Background
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are the most frequent sports trauma in the field of orthopedic surgery and sports medicine. The “anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction,” which utilizes the knee flexor tendon, is one of the standard techniques, in which autogenic tendon is directly connected to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligament passing through the bone tunnels of the tibia [
1,
2]. Of course, in ACL reconstruction, the sole use of autologous tendon is the first choice. However, in the anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction, the artificial ligaments are required to fashion the two auto-grafts because of the relatively lower amount of harvested tendons than that with single bundle ACL reconstruction. Although this method is surgically less invasive and provides excellent intraoperative maneuverability, the long time period required for the fixation between the transplanted tendon and bone tunnel remains a challenge. Alternative treatment options, to speed up the healing process, have been studied, for example, using periosteum, calcium phosphate, hyperbaric oxygen and growth factors, or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [
3‐
10]. In previous reports, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was coated on the surface of the artificial ligament using various methods, and studies were conducted with the purpose of imparting biocompatibility to the surface and improving osseointegration [
11‐
13]. However, there has been no report till date regarding the use of apatite with introduced strontium (Sr) on the artificial ligament. PET artificial ligament can be coated with HAP using our novel nano coating methods. HAP is chemically represented as Ca
10 (PO
4)
6 (OH)
2; Calcium (Ca) may be substituted with Sr, and phosphate ion (PO
42−) with silicate ions (SiO
44−) to enhance osteogenic ability.
The null hypothesis of this study was that there is no difference between the SrSiP-coated and the non-coated artificial ligaments in terms of bone formation ability.
Methods
Preparation of the PET film and the PET artificial ligament with SrSiP coating
Strontium hydrogen phosphate (SrHPO
4) was prepared as a precursor of the following synthesis of SrSiP from a mixture of equimolar solutions of strontium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH
4)
2HPO
4). The obtained SrHPO
4 was dispersed in water, a half molar amount of sodium metasilicate (Na
3SiO
3) was added to it, and the temperature of the mixture was raised to 90 °C. The reaction mixture was subjected to vigorous stirring for 5 h and then left to stand at ambient temperature. The precipitated product was filtered and washed several times with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and finally with distilled water. The product was dried at 70 °C overnight. The chemical composition and crystal structure of the product were determined by XRD and ICP-AES, respectively, and the product was confirmed to be silicate substituted strontium apatite. A rotation/revolution mixer (Nano Pulverizer NP-100, Thinky Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to prepare nano-sized apatite dispersion in acetonitrile. One gram of apatite was introduced into the vessel inside the mixer and 0.2 g of poly (DL-lactic acid) (BMG Incorporated, Kyoto, Japan), dissolved in 10 mL of acetonitrile and 10 mL of zirconia (Y
2O
3-ZrO
2) balls with diameter of 0.3 mm (YTZ-0.3) (Nikkato Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan), were added. Wet milling was performed at 2000 rpm for a few minutes, and the resultant dispersion was filtered from zirconia balls. The PET film was dipped in the above apatite solution (concentration adjusted to 5 wt%) and withdrawn thereafter. Excess solution was removed, and the coated sample was left to dry in an oven at 70 °C for 3 h [
14]. After drying, the film was cut into pieces 12 mm in diameter.
The PET artificial ligament was dipped in the above apatite solution (solution concentration was adjusted to 5 wt%) and withdrawn thereafter. Excess solution was removed and the coated sample was left to dry in an oven at 70 °C for 3 h.
Experiment 1: culture experiment
Experiment using the PET film
Secretory osteocalcin concentrations measurement
Osteocalcin concentrations in 14-day culture supernatants were measured by ELISA method (rat osteocalcin ELISA kit DS, DS Pharma Biomedical Co., Osaka, Japan) [
15] (
n = 10).
Experiment using the PET artificial ligament
Experiment 2: transplantation experiment
Histological examination
Two skeletally mature male New Zealand white rabbits, weighting 4150 ± 250 g, were purchased from Japan SLC (Shizuoka, Japan). They were anesthetized by intramuscular injections of 100 mg ketamine (Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) and 20 mg xylazine (Bayer, Osaka, Japan); then, as they inhaled 2% isoflurane, artificial ligament transplantation surgery was performed. Briefly, knee joints were accessed via a lateral parapatellar approach. A 3.2-mm diameter tunnel was created in the proximal tibial metaphysis. The size of the artificial ligaments was 3 × 1 cm. We rolled them and transplanted the SrSiP artificial ligament onto the right knee and the non-coated artificial ligament onto the left knee. Two months later, the rabbits were sacrificed. To sacrifice rabbits, 100 mg ketamine and 20 mg xylazine were injected intramuscularly and then 10 ml potassium chloride saturated solution (Wako Co., Osaka, Japan) was injected intravenously. The deaths of the animals were confirmed by cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and loss of corneal reflex. The tibiae for histological evaluation were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, decalcified in EDTA solution, and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5-μm thickness were prepared in planes parallel to the long axis of the artificial ligament and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Statistical analysis
The results were subjected to statistical analysis via the Mann-Whitney U test using IBM SPSS Statistics 18 (Chicago, Ill., USA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The osteocalcin concentrations in the PET film culture medium and qPCR between the SrSiP and the non-coat groups were compared. Similarly, the osteocalcin and calcium concentrations in the PET artificial ligament culture medium between the SrSiP and the non-coat groups, were compared at each time point.
Discussion
Sr, an element with an atomic number of 38, belongs to the same family as Ca and stimulates osteogenic differentiation through Ca sensing receptors. Furthermore, by enhancing the secretion of osteoprotegerin, it inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts. It inhibits bone resorption by preventing the differentiation of preosteoblast into osteoclast via RANKL [
20]. Therefore, strontium ranelate has been clinically applied as a dual-action bone agent for the treatment of osteoporosis in Europe [
21]. Recently, the widespread use of strontium ranelate has been discontinued in most countries, owing to the concerns regarding the potential cardiovascular risk, although this remains somewhat controversial [
22]. However, some studies have demonstrated that strontium-doped medical applications do benefit bone metabolism, leading to improved bone healing and osseointegration with lesser side effects than in systemic administration [
23].
Silicon is the second most abundant element on the Earth’s crust [
24]. In a study using human osteoblast cells, accumulation of orthosilicic acid in cells was shown to promote the synthesis of collagen type 1 and differentiation into osteoblasts [
25]. Furthermore, silicon nanoparticles not only stimulate bone formation in osteoblasts but also have inhibitory effects on osteoclasts [
26]. Silicon actively participates in initial bone formation [
27], and the addition of Silicon to biomaterials is known to enhance their bioactivity [
28] and osteogenic properties [
29,
30].
In this study, coating PET film with SrSiP was confirmed to promote osteogenic potential. Uniform surface coating on the artificial ligament by the nano-sized apatite dispersion was also demonstrated. These apatite coatings enhanced calcium consumption, hence promoting subsequent deposition of calcium phosphate on the coated surface of the artificial ligaments. In particular, even coating of the nanoparticulate apatite has been demonstrated to promote the osteogenic potential of BMSCs in the SrSiP group as compared to the non-coated group. The newly formed bone around the artificial ligament was histologically shown in the SrSiP group.
In this study, SrSiP coating promoted the maximum bone formation. It is significant to be able to nano-coat strontium and silicon. Application of SrSiP nano-coating would lead to the development of new biomaterial with high osteogenic potential, thereby boosting the field of orthopedic surgery and sports medicine, with potential clinical applications in ACL reconstruction.
There are several limitations to this study. First, a biomechanical evaluation has not been done. In this study, we tested a new strategy to surface-modify artificial ligament with osteogenic apatite. Basic experiments using cultured cells were conducted mainly to demonstrate the bone formation promoting potential. In the future, in addition to temporal observation in the ligament reconstruction model, we will evaluate this approach with respect to the biomechanical properties and test it in vivo. Second, the concentration of strontium or silicate ion in solution has not been measured. Finally, it is necessary to investigate further whether there is any related adverse event. However, our experimental results suggest the possibility of promotion of early bone formation by SrSiP coating; it would need further validation in a further study.
Conclusion
In this study, after apatite was synthesized, nanoparticles were formed, existing PET film and artificial ligaments were coated, and the osteogenic potential of the nanoparticles was observed using mesenchymal cells collected from the bone marrow of F 344 rats. Results suggest that SrSiP can promote the osteogenic potential of PET artificial ligament and may be expected to be clinically available in the future as a biomaterial with high osteogenic potential.
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