Background
Methods
Conceptual framework
Data
Data analysis
Results
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) versus variability in U5MR in the 32 countries
Sex of the child | Place of residence | Mother’s education | Household wealth | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Total | Male | Female |
p
| Rural | Urban |
p
| None | Primary+ |
p
| Poorest/Middle | Richest |
p
| |
Western Africa | ||||||||||||||
Burkina Faso 2010 | 15,044 | 128 | 139 | 117 | 0,016 | 137 | 80 | < 0.001 | 133 | 61 | < 0.001 | 144 | 96 | < 0.001 |
Senegal 2010–11 | 12,326 | 66 | 73 | 60 | 0,12 | 82 | 41 | < 0.001 | 71 | 33 | < 0.001 | 76 | 47 | < 0.001 |
Benin 2011–12 | 13,407 | 72 | 77 | 66 | 0,11 | 82 | 56 | 0,001 | 76 | 47 | < 0.001 | 81 | 52 | < 0.001 |
Cote d’Ivoire 2011–12 | 7776 | 112 | 145 | 79 | < 0.001 | 113 | 111 | 0,84 | 119 | 80 | 0,004 | 111 | 115 | 0,80 |
Guinea 2012 | 7039 | 123 | 135 | 109 | 0,032 | 140 | 74 | < 0.001 | 130 | 68 | < 0.001 | 148 | 71 | < 0.001 |
Niger 2012 | 12,558 | 133 | 148 | 118 | 0,032 | 143 | 65 | < 0.001 | 135 | 84 | 0,001 | 143 | 112 | 0,026 |
Gambia 2013 | 8088 | 52 | 54 | 50 | 0,70 | 50 | 54 | 0,67 | 60 | 33 | 0,003 | 52 | 50 | 0,82 |
Mali 2012–13 | 10,326 | 102 | 122 | 80 | < 0.001 | 110 | 64 | < 0.001 | 107 | 45 | < 0.001 | 119 | 67 | < 0.001 |
Liberia 2013 | 7606 | 96 | 104 | 88 | 0,32 | 91 | 101 | 0,51 | 101 | 83 | 0,34 | 102 | 83 | 0,34 |
Nigeria 2013 | 31,482 | 121 | 129 | 113 | 0,001 | 143 | 80 | < 0.001 | 151 | 82 | < 0.001 | 146 | 71 | < 0.001 |
Sierra Leone 2013 | 11,938 | 152 | 163 | 141 | 0,063 | 153 | 150 | 0,89 | 157 | 131 | 0,032 | 153 | 151 | 0,86 |
Togo 2013–14 | 6979 | 93 | 90 | 97 | 0,49 | 101 | 79 | 0,10 | 106 | 61 | 0,001 | 104 | 71 | 0,004 |
Ghana 2014 | 5884 | 63 | 76 | 50 | 0,12 | 73 | 51 | 0,18 | 87 | 44 | 0,030 | 72 | 46 | 0,045 |
Central Africa | ||||||||||||||
Cameroon 2011 | 11,732 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 0,99 | 149 | 98 | < 0.001 | 167 | 82 | < 0.001 | 147 | 89 | < 0.001 |
Congo 2011–12 | 9329 | 70 | 78 | 63 | 0,22 | 64 | 74 | 0,28 | 75 | 68 | 0,50 | 71 | 69 | 0,93 |
Gabon 2012 | 6067 | 89 | 112 | 63 | 0,098 | 96 | 87 | 0,57 | 92 | 88 | 0,89 | 89 | 88 | 0,95 |
DRCongo 2013–14 | 18,716 | 107 | 113 | 102 | 0,25 | 113 | 95 | 0,096 | 118 | 93 | 0,007 | 114 | 93 | 0,058 |
Chad 2014–15 | 18,623 | 138 | 149 | 126 | 0,001 | 137 | 140 | 0,84 | 139 | 129 | 0,53 | 145 | 125 | 0,043 |
Eastern Africa | ||||||||||||||
Mozambique 2011 | 11,102 | 94 | 101 | 87 | 0,092 | 97 | 88 | 0,36 | 98 | 76 | 0,060 | 97 | 88 | 0,38 |
Comoros 2012 | 3149 | 51 | 52 | 50 | 0,89 | 58 | 33 | 0,024 | 60 | 35 | 0,060 | 51 | 51 | >0,99 |
Kenya 2014 | 20,964 | 54 | 58 | 49 | 0,13 | 50 | 60 | 0,095 | 58 | 51 | 0,18 | 56 | 49 | 0,25 |
Rwanda 2014–15 | 7856 | 49 | 57 | 42 | 0,030 | 49 | 49 | 0,99 | 57 | 34 | < 0.001 | 55 | 38 | 0,015 |
Malawi 2015–16 | 17,286 | 63 | 71 | 55 | 0,083 | 65 | 51 | 0,20 | 66 | 55 | 0,15 | 69 | 52 | 0,038 |
Tanzania 2015–16 | 10,233 | 68 | 72 | 64 | 0,20 | 62 | 85 | 0,009 | 71 | 66 | 0,63 | 67 | 69 | 0,75 |
Ethiopia 2016 | 10,641 | 71 | 81 | 61 | 0,087 | 74 | 46 | 0,024 | 73 | 48 | 0,13 | 73 | 69 | 0,65 |
Uganda 2016 | 15,522 | 65 | 72 | 58 | 0,015 | 69 | 49 | < 0.001 | 75 | 50 | < 0.001 | 71 | 53 | 0,002 |
Burundi 2016–17 | 13,192 | 77 | 82 | 72 | 0,13 | 79 | 57 | 0,070 | 81 | 64 | 0,028 | 84 | 62 | 0,018 |
Southern Africa | ||||||||||||||
Namibia 2013 | 5046 | 59 | 60 | 58 | 0,87 | 63 | 55 | 0,47 | 63 | 58 | 0,65 | 62 | 54 | 0,44 |
Zambia 2013–14 | 13,457 | 70 | 77 | 63 | 0,075 | 71 | 68 | 0,60 | 77 | 63 | 0,040 | 73 | 65 | 0,19 |
Lesotho 2014 | 3138 | 86 | 78 | 97 | 0,32 | 91 | 77 | 0,38 | 108 | 80 | 0,11 | 88 | 84 | 0,84 |
Zimbabwe 2015 | 6132 | 66 | 75 | 58 | 0,059 | 74 | 49 | 0,006 | 87 | 63 | 0,095 | 77 | 46 | < 0.001 |
Angola 2015–16 | 14,322 | 68 | 73 | 63 | 0,18 | 85 | 57 | < 0.001 | 79 | 49 | < 0.001 | 80 | 44 | < 0.001 |
Factors associated with U5MR in the multivariate analyses, and their relative contribution to the variability in U5MR
Sex of the child | Place of residence | Mother’s education | Household wealth | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Urban | Primary+ | Richest | ||||||||||||||||
n | G | mean(y) | mean | b | c | %Gini | mean | b | c | %Gini | mean | b | c | %Gini | mean | b | c | %Gini | |
Western Africa | |||||||||||||||||||
Senegal 2010–11 | 12,326 | -,026 | −6,37 | ,49 |
-,23
| -,24 | 16 | ,38 |
-,44
| -,61 | 60 | ,12 | -,30 | -,73 | 15 | ,33 | -,09 | -,50 | 9 |
Burkina Faso 2010 | 15,039 | -,024 | −5,77 | ,49 |
-,13
| -,23 | 10 | ,17 | -,22 | -,78 | 20 | ,07 | -,30 | -,84 | 13 | ,33 |
-,36
| -,66 | 56 |
Benin 2011–12 | 13,407 | -,017 | -6,34 | ,48 |
-,20
| -,29 | 26 | ,40 | ,00 | -,24 | 0 | ,15 | -,06 | -,59 | 5 | ,33 |
-,34
| -,67 | 69 |
Cote d’Ivoire 2011–12 | 7776 | -,034 | −5,83 | ,50 |
-,63
| -,50 | 75 | ,37 | -,29 | -,27 | 14 | ,18 | -,30 | -,44 | 11 | ,33 | ,24 | -,16 | 0 |
Guinea 2012 | 7039 | -,029 | −5,78 | ,49 | -,16 | -,24 | 11 | ,26 | -,04 | -,67 | 4 | ,12 | -,34 | -,75 | 18 | ,33 |
-,52
| -,67 | 68 |
Niger 2012 | 12,537 | -,017 | -5,85 | ,49 | -,10 | -,39 | 18 | ,13 |
-,73
| -,87 | 82 | ,06 | ,00 | -,23 | 0 | ,33 | ,05 | -,05 | 0 |
Mali 2012–13 | 10,326 | -,028 | −6,04 | ,48 |
-,31
| -,29 | 25 | ,19 | -,13 | -,71 | 10 | ,10 | -,28 | -,70 | 11 | ,33 |
-,41
| -,66 | 53 |
Gambia 2013 | 8088 | -,018 | −6,55 | ,49 | -,03 | -,12 | 1 | ,48 | ,25 | ,13 | 13 | ,32 |
-,46
| -,68 | 85 | ,33 | ,04 | ,11 | 1 |
Liberia 2013 | 7606 | -,006 | −6,00 | ,49 | -,02 | -,22 | 8 | ,50 | ,10 | ,12 | 19 | ,32 | -,09 | -,53 | 48 | ,33 | -,09 | -,29 | 25 |
Nigeria 2013 | 31,482 | -,032 | −5,77 | ,50 |
-,15
| -,15 | 6 | ,35 |
-,23
| -,57 | 25 | ,45 |
-,27
| -,51 | 33 | ,33 |
-,30
| -,65 | 36 |
Sierra Leone 2013 | 11,938 | -,007 | −5,46 | ,50 |
-,13
| -,50 | 92 | ,26 | ,02 | ,38 | 7 | ,21 | ,01 | ,26 | 2 | ,33 | -,01 | ,08 | 0 |
Togo 2013–14 | 6979 | -,025 | −6,16 | ,50 |
-,22
| -,21 | 15 | ,36 | -,17 | -,51 | 21 | ,30 |
-,39
| -,66 | 52 | ,33 | -,10 | -,55 | 13 |
Ghana 2014 | 5884 | -,016 | −6,44 | ,48 | -,16 | -,27 | 20 | ,45 | -,01 | -,12 | 1 | ,58 | -,34 | -,42 | 80 | ,33 | ,04 | -,11 | 0 |
Central Africa | |||||||||||||||||||
Cameroon 2011 | 11,732 | -,030 | −5,79 | ,51 | -,04 | -,11 | 1 | ,42 | -,11 | -,45 | 12 | ,48 |
-,44
| -,52 | 63 | ,33 | -,20 | -,59 | 23 |
Congo 2011–12 | 9329 | -,015 | −6,31 | ,50 | -,23 | -,32 | 38 | ,61 | ,29 | ,17 | 32 | ,71 | -,08 | -,10 | 6 | ,33 | -,25 | -,28 | 24 |
Gabon 2012 | 6067 | -,022 | −6,29 | ,48 |
-,42
| -,49 | 71 | ,84 | -,17 | -,07 | 7 | ,74 | -,25 | -,15 | 20 | ,33 | ,05 | ,11 | 1 |
Chad 2014–15 | 18,623 | -,013 | −5,69 | ,49 |
-,24
| -,51 | 78 | ,20 | ,19 | ,24 | 12 | ,15 | -,04 | -,30 | 2 | ,33 |
-,16
| -,10 | 7 |
DRCongo 2013–14 | 18,716 | -,011 | −5,93 | ,50 | -,08 | -,27 | 15 | ,31 | ,04 | -,45 | 0 | ,48 | -,05 | -,31 | 11 | ,33 |
-,24
| -,67 | 74 |
Eastern Africa | |||||||||||||||||||
Mozambique 2011 | 11,102 | -,010 | −5,91 | ,49 | -,13 | -,37 | 42 | ,28 | ,00 | -,41 | 1 | ,17 | -,15 | -,81 | 35 | ,33 | -,09 | -,43 | 22 |
Comoros 2012 | 3138 | -,029 | −6,57 | ,49 | -,10 | -,13 | 3 | ,27 |
-,58
| -,70 | 56 | ,35 | -,42 | -,53 | 41 | ,33 | ,31 | -,03 | 0 |
Kenya 2014 | 20,964 | -,012 | −6,52 | ,49 | -,12 | -,33 | 25 | ,36 |
,33
| ,45 | 69 | ,60 | -,09 | -,06 | 5 | ,33 | -,22 | -,02 | 2 |
Rwanda 2014–15 | 7856 | -,017 | −6,63 | ,50 |
-,23
| -,41 | 42 | ,17 | ,00 | -,40 | 0 | ,34 | -,23 | -,47 | 32 | ,33 | -,22 | -,41 | 26 |
Malawi 2015–16 | 17,286 | -,014 | −6,42 | ,50 |
-,28
| -,50 | 75 | ,13 | ,05 | -,14 | 0 | ,29 | ,05 | ,02 | 0 | ,33 | -,21 | -,33 | 25 |
Tanzania 2015–16 | 10,233 | -,019 | −6,31 | ,49 | -,19 | -,31 | 22 | ,27 |
,48
| ,73 | 73 | ,66 | ,08 | ,13 | 5 | ,33 | -,13 | ,30 | 0 |
Ethiopia 2016 | 10,638 | -,022 | −6,31 | ,48 |
-,44
| -,52 | 78 | ,11 | -,36 | -,46 | 13 | ,09 | -,06 | -,27 | 1 | ,33 | ,24 | ,14 | 8 |
Uganda 2016 | 15,521 | -,019 | −6,37 | ,50 |
-,28
| -,34 | 38 | ,21 | -,16 | -,48 | 13 | ,41 |
-,29
| -,50 | 49 | ,33 | ,04 | -,18 | 0 |
Burundi 2016–17 | 13,189 | -,015 | −6,23 | ,49 | -,13 | -,22 | 15 | ,09 | ,12 | -,46 | 0 | ,25 | -,18 | -,63 | 29 | ,33 |
-,26
| -,63 | 56 |
Southern Africa | |||||||||||||||||||
Namibia 2013 | 5046 | -,010 | −6,45 | ,51 | -,06 | -,17 | 8 | ,49 | -,12 | -,48 | 43 | ,77 | -,02 | -,12 | 2 | ,33 | -,14 | -,65 | 47 |
Zambia 2013–14 | 13,446 | -,012 | −6,27 | ,49 |
-,21
| -,50 | 70 | ,34 | ,07 | ,05 | 1 | ,49 | -,15 | -,26 | 27 | ,33 | -,02 | -,08 | 1 |
Lesotho 2014 | 3138 | -,012 | −5,97 | ,51 | -,01 | -,11 | 1 | ,29 | -,17 | -,60 | 38 | ,79 | -,29 | -,21 | 62 | ,33 | ,09 | -,21 | 0 |
Zimbabwe 2015 | 6132 | -,026 | −6,29 | ,51 | -,25 | -,29 | 20 | ,32 | ,16 | -,57 | 0 | ,86 | -,24 | -,09 | 10 | ,33 |
-,61
| -,66 | 70 |
Angola 2015–16 | 14,319 | -,027 | −6,36 | ,50 |
-,29
| -,28 | 23 | ,60 | -,23 | -,30 | 23 | ,37 | -,06 | -,41 | 5 | ,33 |
-,38
| -,67 | 48 |