Background
Methods
Study population
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Covariates
Statistics
Total | Low education | Mid education | High education | p-valuea
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1308 | 68 | 216 | 1024 | |
Age | 5.67 (0.43) | 5.66 (0.44) | 5.74 (0.44) | 5.66 (0.42) | .04 |
Sex (% boys) | 51.1 | 45.6 | 48.6 | 52.1 | .42 |
Height m | 1.16 (0.06) | 1.17 (0.06) | 1.17 (0.06) | 1.16 (0.05) | .12 |
Size at birth | .34 | ||||
SGA (<p10) (%) | 5.4 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 4.9 | |
AGA | 79.9 | 79.4 | 78.2 | 80.3 | |
LGA (>p90) | 14.7 | 16.2 | 13.4 | 14.8 | |
Pre pregnancy Maternal BMI | 22.8 (3.6) | 25.1 (4.7) | 23.5 (3.8) | 22.5 (3.3) | <.001 |
Breastfeeding duration | <.001 | ||||
< 1 month (%) | 23.1 | 39.7 | 31.0 | 20.3 | |
1 – 3 months | 24.9 | 30.9 | 28.7 | 23.8 | |
> 3 months | 52.0 | 29.4 | 40.3 | 55.9 | |
Childhood sdsBMI | −0.15 (0.82) | 0.14 (1.00) | −0.14 (0.94) | −0.17 (0.77) | .009 |
Physical activity | |||||
sports club member (% yes) | 58.2 | 52.3 | 59.0 | 58.4 | .42 |
Walking to school | .001 | ||||
No | 47.1 | 47.6 | 45.1 | 47.5 | |
< 30 min a week | 23.7 | 11.1 | 23.3 | 24.6 | |
31 – 60 min a week | 19.4 | 15.9 | 22.3 | 19.0 | |
> 60 min a week | 9.7 | 25.4 | 9.2 | 8.9 | |
Cycling to school | .27 | ||||
No | 62.5 | 65.6 | 64.4 | 61.9 | |
< 30 min a week | 19.5 | 25.0 | 16.8 | 19.7 | |
31 – 60 min a week | 11.4 | 4.7 | 13.9 | 11.3 | |
> 60 min a week | 6.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 7.1 | |
Income adequacy | <.001 | ||||
Inadequate (%) | 8.1 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 7.3 | |
Adequate | 18.9 | 45.6 | 27.3 | 15.4 | |
Bit more than adequate | 41.9 | 36.8 | 43.1 | 42.0 | |
Lot more than adequate | 31.1 | 5.9 | 18.5 | 35.4 | |
Outcome
| |||||
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | .47 |
HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | .99 |
LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.6) | .45 |
Triglyceridesb (mmol/l) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | .66 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | .01 |
n | 974 | 52 | 154 | 768 | |
C-peptideb (nmol/l) | 0.32 (0.28 – 0.38) | 0.38 (0.32 – 0.44) | 0.33 (0.28 – 0.40) | 0.32 (0.28 – 0.38) | <.001 |
HOMA-IR | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | <.001 |
Cholesterol | HDL-C | LDL-C | Log(triglycerides) | Glucose | Log(C-peptide) | Insulin resistance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.09 (0.00 – 0.18) ** | 0.10 (0.06 – 0.13) **** | 0.14 (0.06 – 0.22) | 0.01 (−0.01 – 0.04) | 0.14 (0.08 – 0.21) **** | −0.10 (−0.12 - -0.09) **** | −0.15 (−0.19 - - 0.10) **** |
Sex (reference: boys) | 0.19 (0.12 – 0.26) **** | −0.02 (−0.05 – 0.01) | 0.24 (0.17 – 0.30) **** | 0.06 (0.04 – 0.08) **** | −0.13 (−0.18 - -0.08) **** | 0.02 (0.01 – 0.03) *** | 0.01 (−0.02 – 0.05) |
Height in meters | −0.33 (−0.99 – 0.33) * | 0.15 (−0.15 – 0.45) | −0.03 (−0.66 – 0.60) | −0.01 (−0.19 – 0.18) | 1.20 (0.73 – 1.68) **** | −0.13 (−0.25 – -0.00) ** | −0.07 (−0.37 – 0.22) |
Size at birth (reference: AGA) | |||||||
SGA | 0.06 (−0.11 – 0.22) | 0.08 (0.01 – 0.16) ** | −0.04 (−0.19 – 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.04 – 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.14 – 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.04 – 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.07 – 0.07) |
LGA | −0.12 (−0.22 - -0.01) ** | −0.04 (−0.09 – 0.01) | −0.10 (−0.20 – 0.00) * | −0.01 (−0.04 – 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.06 – 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.01 – 0.03) | 0.04 (0.00 – 0.09) * |
Maternal BMI | 0.00 (−0.01 – 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.01 – 0.00) | 0.01 (−0.00 – 0.02) * | 0.00 (−0.00 – 0.00) | 0.01 (−0.00 – 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.00 – 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.01 – 0.00) |
Breastfeeding duration (reference: > 3 months) | |||||||
< 1 month | −0.02 (−0.11 – 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.08 – 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.09 – 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.00 – 0.05) * | −0.01 (−0.08 – 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.01 – 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.04 – 0.04) |
1 – 3 months | 0.08 (−0.01 – 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.05) | 0.07 (−0.02 – 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.06 – 0.07) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.05) |
Childhood sdsBMI | 0.01 (−0.04 – 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.03 – 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.01 – 0.02) | 0.05 (0.02 – 0.08) *** | 0.03 (0.02 – 0.04) **** | 0.04 (0.02 – 0.06) **** |
Sports club member (reference: yes) | −0.01 (−0.09 – 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.09 – 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.02) | 0.05 (−0.01 – 0.10) * | −0.01 (−0.02 – 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.03 – 0.04) |
Walking to school (reference: > 60 min a week) | |||||||
No | 0.09 (−0.02 – 0.21) | −0.02 (−0.07 – 0.03) | 0.04 (−0.07 – 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.03 – 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.07 – 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.01 – 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.02 – 0.08) |
< 30 min a week | 0.07 (−0.06 – 0.19) | −0.01 (−0.07 – 0.05) | 0.05 (−0.07 – 0.17) | 0.00 (−0.04 – 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.09 – 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.02 – 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.05 – 0.06) |
31 – 60 min a week | 0.05 (−0.08 – 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.10 – 0.02) | 0.03 (−0.10 – 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.05) | 0.06 (−0.03 – 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.01 – 0.04) | 0.05 (−0.01 – 0.11) |
Cycling to school (reference: > 60 min a week) | |||||||
No | −0.04 (−0.17 – 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.10 – 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.19 – 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.10 – 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.07 – 0.04) |
< 30 min a week | −0.06 (−0.21 – 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.10 – 0.04) | −0.07 (−0.21 – 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.06 – 0.02) | 0.03 (−0.08 – 0.14) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.09 – 0.05) |
31 – 60 min a week | −0.06 (−0.22 – 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.08 – 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.23 – 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.06 – 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.10 – 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.02 – 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.07 – 0.08) |
Glucose | Log(C-peptide) | Insuline resistance | |
---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Maternal education (reference: high) | |||
Mid | 0.07 (0.00 – 0.01) | 0.02 (0.00 – 0.04) | 0.04 (0.00 – 0.09) |
Low | 0.14 (0.02 – 0.26) | 0.06 (0.03 – 0.08) | 0.13 (0.06 – 0.20) |
Age | 0.10 (0.03 – 0.17) | −0.12 (−0.13 - -0.10) | −0.17 (−0.22 - -0.13) |
Sex (reference: boys) | |||
Girls | −0.12 (−0.18 - -0.07) | 0.02 (0.00 – 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02 – 0.64) |
Height in meters | 0.64 (0.07 – 1.20) | 0.16 (0.03 – 0.29) | 0.31 (−0.02 – 0.64) |
Size at birth (reference: AGA) | |||
SGA (<p10) | −0.01 (−0.13 – 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.01 – 0.04) | 0.04 (−0.03 – 0.11) |
LGA (>p90) | −0.03 (−0.10 – 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.02 – 0.07) |
Sports club member (reference: yes) | 0.03 (−0.02 – 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.02 – 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.03 – 0.04) |
Childhood sdsBMI | 0.04 (0.01 – 0.08) | 0.03 (0.02 – 0.03) | 0.04 (0.02 – 0.06) |
Glucose | Log(C-peptide) | Insulin resistance | |
---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Model 1a
| |||
Maternal education | |||
Mid | 0.07 (−0.002 – 0.14) |
0.02 (0.002 – 0.04)
|
0.05 (0.002 – 0.09)
|
Low |
0.16 (0.04 – 0.27)
|
0.07 (0.04 – 0.10)
|
0.15 (0.08 – 0.22)
|
Model 2b
| |||
Maternal education | |||
Mid | 0.07 (−0.00 - 0.14) |
0.02 (0.002 – 0.04)
|
0.05 (0.002 – 0.09)
|
Low |
0.15 (0.03 - 0.27)
|
0.07 (0.04 – 0.09)
|
0.15 (0.08 – 0.22)
|
Model 3c
| |||
Maternal education | |||
Mid | 0.07 (−0.01 - 0.14) |
0.02 (0.002 - 0.04)
|
0.04 (0.001 – 0.09)
|
Low |
0.14 (0.02 - 0.26)
|
0.06 (0.03 – 0.08)
|
0.13 (0.07 – 0.20)
|