Background
Methods
Data and variable definitions
Analysis
Results
Variables | 1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.E | Mean | S.E | Mean | S.E | Mean | S.E | |
Neonatal mortality rate | 17.62 | 0.19 | 15.84 | 0.17 | 13.12 | 0.16 | 10.92 | 0.13 |
Postneonatal mortality rate | 8.11 | 0.13 | 6.87 | 0.11 | 5.99 | 0.09 | 5.14 | 0.08 |
Percent of births with low birth weight | 4.25 | 0.05 | 4.81 | 0.05 | 5.40 | 0.06 | 5.98 | 0.08 |
Percent of births happened in hospital | 79.15 | 0.61 | 88.63 | 0.42 | 95.36 | 0.25 | 98.07 | 0.14 |
Mean age of mothers | 26.10 | 0.03 | 26.26 | 0.02 | 26.58 | 0.02 | 26.96 | 0.02 |
Percent of households covered with insurance | 29.84 | 0.66 | 29.75 | 0.62 | 81.35 | 0.62 | 90.04 | 0.39 |
Percent of households with men as the head | 94.63 | 0.14 | 94.67 | 0.13 | 93.25 | 0.14 | 91.76 | 0.15 |
Percent of literate women (at reproductive age, 15–49) | 66.88 | 0.51 | 74.58 | 0.46 | 79.22 | 0.36 | 82.01 | 0.33 |
Provinces | 1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | Wealth Rank | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion of births | NMR | PNMR | Proportion of births | NMR | PNMR | Proportion of births | NMR | PNMR | Proportion of births | NMR | PNMR | ||
Alborz | 0.56 | 12.92 | 5.71 | 0.68 | 9.36 | 4.4 | 0.49 | 8.72 | 5.18 | 0.32 | 6.74 | 2.11 | 1 |
Tehran | 1.34 | 10.53 | 4.38 | 1.54 | 7.05 | 3.38 | 1.99 | 4.43 | 2.63 | 1.06 | 3.79 | 2.84 | 2 |
Yazd | 1.09 | 14.24 | 6.24 | 0.96 | 12.97 | 6.13 | 0.77 | 10.06 | 5.42 | 0.76 | 9.57 | 3.63 | 3 |
Mazandaran | 5.32 | 13.63 | 4.67 | 5.33 | 10.87 | 3.66 | 4.79 | 8.91 | 3.46 | 4.77 | 7.09 | 2.71 | 4 |
Isfahan | 4.36 | 17.63 | 6.19 | 3.43 | 15.18 | 5.32 | 2.83 | 11.36 | 4.94 | 2.55 | 8.93 | 3.44 | 5 |
Semnan | 0.61 | 17.01 | 8.26 | 0.56 | 17.04 | 7.01 | 0.49 | 13.2 | 6.53 | 0.49 | 14.2 | 6.07 | 6 |
Bushehr | 1.77 | 20.14 | 6.23 | 1.61 | 18.77 | 4.83 | 1.63 | 14.23 | 4.58 | 1.63 | 11.27 | 4.4 | 7 |
Qom | 0.3 | 17.73 | 5.32 | 0.22 | 11.15 | 5.23 | 0.2 | 12.3 | 4.21 | 0.24 | 6.09 | 3.32 | 8 |
Qazvin | 1.42 | 15.52 | 7.55 | 1.44 | 16.32 | 5.95 | 1.4 | 12.91 | 4.32 | 1.42 | 9.35 | 4.39 | 9 |
Golestan | 4.08 | 18.16 | 9.59 | 4.38 | 17.49 | 7.02 | 5.43 | 11.64 | 5.54 | 5.37 | 9.62 | 4.52 | 10 |
Markazi | 1.88 | 17.05 | 4.89 | 1.62 | 13.02 | 5.42 | 1.71 | 9.24 | 4.25 | 1.35 | 8.74 | 2.83 | 11 |
Fars | 7.46 | 17.56 | 6.68 | 7.69 | 14.6 | 5.75 | 8.03 | 10.79 | 4.57 | 7.36 | 10.06 | 3.97 | 12 |
Gilan | 5.09 | 16.18 | 4.35 | 4.37 | 15.72 | 3.7 | 3.07 | 12.69 | 3.47 | 2.8 | 10.48 | 2.46 | 13 |
Zanjan | 1.7 | 18.23 | 8.29 | 2.28 | 16.71 | 5.99 | 1.97 | 15.11 | 5.26 | 1.97 | 9.46 | 4.01 | 14 |
Khuzestan | 7.06 | 16.49 | 9.86 | 7.24 | 16.3 | 7.84 | 7.61 | 13.76 | 5.57 | 6.83 | 12.14 | 5.44 | 15 |
East Azarbaijan | 5.67 | 17.71 | 7.59 | 5.7 | 13.77 | 6.63 | 5.19 | 10.44 | 5.2 | 5.45 | 6.96 | 4.62 | 16 |
Hamedan | 3.77 | 17.61 | 8.04 | 3.61 | 17.02 | 6.1 | 3.28 | 12.1 | 4.65 | 3.42 | 12.26 | 3.93 | 17 |
West Azarbaijan | 6.05 | 17.07 | 9.82 | 6.27 | 16.08 | 7.12 | 5.67 | 13.04 | 5.34 | 6.21 | 10.08 | 3.64 | 18 |
Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari | 2.3 | 18.23 | 7.49 | 2.23 | 15.96 | 5.59 | 2.49 | 13.1 | 4.95 | 2.52 | 10.58 | 3.69 | 19 |
Ardebil | 2.34 | 20.38 | 8.82 | 2.4 | 16.86 | 6.53 | 2.1 | 13.29 | 6.57 | 2.14 | 9.71 | 3.7 | 20 |
Ilam | 0.86 | 17.87 | 6.69 | 0.94 | 12.93 | 5.45 | 1.12 | 12.1 | 4.78 | 0.82 | 11.48 | 4.35 | 21 |
Hormozgan | 3.56 | 17.85 | 9.78 | 3.76 | 17.91 | 7.15 | 3.83 | 13.96 | 6.24 | 4.25 | 13.4 | 5.62 | 22 |
Razavi Khorasan | 8.8 | 18.3 | 11.76 | 8.34 | 16.46 | 7.98 | 8.76 | 14.12 | 6.06 | 9.4 | 10.92 | 5.24 | 23 |
Kermanshah | 2.63 | 22.41 | 8.03 | 2.68 | 17.51 | 5.73 | 2.42 | 15.06 | 5.07 | 2.46 | 13.85 | 4.79 | 24 |
North Khorasan | 1.73 | 22.55 | 17.44 | 1.46 | 19.52 | 11.81 | 2.04 | 15.57 | 9.88 | 1.94 | 11.22 | 7.88 | 25 |
Kurdistan | 2.91 | 27.15 | 9.16 | 2.94 | 22.62 | 5.55 | 2.63 | 16.07 | 4.76 | 2.54 | 11.84 | 4.03 | 26 |
Kerman | 3.91 | 15.82 | 9.47 | 3.57 | 13.91 | 8.31 | 4.34 | 12.13 | 5.75 | 4.89 | 10.9 | 5.25 | 27 |
Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad | 1.87 | 18.74 | 11.45 | 1.88 | 16.94 | 7.57 | 1.86 | 11.82 | 5.96 | 1.57 | 10.13 | 4.55 | 28 |
South Khorasan | 1.45 | 21.91 | 15.24 | 1.2 | 20.49 | 10.79 | 1.17 | 17.74 | 8.76 | 1.35 | 14.45 | 7.08 | 29 |
Lorestan | 2.99 | 21.09 | 7.78 | 3.23 | 20.47 | 6.3 | 3.17 | 12.84 | 5.22 | 3.44 | 10.51 | 4.07 | 30 |
Sistan & Baluchestan | 5.12 | 18.61 | 19.14 | 6.45 | 18.47 | 13.62 | 7.53 | 15.09 | 10.52 | 8.69 | 12.79 | 8.27 | 31 |
Study variables | Neonatal Mortality Rate | Postneonatal Mortality Rate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | 1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | |
Proportion of births with low birth weight |
0.038
|
0.042
|
0.029
|
0.044
| 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.009 |
Proportion of births happened in hospital |
−0.003
|
−0.007
|
−0.007
| −0.002 |
−0.010
|
−0.011
|
−0.011
|
−0.024
|
Mean age of mothers | −0.018 | 0.017 | −0.005 | −0.001 |
0.052
|
0.056
| 0.042 | 0.015 |
Proportion of households covered with insurances | 0 | 0 | −0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
Proportion of households with men as the head | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0 | −0.005 | −0.002 | −0.003 |
Proportion of literate women (at reproductive age, 15–49) |
−0.004
| −0.001 | −0.002 |
−0.003
| −0.003 | −0.003 |
−0.006
|
−0.004
|
Provinces | ||||||||
Alborz | 0.252 | 0.063 |
0.311
|
0.738
|
0.420
| −0.026 | 0.392 | −0.173 |
Ardebil |
0.536
|
0.642
|
0.805
|
0.717
| 0.257 | 0.189 |
0.338
| 0.068 |
Bushehr |
0.519
|
0.776
|
0.846
|
0.916
| −0.028 | −0.067 | 0.091 | 0.089 |
Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari |
0.377
|
0.538
|
0.901
|
0.853
| 0.191 | 0.033 | 0.066 | −0.092 |
East Azarbaijan |
0.465
|
0.470
|
0.541
|
0.400
|
0.258
| 0.191 | 0.167 | −0.010 |
Fars |
0.437
|
0.541
|
0.649
|
0.716
| 0.098 | 0.037 | 0.182 | −0.061 |
Gilan |
0.398
|
0.574
|
0.724
|
0.762
|
−0.245
|
−0.329
| −0.085 | −0.147 |
Golestan |
0.395
|
0.621
|
0.635
|
0.637
|
0.299
|
0.267
|
0.301
| −0.044 |
Hamedan |
0.445
|
0.775
|
0.749
|
1.022
|
0.394
| 0.222 | 0.077 | −0.103 |
Hormozgan |
0.266
|
0.422
|
0.721
|
0.997
| 0.037 | −0.230 | 0.082 | 0.113 |
Ilam |
0.421
|
0.249
|
0.908
|
0.987
| 0.045 | 0.015 | 0.224 | 0.064 |
Isfahan |
0.291
|
0.494
|
0.562
|
0.620
| 0.209 | 0.032 |
0.321
| 0.165 |
Kerman |
0.182
|
0.367
|
0.724
|
0.822
| 0.120 | −0.095 | 0.178 | 0.145 |
Kermanshah |
0.640
|
0.756
|
0.875
|
1.163
|
0.296
| 0.098 | 0.206 | 0.211 |
Khuzestan |
0.348
|
0.629
|
0.839
|
0.979
|
0.354
| 0.233 | 0.195 | 0.215 |
Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad |
0.486
|
0.520
|
0.608
|
0.634
| 0.177 | −0.064 | 0.257 | 0.040 |
Kurdistan |
0.622
|
0.839
|
0.920
|
0.900
| 0.139 | −0.201 | −0.129 | −0.041 |
Lorestan |
0.552
|
0.848
|
0.693
|
0.841
| 0.130 | 0.035 | 0.131 | −0.167 |
Markazi |
0.277
|
0.442
|
0.521
|
0.590
| 0.048 | 0.234 | 0.213 | 0.018 |
Mazandaran |
0.206
|
0.360
|
0.550
|
0.463
| −0.133 | −0.233 | −0.008 |
−0.336
|
North Khorasan |
0.568
|
0.710
|
0.902
|
0.894
|
0.658
|
0.468
|
0.455
|
0.374
|
Qazvin |
0.329
|
0.642
|
0.597
|
0.563
|
0.336
| 0.116 | −0.017 | 0.030 |
Qom |
0.452
| 0.318 |
0.738
| 0.293 | −0.035 | −0.084 | 0.028 | −0.234 |
Razavi Khorasan |
0.401
|
0.583
|
0.787
|
0.803
|
0.485
|
0.261
|
0.240
| 0.140 |
Semnan |
0.504
|
0.633
|
0.800
|
0.852
|
0.360
| 0.332 |
0.543
| 0.205 |
Sistan & Baluchestan | 0.084 |
0.309
|
0.618
|
0.790
| 0.275 | 0.253 | 0.249 | 0.083 |
South Khorasan |
0.572
|
0.435
|
0.990
|
0.912
| 0.280 | 0.201 |
0.414
| 0.357 |
West Azarbaijan |
0.344
|
0.613
|
0.728
|
0.845
| 0.039 | 0.036 | −0.034 | −0.283 |
Yazd |
0.196
|
0.349
|
0.504
|
0.676
| 0.136 | 0.103 |
0.491
| 0.266 |
Zanjan |
0.371
|
0.597
|
0.822
|
0.584
| −0.187 | 0.127 | 0.223 | 0 |
Adjusted R-Square (%)
| 18.9 | 22.9 | 13.9 | 20.3 | 36.5 | 24.3 | 14.1 | 13.9 |
Concentration indices and their contributors
Study variable | Neonatal Mortality Rate | Postneonatal Mortality Rate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | 1998–2001 | 2002–2005 | 2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | |
Births with low birth weight | −6.671 | −3.597 | −2.114 | −3.506 | −2.206 | −3.762 | −1.964 | −4.414 |
Births in hospital | 10.867 | 12.138 | 4.792 | 0.640 | 45.605 | 47.819 | 18.478 | 40.499 |
Mean age of mothers | −1.474 | 0.258 | −0.083 | −0.008 | 4.516 | 2.149 | 1.586 | 0.758 |
Household with insurance coverage | 1.853 | 0.697 | −0.071 | −0.215 | −5.420 | −9.686 | −0.061 | −0.649 |
Household with men as the household head | 0.373 | −0.200 | −1.113 | 0.768 | −0.066 | 2.000 | 0.817 | 6.736 |
Literate women at reproductive age, 15–49 | 15.228 | 4.408 | 3.984 | 4.873 | 13.069 | 26.202 | 32.235 | 40.395 |
Province | ||||||||
Alborz | −0.025 | −0.094 | −0.162 | 0.035 | −0.046 | 0.101 | −0.466 | −0.054 |
Ardebil | 1.505 | 3.851 | 4.434 | 3.065 | 0.783 | 2.950 | 4.245 | 1.881 |
Bushehr | 1.633 | 0.649 | 0.642 | 1.626 | −0.097 | −0.146 | 0.158 | 1.028 |
ChaharMahal & Bakhtiari | 3.108 | 2.826 | 3.883 | 3.213 | 1.710 | 0.447 | 0.648 | −2.267 |
East Azarbaijan | 4.553 | 4.238 | 3.315 | 2.815 | 2.746 | 4.480 | 2.341 | −0.452 |
Fars | 4.011 | 3.177 | 4.272 | 4.178 | 0.972 | 0.571 | 2.740 | −2.308 |
Ghazvin | 1.543 | 1.133 | 0.944 | 0.978 | 1.714 | 0.530 | −0.061 | 0.344 |
Gilan | 4.458 | 4.259 | 3.585 | 3.292 | −2.976 | −6.330 | −0.957 | −4.129 |
Golestan | 2.033 | 4.294 | 5.45 | 3.193 | 1.672 | 4.793 | 5.882 | −1.441 |
Hamedan | 5.904 | 9.076 | 5.138 | 6.191 | 5.673 | 6.742 | 1.209 | −4.063 |
Hormozgan | 1.950 | 1.448 | 3.019 | 7.142 | 0.294 | −2.043 | 0.782 | 5.249 |
Ilam | 1.354 | 0.794 | 2.451 | 1.310 | 0.158 | 0.125 | 1.380 | 0.556 |
Isfahan | 0.735 | 0.215 | −0.690 | 0.146 | 0.574 | 0.036 | −0.901 | 0.252 |
Kerman | 1.339 | 0.967 | 2.718 | 3.561 | 0.960 | −0.647 | 1.520 | 4.083 |
Kermanshah | 4.483 | 2.567 | 3.405 | 5.623 | 2.255 | 0.866 | 1.831 | 6.645 |
Khuzestan | 3.489 | 3.913 | 6.914 | 7.225 | 3.856 | 3.768 | 3.666 | 10.357 |
Kohgilooye & Boyerahmad | 3.478 | 2.487 | 3.027 | 2.914 | 1.376 | −0.793 | 2.918 | 1.184 |
Kurdistan | 6.664 | 6.892 | 5.407 | 4.795 | 1.615 | −4.279 | −1.724 | −1.428 |
Lorestan | 5.700 | 8.958 | 5.617 | 6.212 | 1.453 | 0.969 | 2.425 | −8.039 |
Markazi | 1.410 | 0.963 | 1.121 | 1.295 | 0.267 | 1.322 | 1.044 | 0.257 |
Mazandaran | 0.713 | −0.200 | −0.986 | 0.305 | −0.500 | 0.336 | 0.034 | −1.440 |
North Khorasan | 1.887 | 2.319 | 5.464 | 3.408 | 2.374 | 3.970 | 6.288 | 9.284 |
Qom | 0.205 | 0.249 | 0.499 | 0.206 | −0.017 | −0.171 | 0.043 | −1.069 |
Razavi Khorasan | 8.483 | 6.609 | 7.047 | 5.669 | 11.154 | 7.695 | 4.902 | 6.458 |
Semnan | 0.473 | 0.420 | 0.203 | 0.596 | 0.367 | 0.572 | 0.313 | 0.935 |
Sistan & Baluchestan | 1.306 | 2.872 | 5.365 | 7.066 | 4.665 | 6.105 | 4.930 | 4.846 |
South Khorasan | 2.223 | 0.273 | 1.655 | 1.838 | 1.182 | 0.328 | 1.578 | 4.691 |
West Azarbaijan | 4.722 | 7.902 | 6.475 | 6.914 | 0.579 | 1.190 | −0.699 | −15.05 |
Yazd | 0.005 | −0.011 | 0.073 | 0.144 | 0.004 | −0.009 | 0.162 | 0.369 |
Zanjan | 0.480 | 3.250 | 4.322 | 2.491 | −0.263 | 1.800 | 2.677 | −0.002 |