Background
Methods
Study design
Participants and procedures
Variables definition
Cross-sectional outcomes
Definitions | Definition 1 Based on having smoked and smoking daily or occasionally | Definition 2 Based on having smoked and havingsmoked in the last month | Definition 3 Based on having smoked at least 100 cigarettes and smoking daily or occasionally | Definition 4 Based on having smoked at least 100 cigarettes and having smoked in the last month | ||||
Never smokers | Experimental smokers or those who have never smoked cigarettes | Experimental smokers or those who have never smoked cigarettes | Those who have not smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime | Those who have not smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime | ||||
Former smokers | Having smoked, but currently do not smoke daily nor occasionally | Having smoked, but not in the last 30 days | Those who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, but currently do not smoke daily nor occasionally | Those who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, but currently do not smoke daily nor occasionally | ||||
Current smokers | Those who currently smoke daily or occasionally | Those who have smoked in the last month | Those who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, AND currently smoke daily or occasionally | Those who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, AND have smoked in the last month | ||||
Prevalence rates In our population, per study group | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) |
Prevalence of never smokers | ||||||||
Urban | 61 | 31.0 (24.5–37.4) | 61 | 31.0 (24.5–37.4) | 132 | 67.3 (60.8–73.9) | 132 | 67.3 (60.8–73.9) |
Migrant | 231 | 39.9 (35.9–43.9) | 231 | 39.9 (35.9–43.9) | 492 | 86.2 (83.3–89.0) | 492 | 86.2 (83.3–89.0) |
Rural | 96 | 48.0 (41.1–54.9) | 96 | 48.0 (41.1–54.9) | 175 | 93.1 (89.5–96.7) | 175 | 93.1 (89.5–96.7) |
Prevalence of former smokers | ||||||||
Urban | 85 | 43.1 (36.2–50.1) | 94 | 47.7 (40.7–54.7) | 29 | 14.8 (9.8–19.8) | 34 | 17.3 (12.0–22.6) |
Migrant | 251 | 43.4 (39.3–47.4) | 275 | 47.5 (43.4–51.6) | 39 | 6.8 (4.8–8.9) | 42 | 7.4 (5.2–9.5) |
Rural | 41 | 20.5 (14.9–26.1) | 70 | 35.0 (28.4–41.6) | 4 | 2.1 (0.1–4.2) | 5 | 2.7 (0.4–5.0) |
Prevalence of current smokers | ||||||||
Urban | 51 | 25.9 (19.8–32.0) | 42 | 21.3 (15.6–27.0) | 35 | 17.9 (12.5–23.2) | 30 | 15.3 (10.3–20.3) |
Migrant | 97 | 16.8 (13.7—19.8) | 73 | 12.6 (9.9—15.3) | 40 | 7.0 (4.9—9.1) | 37 | 6.5 (4.5—8.5) |
Rural | 63 | 31.5 (25.1—37.9) | 34 | 17.0 (11.8—22.2) | 9 | 4.8 (1.7—7.8) | 8 | 4.3 (1.4—7.1) |
Longitudinal outcomes
Exposure
Other variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Population characteristics
Variables | Rural (n = 200) N (%) | Migrant (n = 589) N (%) | Urban (n = 199) N (%) |
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | 106 (53.0) | 309 (52.5) | 107 (53.8) | 0.949 |
Age ≥ 50 years | 84 (42.0) | 252 (42.8) | 89 (44.7) | 0.846 |
Education level | <0.001 | |||
None or some primary education | 132 (66.0) | 183 (31.1) | 13 (6.6) | |
Complete primary education | 29 (14.5) | 99 (16.8) | 23 (11.6) | |
At least some secondary education | 39 (19.5) | 306 (52.0) | 162 (81.8) | |
Assets index | <0.001 | |||
Lowest | 123 (61.5) | 242 (41.1) | 67 (33.7) | |
Middle | 14 (7.0) | 156 (26.5) | 69 (34.7) | |
Highest | 63 (31.5) | 191 (32.4) | 63 (31.7) | |
Positive mental health score | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Daily smokers | 1 (0.5) | 15 (2.6) | 17 (8.6) | <0.001 |
Cross-sectional and longitudinal models for smoking
Variables | Lifetime smoking | Current smoking | Heavy drinking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude PR (95% CI) | AdjustedaPR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Adjusteda PR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Adjusteda PR (95% CI) | |
Study group | ||||||
Urban |
2.36 (1.77–3.14)
|
2.29 (1.64–3.20)
|
2.36 (1.50–3.72)
|
2.29 (1.26–4.16)
| 1.08 (0.63–1.83) | 0.91 (0.49–1.68) |
Migrant | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural |
0.50 (0.28–0.88)
|
0.55 (0.31–0.99)
| 0.66 (0.31–1.39) | 0.60 (0.27–1.33) | 1.41 (0.88–2.27) | 1.19 (0.71–2.00) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Male |
6.04 (3.99–9.16)
|
6.05 (3.78–9.69)
|
6.39 (3.41–11.97)
|
7.08 (3.35–14.95)
|
6.92 (3.81–12.57)
|
6.53 (3.41–12.47)
|
Age | ||||||
< 50 years | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
≥ 50 years | 1.15 (0.87–1.54) | 1.24 (0.91–1.68) | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) | 1.00 (0.61–1.63) |
0.57 (0.37–0.89)
|
0.55 (0.35–0.88)
|
Education level | ||||||
None or some primary education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Complete primary education |
2.12 (1.18–3.82)
| 1.33 (0.70–2.55) |
2.83 (1.22–6.57)
| 1.38 (0.58–3.26) | 1.27 (0.66–2.45) | 0.74 (0.37–1.48) |
At least some secondary education |
3.68 (2.34–5.79)
| 1.53 (0.87–2.69) |
3.77 (1.88–7.53)
| 0.98 (0.44–2.19) | 1.54 (0.95–2.48) | 0.77 (0.44–1.33) |
Assets index | ||||||
Lowest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Middle |
1.83 (1.24–2.70)
| 1.26 (0.83–1.90) | 1.62 (0.89–2.95) | 1.17 (0.60–2.29) | 1.09 (0.64–1.86) | 1.02 (0.59–1.78) |
Highest |
2.14 (1.51–3.05)
|
1.48 (1.02–2.16)
|
2.23 (1.32–3.75)
| 1.58 (0.88–2.85) | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) |
Positive mental health (continuous variable) |
1.15 (1.03–1.28)
| 0.95 (0.87–1.04) |
1.22 (1.02–1.46)
| 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | 1.06 (0.91–1.25) |
Variables | New smoking | New heavy drinking | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence | Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | Incidence | Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | |
Study group | ||||||
Urban | 15/145 = 10.3% |
2.65 (1.03–6.81)
|
2.75 (1.03–7.34)
| 5/155–3.2% | 1.48 (0.51–4.25) | 1.27 (0.39–4.11) |
Migrant | 15/475 = 3.2% | Ref | Ref | 10/463 = 2.2% | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 9/158 = 5.7% | 1.90 (0.76–4.74) | 1.57 (0.61–4.05) | 6/153 = 3.9% | 1.50 (0.55–4.05) | 1.14 (0.40–3.27) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 9/444 = 2.0% | Ref | Ref | 2/446 = 0.4% | Ref | Ref |
Male | 30/334 = 9.0% |
3.93 (1.66–9.30)
|
4.43 (1.64–11.99)
| 19/325 = 5.8% |
12.99 (3.05–55.41)
|
12.25 (3.06–49.03)
|
Age | ||||||
< 50 years | 28/448 = 6.3% | Ref | Ref | 14/441 = 3.2% | Ref | Ref |
≥ 50 years | 11/330 = 3.3% | 0.45 (0.18–1.10) | 0.53 (0.19–1.45) | 7/330 = 2.1% | 0.67 (0.27–1.64) | 0.75 (0.27–2.03) |
Education level | ||||||
None or some primary education | 6/265 = 2.3% | Ref | Ref | 4/261 = 1.5% | Ref | Ref |
Complete primary education | 7/116 = 6.0% |
4.20 (1.26–14.06)
| 2.72 (0.68–10.85) | 3/115 = 2.6% | 1.77 (0.40–7.79) | 0.87 (0.16–4.65) |
At least some secondary education | 26/396 = 6.6% | 2.78 (0.92–8.33) | 1.36 (0.33–5.57) | 14/393 = 3.6% | 2.47 (0.82–7.42) | 0.92 (0.25–3.36) |
Assets index | ||||||
Lowest | 10/340 = 2.9% | Ref | Ref | 5/336 = 1.5% | Ref | Ref |
Middle | 12/187 = 6.4% | 1.38 (0.50–3.81) | 0.97 (0.32–2.97) | 7/191 = 3.7% | 2.56 (0.82–7.94) | 2.29 (0.55–9.62) |
Highest | 17/251 = 6.8% | 1.67 (0.69–4.03) | 1.44 (0.56–3.70) | 9/244 = 3.7% | 2.51 (0.85–7.40) | 3.00 (0.78–11.53) |
Positive mental health (continuous variable) | 1.14 (0.90–1.43) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 1.11 (0.87–1.40) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) |