Background
Method
Subjects
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient baseline characteristics
Comparison of the clinical characteristics between patients in EDM and MDM groups
Variables | EDM | MDM | P |
---|---|---|---|
n | 73 | 34 | |
Male [n,(%)] | 56 (76.7) | 22 (64.7) | 0.536 |
Age(yrs) | 81.08 ± 5.36 | 56.68 ± 5.24 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m) | 25.68 ± 3.23 | 27.29 ± 3.50 | 0.021 |
SBP (mmHg) | 142.03 ± 18.20 | 135.26 ± 23.12 | 0.139 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.25 ± 9.21 | 77.47 ± 14.41 | 0.001 |
Anti-diabetes drugs | |||
sulfonylurea [n, (%)] | 13 (17.8) | 6 (17.6) | 0.507 |
Insulin [n, (%)] | 43 (58.9) | 19 (55.9) | 0.528 |
Others [n, (%)] | 17 (35.6) | 9 (26.5) | 0.223 |
Metformin | 10 | 7 | 0.3640 |
α-glucosidase inhibitor | 5 | 1 | 0.6621 |
DPP 4 inhibitors | 1 | 1 | 0.5366 |
TZD | 1 | 0 | 1.0000 |
Other drugs | |||
CCB | 12 | 3 | 0.3787 |
ACEI | 11 | 3 | 0.5410 |
ARB | 17 | 5 | 0.3064 |
CCB + ACEI | 0 | 2 | 0.0989 |
CCB + ARB | 18 | 5 | 0.2433 |
ASP | 28 | 12 | 0.7605 |
Statins/Brates | 17 | 7 | 0.7553 |
HP [n, (%)] | 58 (79.5) | 18 (52.9) | 0.005 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 7.21 ± 3.30 | 7.33 ± 3.05 | 0.649 |
HbAlC (%) | 7.47 ± 1.70 | 7.69 ± 2.16 | 0.456 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.38 ± 1.16 | 4.69 ± 1.05 | 0.375 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.45 ± 0.94 | 2.01 ± 1.07 | 0.012 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.28 | 1.21 ± 0.41 | 0.830 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.53 ± 0.89 | 2.57 ± 0.79 | 0.284 |
UA (umol/L) | 335.16 ± 99.02 | 321.13 ± 91.65 | 0.501 |
Cr (umol/L) | 80.07 ± 17.71 | 74.29 ± 25.65 | 0.655 |
Comparison of hypoglycemia between EDM and MDM groups
Comparison of blood glucose fluctuation indicators between EDM and MDM groups
Variables | EDM | MDM | P |
---|---|---|---|
n | 73 | 31 | |
SDBG (mmol/L) | 2.39 ± 1.00 | 2.00 ± 0.82 | 0.048 |
LAGE (mmol/L) | 9.53 ± 3.37 | 7.84 ± 2.64 | 0.011 |
MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.77 ± 2.16 | 4.63 ± 1.89 | 0.026 |
MODD (mmol/L) | 2.13 ± 1.09 | 1.72 ± 1.03 | 0.063 |
TIR (%) | 63.92 ± 28.32 | 61.35 ± 26.78 | 0.626 |
TAR (%) | 37.60 ± 28.52 | 38.03 ± 26.99 | 0.531 |
TBR (%) | 1.16 ± 2.75 | 0.53 ± 1.40 | 0.489 |
CV (%) | 24.86 ± 8.1 | 25.74 ± 8.4 | 0.424 |
Comparison of heart rate and arrhythmia between EDM and MDM groups
n | Maximal heart rate (mean ± SD) | Minimal heart rate (mean ± SD) | Mean heart rate (mean ± SD) | APB [M(Q1, Q3)] | Couplets of A [M(Q1, Q3)] | AT [M(Q1, Q3)] | VPB [M(Q1, Q3)] | Couplets of V [M(Q1, Q3)] | VT [M(Q1, Q3)] | Mean QTc (s) (mean ± SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDM | 73 | 100.26 ± 13.73 | 51.84 ± 9.99 | 67.93 ± 9.82 | 135 (35,382) | 2 (1,8) | 1 (0,3) | 25 (3,303) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.47 ± 0.01 |
MDM | 34 | 112.27 ± 20.75 | 56.82 ± 17.84 | 73.22 ± 9.03 | 7 (2,18) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 1 (0,3) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.45 ± 0.00 |
P | 0.017 | 0.222 | 0.026 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.034 | 0.122 | 0.029 |
Comparison of arrhythmias between EDM group and MDM group under different MAGE layers
Variables | EDM | MDM | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 28 | 8 | ||
MAGE1 | APB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 129 (44.5228) | 18 (4,51) | 0.012 |
Couplets of A [M(Q1, Q3)] | 2.5 (1,7) | 2 (0,4.5) | 0.256 | |
AT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 1 (0,4) | 0.5 (0,1.5) | 0.127 | |
VPB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 21 (2237.5) | 0 (0,49) | 0.083 | |
Couplets of V[M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.279 | |
VT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.472 | |
Mean QTc (s)(mean ± SD) | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.362 | |
n | 24 | 12 | ||
MAGE2 | APB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 108 (23.5450) | 7 (2,15.5)) | <0.001 |
Couplets of A [M(Q1, Q3)] | 2 (0,5) | 0 (0,0) | <0.001 | |
AT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 1 (0,3) | 0 (0,0) | 0.001 | |
VPB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 97.5 (4923) | 1.5 (0,3) | <0.001 | |
Couplets of V[M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.221 | |
VT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.331 | |
Mean QTc (s)(mean ± SD) | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.047 | |
n | 21 | 14 | ||
MAGE3 | APB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 210 (46,750) | 5.5 (4,9) | <0.001 |
Couplets of A[M(Q1, Q3)] | 4 (1,28) | 0 (0,0) | <0.001 | |
AT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 2 (1,7) | 0 (0,0) | <0.001 | |
VPB [M(Q1, Q3)] | 7 (2196) | 0.5 (0,4) | 0.013 | |
Couplets of V [M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.259 | |
VT [M(Q1, Q3)] | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.448 | |
Mean QTc (s)(mean ± SD) | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.234 |
Comparison of arrhythmias in patients with hypoglycemic events between EDM and MDM groups
HE | n | Maximal heart rate (mean ± SD) | Minimal heart rate (mean ± SD) | Mean heart rate (mean ± SD) | APB [M(Q1, Q3)] | Couplets of A [M(Q1, Q3)] | AT [M(Q1, Q3)] | VPB [M(Q1, Q3)] | Couplets of V [M(Q1, Q3)] | VT [M(Q1, Q3)] | Mean QTc (s) (mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDM | 42/73 | 99.52 ± 12.47 | 53.14 ± 9.41 | 67.60 ± 9.28 | 120 (34,379) | 2 (1,6) | 1 (0,3) | 14.5 (2,278) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.45 ± 0.01 |
MDM | 23/34 | 111.83 ± 18.08 | 58.09 ± 17.19 | 74.26 ± 8.93 | 7 (2,22) | 0 (0,2) | 0 (0,0) | 1 (0,14)) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,0) | 0.46 ± 0.01 |
P | 0.006 | 0.211 | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.199 | 0.302 | 0.135 |
Correlation analysis of TIR, TAR, TBR CV and arrhythmia
Variables | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TIR | TIR | TAR | TAR | TBR | TBR | CV | CV | |||||||||
r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | |
APB | 0.190 | 0.109 | − 0.129 | 0.466 | − 0.163 | 0.171 | 0.134 | 0.451 | 0.025 | 0.834 | −0.242 | 0.168 | 0.043 | 0.717 | −0.239 | 0.172 |
Couplets of A | 0.014 | 0.906 | −0.190 | 0.279 | 0.017 | 0.889 | 0.194 | 0.272 | −0.041 | 0.732 | −0.277 | 0.112 | 0.020 | 0.866 | 0.149 | 0.402 |
AT | 0.121 | 0.311 | −0.141 | 0.428 | −0.102 | 0.393 | 0.158 | 0.372 | − 0.056 | 0.642 | −0.256 | 0.144 | −0.022 | 0.949 | 0.084 | 0.635 |
VPB | 0.037 | 0.755 | −0.167 | 0.344 | −0.035 | 0.767 | 0.159 | 0.369 | 0.052 | 0.662 | 0.108 | 0.541 | − 0.052 | 0.663 | 0.044 | 0.805 |
Couplets of V | −0.174 | 0.144 | – | – | 0.170 | 0.153 | – | – | 0.089 | 0.453 | – | – | 0.067 | 0.576 | – | – |
VT | 0.041 | 0.733 | – | – | −0.033 | 0.783 | – | – | −0.045 | 0.709 | – | – | −0.059 | 0.614 | – | – |
Variables | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | EDM | MDM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TIR | TIR | TAR | TAR | TBR | TBR | CV | CV | ||||||||
r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | ||
MAGE1 | APB | 0.122 | 0.571 | − 0.066 | 0.846 | − 0.049 | 0.819 | 0.066 | 0.846 | −0.159 | 0.456 | − 0.547 | 0.080 | − 0.548 | 0.081 |
Couplets of A | 0.010 | 0.961 | −0.222 | 0.511 | 0.057 | 0.792 | 0.222 | 0.511 | −0.356 | 0.088 | −0.565 | 0.070 | −0.565 | 0.070 | |
AT | −0.417 | 0.042 | −0.297 | 0.375 | −0.382 | 0.065 | 0.297 | 0.375 | −0.240 | 0.258 | −0.108 | 0.752 | −0.108 | 0.752 | |
VPB | 0.149 | 0.485 | −0.443 | 0.172 | −0.149 | 0.486 | 0.443 | 0.172 | − 0.036 | 0.869 | 0.253 | 0.453 | 0.252 | 0.453 | |
Couplets of V | −0.136 | 0.524 | – | – | 0.192 | 0.368 | – | – | 0.078 | 0.717 | – | – | – | – | |
VT | 0.361 | 0.084 | – | – | −0.316 | 0.132 | – | – | − 0.153 | 0.474 | – | – | – | – | |
MAGE2 | APB | 0.287 | 0.174 | 0.208 | 0.515 | −0.267 | 0.208 | −0.190 | 0.553 | 0.169 | 0.428 | 0 | 1 | −0.176 | 0.584 |
Couplets of A | 0.068 | 0.753 | 0.480 | 0.114 | −0.064 | 0.767 | −0.480 | 0.113 | 0.135 | 0.528 | −0.172 | 0.593 | 0.218 | 0.495 | |
AT | −0.583 | 0.047 | 0.061 | 0.776 | −0.017 | 0.937 | 0.583 | 0.046 | 0.594 | 0.041 | −0.255 | 0.424 | 0.388 | 0.211 | |
VPB | −0.605 | 0.037 | −0.140 | 0.513 | 0.159 | 0.457 | 0.630 | 0.028 | −0.245 | 0.248 | 0.056 | 0.863 | 0.171 | 0.595 | |
Couplets of V | −0.256 | 0.226 | – | – | 0.256 | 0.226 | – | – | −0.106 | 0.621 | – | – | – | – | |
VT | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
MAGE3 | APB | 0.172 | 0.421 | −0.266 | 0.429 | −0.189 | 0.374 | 0.266 | 0.429 | 0.066 | 0.758 | −0.402 | 0.220 | −0.485 | 0.130 |
Couplets of A | 0.029 | 0.890 | −0.296 | 0.376 | −0.038 | 0.858 | 0.296 | 0.376 | 0.046 | 0.830 | −0.365 | 0.269 | −0.104 | 0.760 | |
AT | 0.076 | 0.725 | −0.277 | 0.409 | −0.104 | 0.623 | 0.276 | 0.410 | 0.212 | 0.317 | −0.367 | 0.267 | −0.087 | 0.799 | |
VPB | 0.032 | 0.881 | 0.063 | 0.854 | −0.083 | 0.697 | −0.063 | 0.854 | 0.275 | 0.192 | 0.230 | 0.496 | −0.313 | 0.347 | |
Couplets of V | − 0188 | 0.378 | – | – | 0.144 | 0.500 | – | – | 0.159 | 0.455 | – | – | – | – | |
VT | −0.144 | 0.503 | – | – | 0.126 | 0.557 | – | – | −0.063 | 0.771 | – | – | – | – |