Background
Methods
Study design and respondents
Study variables
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Variables | PCS | MCS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
|
Age
| 60–74 | 45.24 (10.50) | 48.20 (10.82) |
75+ | 37.72 (11.51) | 45.15 (12.07) | ||
Gender
| male | 44.68 (10.97) | 48.92 (10.58) | |
female | 41.42 (11.49) | 45.90 (11.71) | ||
CULTURAL-ECONOMIC VARIABLES
|
Educational level
| no formal education | 38.15 (11.45) | 44.60 (11.96) |
primary | 43.65 (11.04) | 47.70 (11.12) | ||
secondary | 47.60 (9.94) | 49.73 (10.21) | ||
university | 48.57 (9.59) | 50.46 (9.83) | ||
Self assessment of household income
| good | 47.49 (10.14) | 50.87 (9.81) | |
adequate | 43.94 (11.08) | 48.41 (10.74) | ||
inadequate | 40.38 (11.57) | 44.80 (11.96) | ||
absolutely inadequate | 37.62 (11.61) | 40.18 (12.85) | ||
LIFESTYLE
|
Tobacco use
| smoker | 46.15 (10.20) | 48.30 (10.95) |
former smoker | 43.60 (11.20) | 48.09 (11.02) | ||
non-smoker | 41.88 (11.53) | 46.65 (11.49) | ||
Regular physical activities
| no | 41.83 (11.61) | 46.56 (11.57) | |
yes | 47.24 (9.14) | 50.08 (9.70) | ||
SOCIAL NETWORKS
|
Marital status
| married | 44.16 (10.93) | 48.11 (10.90) |
unmarried | 40.71 (11.78) | 45.79 (11.85) | ||
Living alone
| no | 43.39 (11.24) | 47.67 (11.11) | |
yes | 41.05 (11.66) | 45.73 (11.89) | ||
Distance too long between own home and relatives' home
| no | 43.26 (11.29) | 47.67 (11.12) | |
yes | 41.14 (11.62) | 45.37 (11.97) | ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting friends
| I terzile | 38.93 (12.02) | 43.42 (12.49) | |
II terzile | 42.18 (11.29) | 46.89 (11.23) | ||
III terzile | 44.69 (10.79) | 48.80 (10.58) | ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting family
| I terzile | 41.72 (11.81) | 45.62 (12.07) | |
II terzile | 42.22 (11.49) | 47.02 (11.31) | ||
III terzile | 43.89 (10.98) | 48.27 (10.77) | ||
Leisure time for spiritual activities in the last three months
| no | 42.4 (11.54) | 46.87 (11.49) | |
yes | 45.70 (9.90) | 49.51 (9.96) | ||
Leisure time for recreational activities in the last three months
| no | 41.65 (11.51) | 46.45 (11.60) | |
yes | 48.38 (8.91) | 50.81 (9.15) | ||
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
|
Regional aggregate
| North-West | 44.81 (10.84) | 48.10 (10.92) |
North-East | 44.14 (11.13) | 48.37 (11.18) | ||
Centre | 43.15 (11.30) | 46.95 (11.52) | ||
South | 41.09 (11.38) | 46.23 (11.26) | ||
Islands | 41.02 (12.01) | 46.64 (11.83) | ||
MEDICAL CONDITION AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES ACCESS/USE
|
Any disease in the last four weeks
| no | 46.51 (10.16) | 49.69 (10.00) |
yes | 37.94 (11.08) | 43.93 (12.14) | ||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease
| no | 45.7 (9.91) | 48.97 (10.31) | |
yes, sometimes | 34.19 (9.47) | 42.66 (11.99) | ||
yes, often | 28.71 (8.82) | 37.95 (12.48) | ||
Chronic medical condition
| none | 48.72 (9.16) | 50.87 (9.23) | |
one chronic diseases | 44.18 (10.52) | 48.37 (10.58) | ||
more than one chronic diseases | 37.59 (11.09) | 43.72 (12.21) | ||
Drugs in the last two days
| no | 48.99 (8.61) | 51.38 (8.62) | |
yes | 40.05 (11.39) | 45.33 (11.89) | ||
I don't know | 42.93 (11.15) | 47.29 (10.89) | ||
Medical consultation
| no | 45.49 (10.58) | 48.93 (10.51) | |
yes | 38.97 (11.41) | 44.73 (12.00) |
MCS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O.R | 95.0% C.I. | ||||
Lower | Upper | ||||
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
|
Age
| 60–74 | 1 | ||
75+ | 1.032 | 0.976 | 1.091 | ||
Gender
| male | 1 | |||
female |
0.705**
|
0.660
|
0.754
| ||
CULTURAL-ECONOMICS VARIABLES
|
Self-assessment of household income
| good | 1 | ||
adequate |
0.843*
|
0.723
|
0.984
| ||
inadequate |
0.596**
|
0.509
|
0.698
| ||
absolutely inadequate |
0.405**
|
0.327
|
0.503
| ||
Educational level
| university |
1
| |||
no formal education |
0.780*
|
0.668
|
0.911
| ||
primary |
0.861*
|
0.743
|
0.998
| ||
secondary | 0.992 | 0.843 | 1.167 | ||
LIFESTYLE
|
Regular physical activities
| yes | 1 | ||
no |
0.899*
|
0.846
|
0.955
| ||
Tobacco use
| non-smoker | 1 | |||
smoker |
0.861**
|
0.797
|
0.930
| ||
former smoker | 1.012 | 0.951 | 1.077 | ||
SOCIAL NETWORK
|
Living alone
| no | 1 | ||
yes | 0.980 | 0.835 | 1.151 | ||
Marital status
| married | 1 | |||
unmarried | 0.905 | 0.794 | 1.031 | ||
Leisure time for spiritual activities in the last three months
| yes | 1 | |||
no |
0.815**
|
0.761
|
0.873
| ||
Leisure time for recreational activities in the last three months
| yes | 1 | |||
no |
0.820**
|
0.767
|
0.876
| ||
Distance too long between own home and relatives' home
| no | 1 | |||
yes |
0.863**
|
0.812
|
0.917
| ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting friends
| III terzile | 1 | |||
I terzile |
0.656**
|
0.612
|
0.702
| ||
II terzile |
0.871**
|
0.826
|
0.918
| ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting family
| III terzile | 1 | |||
I terzile |
0.828**
|
0.779
|
0.879
| ||
II terzile |
0.927*
|
0.876
|
0.981
| ||
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
|
Regional aggregate
| North-West | 1 | ||
North-East |
1.149**
|
1.069
|
1.236
| ||
Centre | 0.991 | 0.919 | 1.068 | ||
South |
0.912*
|
0.850
|
0.979
| ||
Islands | 1.037 | 0.948 | 1.134 | ||
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES ACCESS/USE
|
Any disease in the last four weeks
| no | 1 | ||
yes |
0.658**
|
0.626
|
0.692
| ||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease
| no | 1 | |||
yes, sometimes |
0.622**
|
0.572
|
0.677
| ||
yes, often |
0.349**
|
0.318
|
0.383
| ||
Medical consultation
| no | 1 | |||
yes |
0.799**
|
0.760
|
0.841
| ||
Chronic medical condition
| none | 1 | |||
one chronic disease |
0.752**
|
0.685
|
0.826
| ||
more than one chronic disease |
0.509**
|
0.446
|
0.579
| ||
Drugs in the last two days
| no | 1 | |||
yes |
0.598**
|
0.547
|
0.654
| ||
I don't know | 0.553 | 0.277 | 1.104 | ||
INTERACTIONS
|
Gender (male) by marital status (married)
| 1 | |||
Gender (female) by marital status (unmarried)
| 1.116 | 0.957 | 1.302 | ||
Gender (male) by living alone (no)
| 1 | ||||
Gender (female) by living alone (yes)
| 1.061 | 0.883 | 1.274 | ||
Chronic medical condition (none)*drugs in the last two days (no)
| 1 | ||||
Chronic medical condition (one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (yes)
|
1.198*
|
1.058
|
1.357
| ||
Chronic medical condition (one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (I don't know)
| 0.894 | 0.270 | 2.965 | ||
Chronic medical condition (more than one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (yes)
|
1.262*
|
1.085
|
1.467
| ||
Chronic medical condition (more than one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (I don't know)
| 1.252 | 0.401 | 3.908 |
PCS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O.R | 95.0% C.I. | ||||
Lower | Upper | ||||
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
|
Age
| 60–74 | 1 | ||
75+ |
0.510**
|
0.479
|
0.543
| ||
Gender
| male | 1 | |||
female | 0.868 | 0.746 | 1.009 | ||
CULTURAL-ECONOMICS VARIABLES
|
Self-assessment of household income
| good | 1 | ||
adequate |
0.791*
|
0.660
|
0.947
| ||
inadequate |
0.579**
|
0.481
|
0.697
| ||
absolutely inadequate |
0.507**
|
0.397
|
0.649
| ||
Educational level
| university | 1 | |||
no formal education |
0.409**
|
0.339
|
0.493
| ||
primary |
0.550**
|
0.459
|
0.659
| ||
secondary |
0.809*
|
0.664
|
0.986
| ||
LIFESTYLE
|
Regular physical activities
| yes | 1 | ||
no |
0.767**
|
0.716
|
0.821
| ||
Tobacco use
| non-smoker | 1 | |||
smoker |
1.131*
|
1.036
|
1.236
| ||
former smoker | 1.026 | 0.955 | 1.101 | ||
SOCIAL NETWORK
|
Living alone
| no |
1
| ||
yes |
1.279**
|
1.168
|
1.401
| ||
Marital status
| married | 1 | |||
unmarried |
0.891*
|
0.821
|
0.967
| ||
Leisure time for spiritual activities in the last three months
| yes | 1 | |||
no | 0.917 | 0.810 | 1.038 | ||
Leisure time for recreational activities in the last three months
| yes | 1 | |||
no |
0.679**
|
0.629
|
0.733
| ||
Distance too long between own home and relatives' homes
| no | 1 | |||
yes |
0.893*
|
0.834
|
0.957
| ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting friends
| III terzile |
1
| |||
I terzile |
0.765**
|
0.707
|
0.828
| ||
II terzile |
0.857**
|
0.807
|
0.911
| ||
Frequency of seeing/meeting family
| III terzile |
1
| |||
I terzile | 0.965 | 0.900 | 1.034 | ||
II terzile | 0.983 | 0.921 | 1.050 | ||
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
|
Regional aggregate
| North-West | 1 | ||
North-East | 0.966 | 0.889 | 1.049 | ||
Centre |
0.909*
|
0.834
|
0.990
| ||
South |
0.648**
|
0.598
|
0.703
| ||
Islands |
0.683**
|
0.617
|
0.757
| ||
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES ACCESS/USE
|
Any disease in the last four weeks
| no | 1 | ||
yes |
0.425**
|
0.402
|
0.450
| ||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease
| no | 1 | |||
yes, sometimes |
0.248**
|
0.211
|
0.291
| ||
yes, often |
0.149**
|
0.123
|
0.179
| ||
Medical consultation
| no | 1 | |||
yes |
0.670**
|
0.596
|
0.753
| ||
Chronic medical condition
| none | 1 | |||
one chronic disease |
0.523**
|
0.466
|
0.587
| ||
more than one chronic disease |
0.273**
|
0.235
|
0.317
| ||
Drugs in the last two days
| no |
1
| |||
yes |
0.375**
|
0.337
|
0.418
| ||
I don't know | 0.666 | 0.289 | 1.537 | ||
INTERACTIONS
|
Leisure time for recreational activities in the last three months (yes) by gender (male)
| 1 | |||
Leisure time for recreational activities in the last three months (no) by gender (female
| 0.882 | 0.755 | 1.031 | ||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease (no)* gender (male)
| 1 | ||||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease (yes, sometimes) by gender (female)
| 0.873 | 0.699 | 1.090 | ||
Reduced autonomy because of chronic disease (yes, often) by gender (female)
|
0.624*
|
0.470
|
0.829
| ||
Chronic medical condition (none) * medical consultation (no)
| 1 | ||||
Chronic medical condition (one chronic disease) by medical consultation (yes)
| 0.953 | 0.821 | 1.106 | ||
Chronic medical condition (more than one chronic disease) by medical consultation (yes)
| 1.062 | 0.920 | 1.226 | ||
Chronic medical condition (none)*drugs in the last two days (no)
| 1 | ||||
Chronic medical condition (one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (yes)
|
1.573**
|
1.361
|
1.819
| ||
Chronic medical condition (one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (I don't know)
| 0.588 | 0.160 | 2.167 | ||
Chronic medical condition (more than one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (yes)
|
1.663**
|
1.402
|
1.972
| ||
Chronic medical condition (more than one chronic disease)*drugs in the last two days (I don't know)
| 0.660 | 0.163 | 2.677 |