Background
Methods
Study design and description of study settings
Sample size determination
Sampling procedures
Data collection procedures
Measurement of study variables
Data management and statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic information
Socio-demographic variables | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 1567 | 46.0 |
Female | 1838 | 54.0 |
Age | ||
< 15 years | 644 | 18.9 |
15–64 years | 2620 | 76.9 |
> 64 years | 141 | 4.1 |
Educational status | ||
Underage | 171 | 5.0 |
Kindergarten | 123 | 3.6 |
Cannot read and write | 238 | 7.0 |
Can read and write | 439 | 12.9 |
Primary education | 589 | 17.3 |
Secondary education | 913 | 26.8 |
College or university | 932 | 27.4 |
Marital status | ||
Underage | 629 | 18.5 |
Currently engaged | 1385 | 40.7 |
Currently not engaged | 1391 | 40.9 |
Occupational status | ||
Underage | 82 | 2.4 |
Student | 1072 | 31.5 |
Unemployed | 220 | 6.5 |
Civil servant | 609 | 17.9 |
Self employed | 1179 | 34.6 |
Retired | 243 | 7.1 |
Economic status | ||
Poor | 2023 | 59.4 |
Rich | 1382 | 40.6 |
Housing condition
Housing- and sanitation-related variables | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Wall constructed from | ||
Brick or block | 1016 | 29.8 |
Wood and mud | 2389 | 70.2 |
Types of floor materials | ||
Earth floor | 1780 | 52.3 |
Wood floor | 347 | 10.2 |
Ceramic/tiles/brick floor | 191 | 5.6 |
Cement floor | 1087 | 31.9 |
Number of bedrooms | ||
No separate bedroom | 545 | 16.0 |
1 | 2086 | 61.3 |
2 | 531 | 15.6 |
3 | 243 | 7.1 |
Fan is available in the quarters | ||
Yes | 188 | 5.5 |
No | 3217 | 94.5 |
Functional windows | ||
No | 2211 | 64.9 |
Yes | 1194 | 35.1 |
Illumination system of the building | ||
Adequate | 1639 | 48.1 |
Not adequate | 1766 | 51.9 |
Light sources | ||
Electricity | 3317 | 97.4 |
Solar cell | 79 | 2.3 |
Candle or kuraz | 9 | 0.3 |
Pets in the home | ||
Yes | 879 | 25.8 |
No | 2526 | 74.2 |
Fungal growth is observed in the building | ||
Yes | 1462 | 42.9 |
No | 1943 | 57.1 |
Pesticides, paints, and solvents used recently | ||
Yes | 1376 | 40.4 |
No | 2029 | 59.6 |
Cooking inside | ||
Yes | 1885 | 55.4 |
No | 1520 | 44.6 |
Outdoor air pollutant sources within a 200-m radius | ||
Yes | 1327 | 39.0 |
No | 2078 | 61.0 |
Incensing habit and joss stick use | ||
Yes | 1329 | 39.0 |
No | 2076 | 61.0 |
Cigarette smoking | ||
Yes | 335 | 9.8 |
No | 3070 | 90.2 |
Building age | ||
New | 1196 | 35.1 |
Old | 2209 | 64.9 |
Cleanliness of the building | ||
Clean | 1295 | 38.0 |
Not clean | 2110 | 62.0 |
Sanitation of the living environment
Sanitation-related variables | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Toilet or latrine facilities | ||
Flush toilet | 948 | 27.8 |
Traditional pit latrine | 2192 | 64.4 |
Ventilated improved pit latrine | 63 | 1.9 |
No sanitation facility | 202 | 5.9 |
Drinking water sources | ||
In-residence tap | 589 | 17.3 |
In-compound tap | 2600 | 76.4 |
Out-of-compound tap | 216 | 6.3 |
Use charcoal as energy source | ||
Yes | 3016 | 88.6 |
No | 389 | 11.4 |
Use kerosene as energy source | ||
Yes | 43 | 1.3 |
No | 3362 | 98.7 |
Use electricity as energy source | ||
Yes | 1892 | 55.6 |
No | 1513 | 44.4 |
Infestation of vectors | ||
Yes | 887 | 26.0 |
No | 2518 | 74.0 |
Cleanliness of living compound | ||
Clean | 2255 | 66.2 |
Not clean | 1150 | 33.8 |
Prevalence of sick building syndromes
Symptoms | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
General symptoms | ||
Headache | 221 | 15.7 |
Dizziness | 106 | 7.5 |
Fatigue | 97 | 6.9 |
Fever | 79 | 5.6 |
Chills | 36 | 2.6 |
Hyperactivity | 34 | 2.4 |
Reduced attention | 16 | 1.1 |
Eye strain | 25 | 1.8 |
Mucosal symptoms | ||
Rhinitis | 112 | 8.0 |
Nasal congestion | 92 | 6.6 |
Wheezing | 55 | 3.9 |
Asthma | 116 | 8.3 |
Dyspnea | 18 | 1.3 |
Severe lung disease | 20 | 1.4 |
Epistaxis | 91 | 6.5 |
Upper respiratory tract irritation | 10 | 0.7 |
Chest tightness | 15 | 1.1 |
Dry throat | 42 | 3.0 |
Cough | 60 | 4.3 |
Eye irritation | 69 | 4.9 |
Skin symptoms | ||
Skin rashes | 23 | 1.6 |
Dry or flushed facial skin | 17 | 1.2 |
Scaling/ itching scalp or ears | 17 | 1.2 |
Lip dryness | 33 | 2.4 |
Factors associated with sick building syndromes
Variables | SBS | COR with 95% CI | AOR with 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Wall constructed from | ||||
Brick or block | 196 | 820 | 1 | |
Wood and mud | 542 | 1847 | 1.23(1.02, 1.47) | 1.10(0.89, 1.36) |
Fungal growth is observed in the building | ||||
Yes | 362 | 1100 | 1.37(1.16, 1.62) | 1.25(1.05, 1.49)* |
No | 376 | 1567 | 1 | |
Cleanliness of the building | ||||
Clean | 224 | 1071 | 1 | |
Not clean | 514 | 1596 | 1.54(1.29, 1.83) | 1.26(1.03, 1.55)* |
Functional windows | ||||
Yes | 510 | 1701 | 1 | |
No | 228 | 966 | 1.27(1.07, 1.51) | 1.35(1.12, 1.63)** |
Availability of fan in the quarters | ||||
Yes | 27 | 161 | 1 | |
No | 711 | 2506 | 1.69(1.12, 2.57) | 1.90(1.22, 2.96)** |
Charcoal use | ||||
Yes | 684 | 2332 | 1.82(1.35, 2.46) | 1.40(1.02, 1.91)* |
No | 54 | 335 | 1 | |
Cooking inside | ||||
Yes | 478 | 1407 | 1.65(1.39, 1.95) | 1.31(1.09, 1.58)** |
No | 260 | 1260 | 1 | |
Family members smoke cigarette | ||||
Yes | 88 | 247 | 1.33(1.03, 1.72) | 1.24(0.94, 1.63) |
No | 650 | 2420 | 1 | |
Incensing habit and joss stick use | ||||
Yes | 368 | 961 | 1.77(1.50, 2.08) | 1.48(1.23, 1.77)*** |
No | 370 | 1706 | 1 | |
Pollutant sources within the near distance | ||||
Yes | 312 | 1015 | 1.19(1.01, 1.41) | 0.99(0.82, 1.18) |
No | 426 | 1652 | 1 | |
Pesticides, paints, and solvents used recently | ||||
Yes | 329 | 1047 | 1.25(1.06, 1.47) | 1.14(0.95, 1.37) |
No | 409 | 1620 | 1 | |
Cleanliness of the compound | ||||
Clean | 444 | 1811 | 1 | |
Not clean | 294 | 856 | 1.40(1.18, 1.66) | 1.16(0.96, 1.40) |