Background
Methods
Study area
Household survey
Riverine localities (ML-r)
Localities in the two towns (ML-u and RA-u)
Rural localities accessible by road (RA-r)
Questionnaire
Block | Information |
---|---|
(A) Interviewee demographic data | Name |
Address | |
Birth date and age | |
Gender | |
Race/color | |
Birth place | |
Residence time in the current address | |
(B) Dwellers demographic data | Name |
Age | |
Gender | |
Relationship with the interviewee | |
Residence time > 12 months in the address | |
Schooling | |
School’s name and location | |
(C) Malaria episodes reported by the interviewee | If remembers the 1st malaria |
Self-reported malaria in the last 12 months | |
Inactivity and days lost due to malaria | |
If needed health care in the last 12 months | |
Places sought for health care | |
Hospitalization due to malaria | |
(D) Interviewee’s last episode of malaria | How he/she discovered he/she had malaria |
Date of the last malaria episode (self-report) | |
If he/she had malaria symptoms | |
Type of malaria (falc, vivax) | |
Access and adherence to treatment | |
(E) Malaria information for each dweller | If they had malaria in the last 12 months (as reported by the interviewee) |
Hospitalization to treat malaria | |
(F) Household goods | Ownership of goods and animals |
(G) Occupation and income of the household | Types of occupation of the householders |
Number of dwellers contributing for the household income | |
If the income received is considered sufficient | |
(H) Characteristics of household | Material used for the wall, roof, ceiling and floor |
Presence of crevices in the walls | |
Number of rooms | |
(I) Household access | Type of access to the household (river, road, trail) |
If household is accessible by vehicle on a rainy day | |
If access is paved | |
If you would like the street, road or trail to be paved | |
If the access to the house floods | |
If flooding reaches the door of the house | |
Presence of natural or artificial water bodies in the vicinity of the house and the neighborhood | |
(J) Water supply | Type of access to water |
Source of water used in the kitchen and for drinking | |
How water is stored | |
If water is treated before consumption | |
Frequency at which water is missing at home | |
Place where the households shower | |
Place where the households wash dishes and clothes | |
Place where the households go to tend to their physiological needs | |
(L) Garbage disposal | How waste is disposed |
Frequency of garbage collection by public service, if available | |
(M) Access to electricity | If there is electricity in the household |
If available: its source, installation date, if time-restricted or fails, cost | |
If not available: source of energy used | |
(N) Mobility and potential exposure to malaria | Routine activities from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. |
Frequency and motivation to go close to water bodies and the forest | |
Frequency of sleeping in the wild | |
Frequency, motivation, and length of stay in farms | |
If needs to travel to receive social benefits, frequency and length of stay | |
If needs to travel for working, frequency and length of stay | |
If traveled for any other reason in the last 12 months, frequency and length of stay | |
(O) Use of bednet and other protections | Ownership of impregnated and standard bednets and quantity |
General usage, usage in the last night | |
Problems with bednet usage | |
If the households use other methods for mosquito protection | |
Recommendations or suggestions for improving the health of the family and community |
Statistical methods
Variables
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA)
Block description | Variables | Category | n |
\(X^{2}\)Zone |
\(X^{2}\)Malaria |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dwellers demographics (AB) | Study zone | Rural Mâncio Lima | 107 | RV | ++ |
Urban Mâncio Lima | 190 | ||||
Rural Rodrigues Alves | 121 | ||||
Urban Rodrigues Alves | 102 | ||||
Maximum schoolinga
| Illiterate | 19 | ++ | + | |
Incomplete middle school | 144 | ||||
Complete middle school + incomplete high school | 95 | ||||
Complete high school | 173 | ||||
Incomplete or complete undergraduation | 86 | ||||
Adult illiteracy ≥ 18 years old | None | 404 | ++ | + | |
At least one | 116 | ||||
Adult illiteracy ≥ 18 years old | None | 404 | ++ | ++ | |
One | 86 | ||||
Two | 30 | ||||
Adult illiteracy > 18 and < 60 yearsa
| None | 448 | ++ | ++ | |
One | 61 | ||||
Two | 11 | ||||
Adult illiteracy ≥ 60 years old | None | 467 | − | − | |
One | 43 | ||||
Two | 10 | ||||
Gender in adults | Heterogeneous = men and women | 443 | + | ++ | |
Homogeneous = only one gender | 77 | ||||
Child | None | 176 | ++ | + | |
At least one | 344 | ||||
Elderly | None | 409 | − | − | |
At least one | 111 | ||||
Malaria information for the interviewed and dwellers(CDE) | Report of malaria in the last 12 months | None | 287 | ++ | RV |
At least one | 233 | ||||
Household goods (F) | Stove | Yes | 492 | ++ | − |
No | 28 | ||||
Refrigerator | Yes | 433 | ++ | − | |
No | 87 | ||||
Televisionb
| Yes | 461 | ++ | − | |
No | 59 | ||||
Washing machineb
| Yes | 305 | ++ | + | |
No | 215 | ||||
Ironb
| Yes | 177 | ++ | + | |
No | 343 | ||||
Sofa | Yes | 344 | ++ | − | |
No | 176 | ||||
Blenderb
| Yes | 340 | ++ | + | |
No | 180 | ||||
Video tape or dvd | Yes | 234 | ++ | − | |
No | 286 | ||||
Microwave | Yes | 56 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 464 | ||||
Car | Yes | 56 | ++ | − | |
No | 464 | ||||
Motorcycle | Yes | 194 | ++ | − | |
No | 326 | ||||
Motor boatb
| Yes | 184 | ++ | − | |
No | 336 | ||||
Horse | Yes | 47 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 473 | ||||
Oxb
| Yes | 126 | ++ | − | |
No | 394 | ||||
Chicken | Yes | 335 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 185 | ||||
Pig | Yes | 74 | ++ | − | |
No | 446 | ||||
Chainsaw | Yes | 115 | ++ | + | |
No | 405 | ||||
Mobile phone type smartphone | Yes | 141 | ++ | − | |
No | 379 | ||||
Internet on the mobile phone | Yes | 121 | ++ | − | |
No | 399 | ||||
Facebook | Yes | 68 | ++ | − | |
No | 452 | ||||
Fishponda,b
| Presence of reservoir with or without fish | 49 | ++ | + | |
None | 471 | ||||
If has computer and if has internet on the computer | None | 441 | ++ | − | |
Only computer | 34 | ||||
Both | 45 | ||||
Occupation and maintenance of the household (G) | Dweller working in agricultureb
| Yes | 170 | ++ | ++ |
No | 350 | ||||
Works fishing or sailing fish | Yes | 47 | ++ | − | |
No | 473 | ||||
Sells products collected from the forest | Yes | 6 | − | − | |
No | 514 | ||||
Works in market | Yes | 14 | + | − | |
No | 506 | ||||
Government employee | Yes | 73 | ++ | − | |
No | 447 | ||||
Works with formal contract | Yes | 39 | ++ | − | |
No | 481 | ||||
Driver or boatman | Yes | 12 | + | − | |
No | 508 | ||||
Social benefits as Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Verde, Bolsa Pesca and payments | Yes | 303 | ++ | + | |
No | 217 | ||||
Labor benefits as: retirement, health assistance, unemployment benefits and pensioner | Yes | 158 | ++ | − | |
No | 362 | ||||
Characteristics of the household (H) | If the house has or not ceiling liningb
| Throughout the household | 53 | ++ | + |
In part of the household | 81 | ||||
Do not have | 386 | ||||
Type of house floor | Cement or ceramics | 187 | ++ | − | |
Wood | 333 | ||||
Cracks in the houseb
| It has cracks | 397 | ++ | − | |
It has not cracks | 123 | ||||
Wall materialb
| Brick or brickwork | 99 | ++ | + | |
Wood | 421 | ||||
Household access (I) | Locality accessa,b
| Access by river | 108 | ++ | ++ |
Paved road | 270 | ||||
Dirt road, passage by trail or pathway | 142 | ||||
Traffic of some motor vehicle by the road when is rainingb
| Do not have road | 112 | ++ | + | |
None | 37 | ||||
Some vehicle pass through | 371 | ||||
If the road or access to the house used to flooda,b
| Floods | 114 | ++ | − | |
Do not flood | 406 | ||||
If the flood reach the door house | Yes | 62 | ++ | − | |
No | 458 | ||||
If there is a swamp or a small river close to the house | Yes | 432 | ++ | − | |
No | 88 | ||||
Water supply and garbage disposal | If there is piped water in the householdb
| Do not have | 161 | ++ | − |
Outside the household | 201 | ||||
Inside the household | 158 | ||||
If the water used to drink or cook in the house came from the public serviceb
| Yes | 260 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 260 | ||||
If the water used to drink or cook in the house came from natural water reservoirsb
| Yes | 147 | ++ | + | |
No | 373 | ||||
Place of bathing is open or closed | Water bodies or external area of the household | 156 | ++ | − | |
Bathroom or closed place | 364 | ||||
Place for physiological needsb
| Toilet | 215 | ++ | + | |
Cesspool or septic tank | 246 | ||||
Open place type backyard or forest | 59 | ||||
Place for washing the dishes is open or closedb
| Water bodies or external area of the household | 331 | ++ | ++ | |
Inside household | 189 | ||||
Garbage is inappropriately discardedb
| Yes | 283 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 237 | ||||
Garbage collected by public serviceb
| Yes | 271 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 249 | ||||
Access to electricity (M) | It has electricity in the house | Yes | 483 | ++ | − |
No | 37 | ||||
Type of electricity in the houseb
| Do not have | 37 | ++ | + | |
Electricity by generator | 72 | ||||
Electrical network | 411 | ||||
Mobility and potential exposure to malaria (NO) | Frequency which reach water bodies and/or foresta,b
| Rarely or never | 208 | ++ | ++ |
Weekly, once or twice a week | 143 | ||||
Daily, usually they are riverine population | 169 | ||||
Frequency which sleeps exposed in forests, close to the river, etc. | Rarely or never | 414 | ++ | ++ | |
Monthly, once or twice a month | 73 | ||||
Weekly, once or twice a week | 24 | ||||
Daily | 9 | ||||
Frequency which takes recreation bathe | Never | 355 | ++ | + | |
Sometime, monthly or less | 30 | ||||
Probably every month or weekly | 24 | ||||
Every day, in general, they are the riverine population | 111 | ||||
Frequency which is used to fish or take products on the forest | Never | 239 | ++ | − | |
Sometime, probably monthly or less | 263 | ||||
Probably every month or weekly | 4 | ||||
Every day | 14 | ||||
Displacement to fetch social benefits or paymentsb
| Yes | 258 | ++ | ++ | |
No | 262 | ||||
There is bednet in the house | Yes | 486 | ++ | + | |
No | 34 | ||||
Never fails to use bednet | Every day, without exception | 307 | ++ | − | |
Not regularly | 213 |
Mixed logistic regression
Results
Characteristics of the surveyed households
Gradients of development
Block | Categories | Dim 1 | Dim 2 | Dim 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contr. | R2 | Contr. | R2 | Contr. | R2 | ||
F | tv_NO | 2.00 | 0.47 | 6.26 | 0.24 | 0.70 | − 0.06 |
tv_YES | 0.25 | − 0.47 | 0.80 | − 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.06 | |
washing mach_NO | 2.41 | 0.41 | 1.03 | 0.08 | 0.68 | − 0.05 | |
washing mach_YES | 1.70 | − 0.41 | 0.72 | − 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.05 | |
iron_NO | 1.19 | 0.39 | 0.12 | − 0.04 | 1.13 | − 0.08 | |
iron_YES | 2.31 | − 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 2.19 | 0.08 | |
blender_NO | 2.11 | 0.37 | 0.92 | 0.07 | 2.02 | − 0.08 | |
blender_YES | 1.12 | − 0.37 | 0.48 | − 0.07 | 1.07 | 0.08 | |
motor boat_NO | 1.23 | − 0.39 | 0.00 | – | 0.90 | − 0.07 | |
motor boat_YES | 2.24 | 0.39 | 0.01 | – | 1.65 | 0.07 | |
ox_NO | 0.58 | − 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.56 | − 0.08 | |
ox_YES | 1.82 | 0.36 | 0.28 | − 0.04 | 1.78 | 0.08 | |
fishpond_NO | 0.02 | − 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.61 | − 0.19 | |
fishpond_YES | 0.21 | 0.16 | 4.39 | − 0.21 | 5.92 | 0.19 | |
G | agriculture_NO | 1.260 | − 0.41 | 0.04 | – | 0.40 | − 0.05 |
agriculture_YES | 2.59 | 0.41 | 0.09 | – | 0.82 | 0.05 | |
H | ceiling lining_NONE | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.11 | − 0.08 | 3.75 | − 0.27 |
ceiling lining_PART | 0.26 | − 0.005 | 0.14 | – | 4.21 | 0.06 | |
ceiling lining_ALL | 1.07 | − 0.39 | 1.95 | 0.19 | 7.22 | 0.20 | |
wall_WOOD | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.58 | − 0.13 | 2.10 | − 0.19 | |
wall_BRICK | 2.09 | − 0.41 | 2.47 | 0.13 | 8.93 | 0.19 | |
cracks_NO | 2.23 | − 0.40 | 1.97 | 0.11 | 7.25 | 0.16 | |
cracks_YES | 0.69 | 0.40 | 0.61 | − 0.11 | 2.24 | − 0.16 | |
I | access_PAVED.ROAD | 3.41 | − 0.74 | 1.35 | 0.09 | 0.95 | − 0.08 |
access_RIVER | 4.99 | 0.74 | 8.32 | 0.36 | 0.02 | – | |
access_DIRT.ROAD | 0.35 | − 0.003 | 16.9 | − 0.44 | 1.46 | 0.08 | |
road.traffic.rain_NO | 0.23 | 0.03 | 7.78 | − 0.49 | 0.16 | – | |
road.traffic.rain_NO.HAVE | 4.72 | 0.61 | 8.28 | 0.45 | 0.05 | – | |
road.traffic.rain_YES | 1.81 | − 0.64 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.06 | – | |
JL | piped.water_INSIDE | 1.43 | − 0.41 | 0.02 | – | 3.93 | 0.15 |
piped.water_OUTSIDE | 0.10 | − 0.14 | 2.21 | − 0.15 | 7.73 | − 0.21 | |
piped.water_NO.HAVE | 2.74 | 0.56 | 1.65 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.06 | |
public.ser.water_NO | 2.92 | 0.48 | 0.33 | – | 2.12 | 0.09 | |
public.ser.water_YES | 2.92 | − 0.48 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 2.12 | − 0.09 | |
river.water_NO | 1.64 | − 0.53 | 0.20 | – | 0.35 | − 0.05 | |
river.water_YES | 4.17 | 0.53 | 0.52 | – | 0.89 | 0.05 | |
physio.needs_AREA | 1.02 | 0.46 | 0.07 | – | 0.005 | – | |
physio.needs_SEPTIC | 0.88 | 0.14 | 1.30 | − 0.087 | 3.01 | − 0.11 | |
physio.needs_TOILET | 2.36 | − 0.61 | 1.86 | 0.13 | 3.59 | 0.13 | |
place.wash.dishes_OUT | 1.17 | 0.37 | 0.21 | − 0.04 | 2.41 | − 0.12 | |
place.wash.dishes_IN | 2.05 | − 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 4.22 | 0.12 | |
inap.garb.disposal_NO | 3.41 | − 0.50 | 1.51 | 0.09 | 1.16 | − 0.06 | |
inap.garb.disposal_YES | 2.85 | 0.50 | 1.27 | − 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.06 | |
garb.collect_NO | 3.95 | 0.55 | 1.31 | − 0.09 | 0.82 | 0.06 | |
garb.collect_YES | 3.63 | − 0.55 | 1.20 | 0.09 | 0.75 | − 0.06 | |
M | electricity _GENERATOR | 2.93 | 0.35 | 2.89 | 0.02 | 0.22 | – |
electricity _NET | 1.27 | − 0.81 | 2.24 | − 0.33 | 0.01 | – | |
electricity_NO | 1.876 | 0.46 | 6.89 | 0.32 | 0.08 | – | |
NO | displac.benefits_NO | 2.56 | − 0.45 | 1.22 | 0.09 | 1.57 | − 0.08 |
displac.benefits_YES | 2.60 | 0.45 | 1.24 | − 0.09 | 1.59 | 0.08 | |
freq.into.forest_SOMETIMES | 0.07 | − 0.13 | 2.89 | − 0.17 | 0.10 | – | |
freq.into.forest_NEVER | 2.05 | − 0.48 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 1.39 | − 0.09 | |
freq.into.forest_ALWAYS | 3.41 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 1.02 | 0.07 |
Malaria distribution along the development gradients
Variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI OR | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Urban–rural gradient (MCA Dim1) | 1.92 | (1.23–3.02) | 0.004 |
Rural-riverine gradient (MCA Dim 2) | 0.55 | (0.26–1.12) | 0.10 |
Intra urban (un)development gradient (MCA Dim 3) | 1.46 | (0.75–2.82) | 0.25 |