Background
Methods
Study design
Ethics, consent and permissions
Participants and data
Demographics
Health and lifestyle characteristics
Anthropometric measurements
Missing data
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Missing | Girls | Boys | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Values | (n=852) | (n=881) | (n=1733) | |
Child characteristics | ||||
Age, years [m (sd)] | 7.07 (0.64) | 7.09 (0.63) | 7.08 (0.63) | |
Migration background, n (%) | 244 | 235 (31.6) | 227 (30.5) | 462 (31.0) |
Control group, n (%) | 371 (43.5) | 407 (46.2) | 778 (44.9) | |
Weight in kg [m (sd)] |
24.45 (4.50)**
| 24.88 (4.82) | 24.67 (4.91) | |
BMI, [m (sd)] | 15.99 (2.19) | 15.97 (2.08) | 15.98 (2.14) | |
BMIPERC, [m (sd)] | 48.96 (27.74) | 48.15 (27.57) | 48.55 (27.65) | |
Overweight, n (%) | 82 (9.6) | 83 (9.4) | 165 (9.5) | |
Obesity, n (%) | 30 (3.5) | 38 (4.3) | 68 (3.9) | |
WC, cm [m (sd)] |
55.15 (5.91)*
| 55.79 (5.54) | 55.48 (5.73) | |
WHtR, [m (sd)] | 0.45 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.04) | |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) |
78 (9.2)*
| 57 (6.5) | 135 (7.8) | |
Parental characteristics | ||||
Single parent, n (%) | 218 | 85 (11.3) | 71 (9.3) | 156 (10.3) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 196 |
65 (8.5)*
| 91 (11.8) | 156 (10.1) |
Breastfeeding, n (%) | 194 | 651 (85.1) | 535 (82.0) | 1286 (83.6) |
Breastfeeding months [m (sd)] | 462 | 5.55 (3.46) | 5.68 (4.05) | 5.61 (3.76) |
Tertiary family educational level, n (%) | 269 | 237 (32.6) | 238 (32.3) | 475 (32.4) |
Household income ≤ 1750 €, n (%) | 381 | 88 (13.1) | 83 (12.2) | 171 (12.6) |
Overweight (mother), n (%) | 300 | 223 (31.4) | 217 (30.1) | 440 (30.7) |
Overweight (father), n (%) | 392 | 417 (62.8) | 400 (59.1) | 817 (60.9) |
Abdominal obesity (mother), n (%) | 788 | 228 (48.1) | 219 (46.5) | 447 (47.3) |
Abdominal obesity (father), n (%) | 871 | 325 (76.3) | 317 (72.7) | 642 (74.5) |
Health and lifestyle characteristics | ||||
Playing outside > 60 min/day, n (%) | 248 |
462 (62.9)***
| 558 (74.4) | 1020 (68.7) |
Physically active ≥ 4 days/week ≥ 60 min/day, n (%) | 263 |
161 (22.1)***
| 238 (32.1) | 399 (27.1) |
Screen media > 1 h/day, n (%) | 205 |
86 (11.3)*
| 119 (15.5) | 205 (13.4) |
PC on school days > 1 h/day, n (%) | 246 |
2 (0.3)**
| 14 (1.9) | 16 (1.1) |
PC at weekends > 1 h/day, n (%) | 236 |
28 (3.7)***
| 72 (9.6) | 100 (6.7) |
TV on school days > 1 h/day, n (%) | 217 |
89 (11.8)*
| 124 (16.3) | 213 (14.1) |
TV at weekends > 1 h/day, n (%) | 228 | 362 (48.1) | 390 (51.8) | 752 (50.0) |
Soft drinks > 1 time per week n (%) | 197 | 178 (23.3) | 198 (25.7) | 376 (24.5) |
At school, n (%) | 226 | 57 (7.5) | 52 (6.9) | 109 (7.2) |
Outside school, n (%) | 224 | 174 (23.3) | 192 (25.2) | 366 (24.3) |
Skipping breakfast, n (%) | 195 |
116 (15.2)**
| 82 (10.6) | 198 (12.9) |
Regression analysis of changes in WHtR, weight and BMI measures
Changes in WHtR*1¶ | Changes in weight*2 [kg] | Changes in BMI percentiles*3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1252) | (n = 1251) | (n = 1250) | ||||
B (SE) | p-value | B (SE) | p-value | B (SE) | p-value | |
Skipping breakfast |
0.50 (0.19)
|
0.007**
|
0.39 (0.12)
|
<0.001***
|
2.01 (0.90)
|
0.027*
|
Soft drinks > 1 time per week | -0.01 (0.15) | 0.966 | -0.08 (0.09) | 0.385 | -0.75 (0.70) | 0.282 |
Screen media > 1 h/day | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.074 | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.054 | 0.70 (0.78) | 0.373 |
Regression model for prevalent abdominal obesity, overweight and obesity at follow-up
Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Missing Values | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||
(n = 1253) | ||||||
Skipping breakfast | 196 | 3.36 | (2.23; 5.07) |
2.06
|
(1.23; 3.47)
|
0.006**
|
Soft drinks > 1 time per week | 198 | 1.78 | (1.22; 2.61) | 1.46 | (0.92; 2.32) | 0.108 |
Screen media > 1 h/day | 1 | 2.46 | (1.76; 3.45) |
2.00
|
(1.23; 3.23)
|
0.005**
|
Overweight | ||||||
(n = 1251) | ||||||
Skipping breakfast | 201 | 2.30 | (1.54; 3.45) |
1.71
|
(1.04; 2.80)
|
0.034*
|
Soft drinks > 1 time per week | 203 | 1.65 | (1.16; 2.35) | 1.29 | (0.84; 1.96) | 0.246 |
Screen media > 1 h/day | 6 | 2.28 | (1.67; 3.13) |
2.01
|
(1.33; 3.03)
|
0.001***
|
Obesity | ||||||
(n = 1251) | ||||||
Skipping breakfast | 201 | 1.81 | (0.94; 3.47) | 0.90 | [0.39; 2.07) | 0.799 |
Soft drinks > 1 time per week | 203 | 1.80 | (1.04; 3.11) | 1.57 | (0.82; 3.03) | 0.177 |
Screen media > 1 h/day | 6 | 2.16 | (1.34; 3.49) | 1.87 | (0.96; 3.67) | 0.068 |
Missing data
Skipping breakfast | Soft drinks > 1 time per week | Screen media > 1h/day | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Abdominal obesity | CD |
2.06
|
(1.23; 3.47)**
| 1.46 | (0.92; 2.32) |
2.00
|
(1.23; 3.23)**
|
ID |
1.87
|
(1.19; 2.96)**
| 1.37 | (0.92; 2.04) |
1.81
|
(1.19; 2.75)**
| |
Overweight | CD |
1.71
|
(1.04; 2.80)*
| 1.29 | (0.84; 1.96) |
2.01
|
(1.33; 3.03)***
|
ID |
1.60
|
(1.02; 2.50)*
| 1.38 | (0.94; 2.01) |
1.76
|
(1.18; 2.61)**
| |
Obesity | CD | 0.90 | (0.39; 2.07) | 1.57 | (0.82; 3.03) | 1.87 | (0.96; 3.67) |
ID | 1.02 | (0.50; 2.07) | 1.56 | (0.87; 2.80) | 1.65 | (0.90; 3.01) | |
B (SE) | p-value | B (SE) | p-value | B (SE) | p-value | ||
Changes in WHtRa,b,c | CD |
0.50 (0.19)
|
0.007**
| -0.01 (0.15) | 0.966 | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.074 |
ID |
0.51 (0.17)
|
0.003**
| -0.07 (0.13) | 0.600 | 0.17 (0.15) | 0.240 | |
Changes in weight [kg]b,d | CD |
0.39 (0.12)
|
0.001***
| -0.08 (0.09) | 0.385 | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.054 |
ID |
0.51 (0.17)
|
0.003**
| -0.07 (0.13) | 0.600 | 0.17 (0.15) | 0.240 | |
Changes in BMI percentilesb,e | CD |
2.01 (0.90)
|
0.027*
| -0.75 (0.70) | 0.282 | 0.70 (0.78) | 0.373 |
ID |
2.58 (0.83)
|
0.002**
| -1.12 (0.64) | 0.083 | 0.21 (0.72) | 0.780 |