Background
Methods
Design and participants
Variable specification
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Migraine prevalence
N = 1,060
| ||
---|---|---|
Characteristic
|
n
|
%
|
Mean age (years)* | 35.7 ± 12.1 | |
Sex | ||
Women | 637 | 60.1 |
Men | 423 | 39.9 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 542 | 51.3 |
Never married | 335 | 31.7 |
Other | 180 | 17.0 |
Education (years) | ||
≤ Primary (1–6) | 474 | 44.7 |
Secondary (7–12) | 357 | 33.7 |
College graduate | 229 | 21.6 |
Smoking status | ||
Never | 913 | 86.1 |
Former | 104 | 9.8 |
Current | 43 | 4.1 |
Alcohol consumption past year | ||
Non-drinker | 601 | 56.7 |
< once a month | 357 | 33.7 |
≥1 day a week | 102 | 9.6 |
Khat chewing | ||
None | 783 | 73.9 |
Former | 59 | 5.6 |
Current | 218 | 20.6 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
<18.5 | 174 | 16.5 |
18.5-24.9 | 629 | 59.7 |
24.9-29.9 | 184 | 17.5 |
≥30 | 67 | 6.4 |
Self-reported physical health | ||
Excellent/very good/good | 596 | 56.2 |
Poor/fair | 464 | 43.8 |
Self-reported mental health | ||
Excellent/very good/good | 699 | 65.9 |
Poor/fair | 361 | 34.1 |
Sleep habits/patterns and migraine
All N = 1,060
|
Migraine
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes
N = 145
|
No
N = 915
| |||
Characteristic | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P-value* |
Sleep duration (hours) | ||||
<5 | 106 (10.0) | 17 (11.7) | 89 (9.7) | 0.002 |
5-5.9 | 126 (11.9) | 27 (18.6) | 99 (10.8) | |
6-6.9 | 227 (21.4) | 39 (26.9) | 188 (20.6) | |
≥7 | 601 (56.7) | 62 (42.8) | 539 (58.9) | |
Sleep latency (minutes) | ||||
≤15 | 293 (27.6) | 32 (22.1) | 261 (28.5) | <0.001 |
16-30 | 259 (24.4) | 23 (15.9) | 236 (25.8) | |
31-60 | 277 (26.1) | 41 (28.3) | 236 (25.8) | |
>60 | 231 (21.8) | 49 (33.8) | 182 (19.9) | |
Day dysfunction due to sleep | ||||
Never | 443 (41.8) | 44 (30.3) | 399 (43.6) | 0.001 |
< once a week | 383 (36.1) | 57 (39.3) | 326 (35.6) | |
1-2 times per week | 189 (17.8) | 31 (21.4) | 158 (17.3) | |
≥3 times per week | 45 (4.2) | 13 (8.9) | 32 (3.5) | |
Sleep efficiency (%) | ||||
≥85 | 461 (43.5) | 45 (31.0) | 416 (45.5) | 0.012 |
75-84 | 140 (13.2) | 23 (15.9) | 117 (12.8) | |
65-74 | 81 (7.6) | 15 (10.3) | 66 (7.2) | |
<65 | 378 (35.7) | 62 (42.8) | 316 (34.5) | |
Sleep medicine during past month | ||||
Never | 1,024 (96.6) | 136 (93.8) | 888 (97.0) | 0.039 |
< once a week | 7 (0.7) | 2 (1.4) | 5 (0.6) | |
1-2 times per week | 13 (1.2) | 5 (3.4) | 8 (0.9) | |
≥3 times per week | 16 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | 14 (1.5) | |
Overall sleep quality | ||||
Good | 419 (39.8) | 35 (24.1) | 384 (42.0) | <0.001 |
Poor | 641 (60.2) | 110 (75.9) | 531 (58.0) |
Sleep quality parameters
|
Unadjusted
|
Age and sex adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
Multivariable adjusted
*
OR (95% CI)
|
---|---|---|---|
Poor sleep quality | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 2.27 (1.52-3.39) | 2.31 (1.59-3.46) | 2.26 (1.50-3.39) |
Short sleep duration (<7 hours) | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.91 (1.34-2.73) | 2.01 (1.40-2.89) | 2.05 (1.42-2.97) |
Long sleep latency (>30 min) | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.94 (1.36-2.79) | 1.90 (1.32-2.73) | 1.97 (1.36-2.85) |
Day dysfunction due to sleep | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.66 (1.12-2.45) | 1.60 (1.08-2.37) | 1.50 (1.00-2.25) |
Poor sleep efficiency (<85%) | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.85 (1.27-2.69) | 1.92 (1.31-2.82) | 1.94 (1.32-2.85) |
Sleep medicine use | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 2.06 (0.86-4.91) | 1.68 (0.66-4.24) | 1.73 (0.68-4.39) |
Quality of life and migraine
Quality of life assessed by domain
|
Migraine
|
P-value
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 915)
|
Yes (N = 145)
| ||||
Mean score
|
SD
|
Mean score
|
SD
| ||
Physical | 51.6 | 13.7 | 47.9 | 12.2 | 0.003 |
Psychological | 56.2 | 18.0 | 49.0 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
Social relationships | 63.8 | 22.9 | 57.8 | 24.3 | 0.004 |
Environmental | 42.3 | 16.0 | 38.3 | 14.4 | 0.005 |
WHOQOL-BREF
|
Unadjusted
|
Age and sex adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
Multivariable adjusted
*
OR (95% CI)
|
---|---|---|---|
Poor physical health | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.55 (1.08-2.22) | 1.56 (1.09-2.24) | 1.56 (1.08-2.25) |
Poor psychological health | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.80 (1.24-2.59) | 1.76 (1.21-2.54) | 1.75 (1.20-2.56) |
Poor social relationships | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.49 (1.04-2.13) | 1.57 (1.09-2.25) | 1.56 (1.08-2.25) |
Poor living environment | |||
No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
Yes | 1.42 (0.98-2.04) | 1.38 (0.95-2.00) | 1.41 (0.97-2.05) |