rest of the body.
An alternative application method is intra-arterial (i.a.) infusion, where the drug is administered via an angiocatheter or an implanted port catheter that allows infusion into the tumor-supplying artery and, in the case of head and neck cancer, the carotid artery. Different techniques of infusion result in different drug exposure times and concentrations reached at the tumor site. An i.a. bolus injection, usually applied with very high cisplatin dosages (100 mg/m2), reaches high local concentrations during a brief infusion time of less than 1 min, which are decreased by thiosulfate (Robbins et al. 2010; Kovacs et al. 2012). An i.a. short-term infusion differs from a bolus injection in terms of dosage (maximum 55 mg/m2) and infusion time (5–12 min). Drug exposure rates for these three applications differ from each other, as i.a. bolus injection yields very high drug concentrations (55,000 ng/ml) in less than one minute, and i.a. short-term infusion yields relatively high drug concentrations (25,000 ng/ml) in approximately 12 min. The advantages of intra-arterial chemotherapy for head and neck cancer treatment include increased drug concentration at the tumor site with decreased systemic drug levels in the rest of the body. Decisive results of i.a. chemotherapy concerning locoregional and distant tumor control and possible side effects have remained unavailable mainly for two reasons. First, the combination with radiation does not give a clear picture of which effect (tumor control or adverse) is derived from radiation and which is derived from chemotherapy. Quality of life studies comparing i.a. chemoradiotherapy versus intravenous (i.v.) chemoradiotherapy are affected by radiation as the main source of adverse effects. Second, the exact technique of i.a. infusion is crucial for the outcome, and former studies have not always been optimal in terms of catheter position, concentration, and time of chemo exposure (Robbins et al. 2010; Kovacs et al. 2012; Rasch et al. 2010).
Methods
Patient description
This is a retrospective observational cohort study. We reviewed the medical records of 97 patients with head and neck cancers who received short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy within 1992–2017. Observation time was minimum 10 months, with a median of 34 months.
Anzeige
Inclusion criteria were nasopharyngeal (n = 8), hypopharyngeal (n = 19), and oropharyngeal (n = 70) carcinoma. All patients who received short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy had either refused treatment with systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy at any time (n = 62) or received prior treatment (n = 35). Investigations were performed in compliance with the principles of good clinical practice outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and federal guidelines, and had approval by the Medias Institutional Review Committee. Informed consent was obtained from each participant or participant’s guardian.
Treatment techniques differed according to tumor extension and individual feasibility. Sixteen patients received intra-arterial (i.a.) chemotherapy through an angiocatheter, 13 of which with additional chemofiltration. Nineteen patients received i.a. chemotherapy through an implanted intra-arterial port catheter, 9 of which with additional chemofiltration. 5 patients received a sequence of therapies with altering techniques of angiocatheter and implanted port catheter, 4 of which with additional chemofiltration. Fifty seven patients received isolated thoracic perfusion in addition to the port- or angiocatheter technique. The total number of i.a. chemotherapy procedures was 500, out of which 126 were angiocatheter techniques, 214 were administered via port catheters and 160 had additional isolated thoracic perfusion. Median number of treatment cycles per patient was 4.5. Two patients received irradiation after i.a. chemotherapy. The patients were divided into subgroups according to prior treatment and staging. Patients without any pretreatment and patients with prior radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy were separated. Further partition was dependent on staging. Staging groups included I–III, IVA, and IVB/C. A detailed patient description is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Head and neck cancer patient distribution according to their staging and if prior irradiation was applied
Stage | all | I | II | III | IVA | IVB | IVC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 97 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 59 | 5 | 17 |
Prior radiotherapy | 35 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 3 | 11 |
No radiotherapy | 62 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 42 | 2 | 6 |
The median age was 59 years (range 35–84), and there were more male (n = 67) than female (n = 58) patients; however, the median age was similar. The largest subgroup was advanced stage HNC IVA with 59 patients (17 with prior radiotherapy, 42 without any prior therapy). Stages I–III were merged into one subgroup with 16 patients (4 with prior radiotherapy, 12 without any prior therapy). Stages IVB and IVC were merged into one subgroup with 22 patients (14 with prior radiotherapy and 8 without any prior therapy). The median observation time was 39 months (minimum 10 months).
Short-term intra-arterial infusion techniques
Several techniques for short-term intra-arterial drug delivery were developed. They all allow for the direct infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor-supplying artery and all are combinable with drug filtration, which in most cases is applied. A major criterion of short-term intra-arterial infusion is the infusion time of 5–12 min.
Intra-arterial port system (i.a. port) for short-term infusion
A JetPort-Allround catheter (PfM, Cologne, FRG) is implanted into the common carotid artery, which allows for repeated infusions without further surgery. Drugs can easily be infused intra-arterially through the port. The infusion time is 5–12 min. Drug filtration can be conducted at the same time in the subclavian vein with a Sheldon catheter.
Short-term intra-arterial infusion through an angiocatheter
For arterial infusion through an angiocatheter, the catheter is inserted into the femoral artery in the groin under local anesthesia, and its tip is directed into the common carotid artery under X-ray monitoring. For drug filtration, a double channel central venous access is used (Sheldon catheter).
Short-term intra-arterial (i.a.) infusion via the port catheter or angiocatheter combined with isolated thoracic perfusion (ITP)
In addition to an i.a. port infusion or angiocatheter infusion of chemotherapeutics (as described in 1. and 2.), an isolated thoracic perfusion (ITP) can be applied to further increase drug concentrations at the tumor area without increasing the dosage. Drug infusion is administered through the angiocatheter inserted via the femoral artery and ITP is conducted with a stopflow balloon catheter (Dispomedica, Hamburg, FRG) that stops the blood flow with balloons in the aorta and vena cava. Blood flow is stopped contemporarily with infusion time and is continued several minutes after the infusion ends. The total time of ITP is 15 min (Fig. 1). For drug filtration, the perfusion channels of the stopflow balloon catheters were used.
Fig. 1
Scheme of isolated thoracic perfusion combined with intra-arterial short-term infusion via a jetport allround catheter. Due to the reduced circulating blood volume, tumors are exposed to higher concentrations of cytotoxics
×
![]()
Technique selection and drug regimen
Patients without or only minor pretreatment and up to WHO stage IVB received i.a. chemotherapy via angiocatheters or implanted port catheters according to the individual feasibility. Heavily pretreated patients and patients with distant metastases were submitted to additional ITP.
Drug combinations for short-term i.a. chemotherapy with chemofiltration were cisplatin (40–50 mg), adriamycin (15–30 mg) and mitomycin C (10–15 mg) per treatment cycle (5 to 12 min infusion time, treatment cycles in three weeks intervals). If i.a. chemotherapy is applied without chemofiltration, lower dosages of cytotoxics are used. If additional ITP is applied, drug combinations were cisplatin (70–100 mg), adriamycin (30–50 mg) and mitomycin C (15–20 mg) per treatment cycle (5 to 12 min infusion time, treatment cycles in 3 weeks intervals). The specified dosages are total dosages.
Criteria for responses and adverse events
Tumor responses were assessed in accordance with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST version 1.1) at 2–8 weeks after every second treatment cycle. CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) evaluated responses.
Pain controlled by < 50% analgesic administration 20 days after treatment was considered objective pain relief. Adverse events were assessed according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events of the national cancer institute.
Statistical analysis
Statistics have been calculated with 95% confidence limits. Survival times were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator and follow-up for surviving patients was minimum 10 months, median follow-up was 39 months. Survival times were stratified according to clinical variables that may affect survival and logrank-tests were used to verify significance. Statistical analyses were performed using MediasStat software, version 28.5.14.
Results
Blood distribution in the tumor region of head and neck cancer patients
The intra-arterial catheter was used for tissue staining by injecting indigocarmine blue. Regions with good blood supply showed distinct staining while regions with decreased blood supply showed little or no staining (Fig. 2a). Naturally, HNC exhibited high infiltrations of blood vessels, and therefore, are accessible for staining as well as chemotherapy (Fig. 2b).
Fig. 2
a, b Preirradiated areas do not stain after intra-arterial injection of blue dye, while non-irradiated and well-vascularized areas stain blue
×
![]()
Anzeige
Six–eight months after irradiation, connective tissue fibrosis affects the local blood supply, and the preirradiated area does not stain.
Survival rates of HNC patients receiving short-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy are dependent on prior irradiation
Overall survival times have been estimated using the Kaplan–Meier products and staging groups have been clustered for reaching reasonable patient numbers. One-year survival was 59%, 82%, and 93%, respectively, for staging groups IV B/C, IVA and I–III. Two-year survival rates were 22%, 53% and 86% for the same staging groups. Three-year survival was 17%, 42%, and 65% for staging groups IV B/C, IVA and I–III (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Survival times for head and neck cancer patients after short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy. Patients were clustered into staging groups and survival times were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator
×
![]()
The observed survival of HNC patients after intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is strongly dependent on prior irradiation, and therefore, needs to be considered separately. After a median observation time of 39 months, 3 out of 35 patients with prior irradiation were still alive (since 11, 24, and 74 months), and 29 out of 62 patients without any pretreatment were still alive (median 39 months, range 10–221 months). The median survival for stage I–III patients without irradiation was not reached. After 44.5 months, 75% of the patients were still alive. The median survival of stages I–III and IVA was decreased for patients with prior irradiation. Survival times of stage I–III and stage IVA HNC groups, treated with short-term i.a. chemotherapy differed significantly if prior irradiation had been administered or not (p value < 0.01 and p value < 0.005).The median survival for stages IVB/C was slightly lower for patients with prior irradiation than for patients without pretreatment (9.5 vs 11 months) (Fig. 4a). Survival times showed a slightly positive effect for non-pretreated patients but without significance (p value < 0.6).
Anzeige
Fig. 4
a and b: Median and overall survival rates for HNC patients with and without prior irradiation
×
![]()
Importantly, if advanced cases with very large tumor masses of the primary tumor are considered, a divergence in the survival rates of patients with or without pretreatment can be detected. In patients who received prior radiation or no pretreatment, a tumor diameter of more than 4 cm (T3/T4) yields a median survival of 9 or 22.5 months, respectively (Fig. 4b).
Response rates of HNC patients receiving short-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy
Response rates for HNC patients vary significantly with regard to prior radiation therapy. The response was evaluated in comparison to the results of the CT scan. The subgroup without any prior therapy (n = 62) responded better to short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy than the subgroup with prior radio- or radiochemotherapy (n = 35) in all stages. For the patients without pretreatment, 25%, 14%, and 0% cases of complete response were reached for stages I–III, IVA, and IVBC, respectively. In addition, 42%, 38%, and 68% of partial response were reached for the same staging groups. For the patients with prior radio- or radiochemotherapy, complete response was only reached for 6% of the stage IVA group and none of the other staging groups. Partial response was reached for 25%, 24%, and 29% for staging groups I–III, IVA, and IVBC, respectively (pretreated patients). A clinical picture of response is shown in the supplement figure.
Adverse effects and quality of life
No cases of dysphagia, xerostomia, or neurological damage in terms of functional speech loss or ototoxicity were noted with the given drug combinations, dosages, and infusion times. No patient required a tracheostomy or tube feeding. The bone marrow depression was within the acceptable range of grade 2 for patients without pretreatment. The patients who had undergone prior chemoradiation with extensive doses of systemic chemotherapy exhibited WHO grade 3–4 bone marrow depression after intra-arterial exposure at moderate doses. Complete reductions in pain were yielded in 25% of stage IVB/C patients without pretreatment, and in 14% of stage IVB/C patients with prior irradiation.
Anzeige
Discussion
Standard therapy of HNC consists of a combination of radiotherapy with high-dose intravenous chemotherapy but, despite good tumor control rates and long survival rates, outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to the severe side effects and poor quality of life. Three-year overall survival with standard therapy range between 25% and 75% depending on tumor size, extension, free surgical margins or relapse.
With intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), proton therapy and immune checkpoint inhibition, new treatment options have been established, especially in tumors that positively test for human papilloma virus. So far, no definitive data are available and the standard treatment with radiotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy is still used in most cases.
In specialized centers, however, short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy provided interesting results in phase II and III studies. Short-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with chemofiltration has been shown to reach high cytostatic concentrations at the tumor site while maintaining low concentrations in the unaffected areas of the rest of the body. Adverse effects have shown to be correspondingly low. Good response rates can be reached even for very large tumor masses and in advanced staged patients. Intra-arterial infusion for HNC treatment has also been performed with different infusion times, drug dosages and combinations but never with additional isolated thoracic perfusion. This technique increases the local exposure to drugs (Ye et al. 2016; Suzuki et al. 2016).
Independent of genetic, molecular and virus infection data, short-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is a noteworthy option for HNC patients. A good blood supply in the tumor is crucial for the response; if it is present, even very large tumor masses show a prompt response. Since blood supply is mostly reduced in preirradiated tumors, at approximately 6–8 months postirradiation, especially in tumors > 4 cm (T3/T4), a reduced response behavior even to i.a. chemotherapy is observed.
Limitations of this study are the missing data on human papillomavirus (HPV) status and the lack of homogeneity according to patient groups and treatment modalities. Preirradiation has been shown to affect the treatment response but radiation dosages are divergent. Detailed response rates according to treatment technique cannot be provided due to inhomogeneous patient characteristics and too small patient cohorts.
However, since these techniques outperform others and show high drug concentration rates at the tumor site while maintaining low drug concentrations in the healthy parts of the body, high response rates and low adverse effects, the techniques are worth considering not only for HPV-negative patients but also for other patients with head and neck cancer. A rearrangement of the possible treatment options for different patient groups should be made in terms of changing the sequence of treatments with priority given to the treatment that does not block possible further treatments and has a good chance of response.
Special attention should be given to the different kinds of intra-arterial application pathways. Infusion times of 5–12 min have empirically been shown to yield the highest tumor tissue concentrations, optimal drug exposure and best response rates (Aigner et al. 1988).
Drug exposure can be increased by means of intra-arterial infusion of slightly higher dosages with simultaneous chemofiltration of the venous return from the tumor site (Aigner et al. 1983, 2016). Maximally increased drug exposure is achieved when the intra-arterial infusion is combined with isolated perfusion techniques (Aigner et al. 2018; Guadagni et al. 2004, 2007).
The drug dosages for intra-arterial application in general can be lower than those required for intravenous application; nevertheless, i.a. application yields higher drug concentrations during the first pass through the tumor site. The intra-arterial bolus infusion with “systemic” dosages, however, by itself may generate toxic systemic drug levels. As shown in the Netherlands Cancer Institute’s randomized study of systemic versus chemoradiation for HNC, no study arm has a significant advantage with respect to survival. Even though it causes fewer side effects in the subject, intra-arterial angiographic chemotherapy requires much more effort than simple intravenous injection (Rasch et al. 2010).
Prior chemoradiotherapy has a negative influence on response to intra-arterial chemotherapy because of impaired blood supply due to connective tissue fibrosis. With regard to the good survival rates and consistent quality of life with nearly no toxicity, short-term intra-arterial chemotherapy for HNC could be considered as a first option in a treatment protocol, and if initial treatment fails, patients undergo irradiation (Aigner et al. 2018).
Conclusions
Short-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy applied with an implanted port system or an angiocatheter and optionally combined with isolated thoracic perfusion seems to be an effective treatment option for HNC patients, even with very large tumor masses. This method results in good response rates while keeping adverse events low.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Rita Schlaf for her help and assistance with the statistics used in this report.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
Karl Reinhard Aigner declares that he has no conflict of interest. Emir Selak declares that he has no conflict of interest. Kornelia Aigner declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
