Background
Material and methods
Study area
Sampling
-
U1 − α/2 the value of the normal random variable corresponding to a probability value of 1 − α/2. For a probability value of 0.975 (or α = 0.05), U1 − α/2 = 1.96
-
d the margin error of the estimation of any parameter to be computed from the survey and was fixed at 0.08
Country district | Locality | SG | Sample size (locality) | PD | Sample size (PD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | M | Total | W | M | Total | ||||
Aplahoué | Badjamè | Adja | 9 | 11 | 20 | Zou | 51 | 46 | 97 |
Djidja | Sovlègni | Fon | 18 | 19 | 37 | ||||
Dassa | Fita | Idatcha | 13 | 7 | 20 | ||||
Savè | Akon | Tchabè | 11 | 9 | 20 | ||||
Ouessè | Ikèmon | Nago | 9 | 11 | 20 | South Borgou | 31 | 29 | 60 |
Ouessè | Gbanlin | Mahi | 10 | 10 | 20 | ||||
Ouessè | Idadjo | Nago | 12 | 8 | 20 | ||||
Bantè | Banon | Itcha | 6 | 15 | 21 | Bassila | 26 | 35 | 61 |
Savalou | Obi-Coro | Ifè | 8 | 12 | 20 | ||||
Bassila | Manigri | Tchabè | 12 | 8 | 20 | ||||
Total | 108 | 110 | 218 | 108 | 110 | 218 |
Data collection
Data analysis
-
Fic = informant consensus factor
-
nur = number of use reports from informants for a particular plant use category
-
nt = number of taxa that are used for that plant use category for all informants.
-
URui = total number of informants reporting a species within a particular use category
-
NC = total number of use categories
-
N = total number of informants.
-
UV = use value of a species
-
U = number of quotations per species
-
n = number of informants.
Criteria | Evaluation criteria | Score attribution (PSP) | PSPW weight (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Species origin | (a) Native, (b) exotic, (c) doubtfully native, (d) no data | (a) 4; (b) 3; (c) 2; (d) 1 | 15 |
Economic value | (a) high, (b) average, (c) Low, (d) no data | (a) 4; (b) 3; (c) 2; (d) 1 | 10 |
Ethnobotanical value | (a) 19–21; (b) 16–18; (c) 13–15; (d) 10–12; (e) 7–9; (f) 4–6; (g) 1–3; (h) No known uses | (a) 7; (b) 6; (c) 5; (d) 4; (e) 3; (f) 2; (g) 1; (h) 0 | 20 |
Global distribution | (a) WA, (b) WA + 1 region, (c) WA + 2 regions, (d) WA + 3 regions, (e) Africa, (f) worldwide, (g) no data | (a) 6; (b) 5; (c) 4; (d) 3; (e) 2; (f) 1; (g) 0 | 15 |
National distribution | (a) 1; (b) 2; (c) 3; (d) 4; (e) 5; (f) 6; (g) 7; (h) 8; (i) 9; (j) 10; (k) no data | (a) 10; (b) 9; (c) 8; (d) 7; (e) 6; (f) 5; (g) 4; (h) 3; (i) 2; (j) 1; (k) 0 | 7.5 |
Conservation status | (a) In situ, (b) ex-situ, (c) other, (d) no data | (a) 4; (b) 3; (c) 2; (d) 1 | 10 |
Legislation | (a) international, (b) national, (c) locale, (d) no data | (a) 4; (b) 3; (c) 2; (d) 1 | 7.5 |
Threatened status | (a) CR, (b) EN, (c) VU, (d) NT, (e) LC, (f) DD, (g) NE | (a) 7; (b) 6; (c) 5; (d) 4; (e) 3; (f) 2; (g) 1 | 15 |
Criteria | Rank of sub-criteria | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | |
Species origin | Native | Exotic | Doubtfully native | No data | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Economic value | High | Average | Low | No data | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Ethnobotanical value | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | No data | – |
Global distribution | WA | WA + 1 region | WA + 2 regions | WA + 3 regions | Africa | World | No data | – | – | – | – |
National distribution | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | No data |
Conservation status | in situ | ex situ | Other | No data | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Legislation | International | National | Local | No data | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Threatened status | CR | EN | VU | NT | LC | DD | NE | – | – | – | – |
Results
Diversity and richness of wild spices
N° | Species | Family | Vernacular name (sociolinguistic group) | LF | PT | Habitat | PU | PA | Use categories | LF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. | Lamiaceae | Fé okuta, Kpon’kouta (Tchabè) | H | S | 7 | lf, fw, wp | RS | foo, med | H |
2 | Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridley) K.Schum. | Zingiberaceae | Gbétakin (Fon); Koutchou (Adja); Atalè okou, Ibouro (Idatcha); Ebouro, Ibio, Bobota (Ifè, Tchabè); Okpogloé (Mahi); Ebo (Itcha) | H | AT | 3, 4, 5, 6 | lf, rt., st, fr, sd | DS | foo, med, fod, oth | H |
3 | Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum. | Zingiberaceae | Tchankoko (Ifè, Tchabè) | H | GC | 3, 4, 6 | lf, rt., st, fr | RS | foo, med, cult, oth | H |
4 | Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K.Schum. | Zingiberaceae | Takù (Adja) | H | GC | 5, 6 | lf, rt., sd | NA | med, cult | H |
5 | Clausena anisata (WilId.) Hook.f. ex Benth. | Rutaceae | Azizinma, Gbozohouin, Tchakatouma (Fon); Ewé kikani (Idatcha) | Sh | SG | 3, 7 | lf, rt | RS | med, cult | S |
6 | Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. | Poaceae | Oflin (Idatcha); gbézin (Fon) | H | AT | 3, 7 | lf | AS | foo, med, fod | H |
7 | Lippia multiflora Moldenke | Verbenaceae | Nyenya, aglàla (Fon, Mahi); Aglàla, Aklala sê (Mahi); Kanhoun (Idatcha); Tchagara (Ifè); Tchagà (Itcha); Kinhoun kinhoun, Kanhoun kanhoun (Tchabè) | Sh | S | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | lf, fw, st, rt., wp | AS | foo, med, cult | S |
8 | Monodora tenuifolia Benth. | Annonaceae | Ariwo (Idatcha) | T | GC | 7 | rt, bk, sd | RS | foo, med, cult | T |
9 | Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. | Piperaceae | Kanlin man, lènlènkoun (Adja) | L | AT | 4, 5 | lf, fr, st, rt | AS | foo, med, cult | L |
10 | Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. | Polygonaceae | Attakpa wanon, Attakpa wanhuin huin, Kpatalè (Fon, Idatcha) | Sh | AT | 3, 4, 7 | rt, bk | AS | med | S |
11 | Thonningia sanguinea Vahl | Balanophoraceae | Atin madodè (Idatcha); Otchoulélé (Ifè) | H | AT | 3, 4, 6 | rt | RS | med | H |
12 | Uvaria chamae P.Beauv. | Annonaceae | Yaha (Idatcha); Yalaha (Fon) | Sh | SGC | 3, 4, 7 | lf, fr, rt | AS | foo, med | S |
13 | Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. | Annonaceae | Esso (Adja) | T | AT | 5 | fr | AS | med, cult | T |
14 | Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick & Timler | Rutaceae | Tchanouwèlè (Itcha); Sanouyèlè (Tchabè) | T | SG | 1, 2, 3, 4 | rt | AS | foo, med | T |
Species | Vernacular names | Sociolinguistic groups | Meaning of the vernacular names |
---|---|---|---|
Aeollanthus pubescens
| Fé okuta, Kpon’kouta | Tchabè | Grow on the hills |
Aframomum alboviolaceum
| Gbétakin | Fon | Bush pepper |
Gbétakoun | Fon | Aframomum melegueta of the bush | |
Koutchou | Adja | – | |
Atalè okou | Idatcha | Bush pepper | |
Ibouro | – | ||
Ebouro | Ifè | Red fruit | |
Ibio | Nago | Red fruit | |
Bobota | Tchabè | Red fruit emerging from the ground | |
Pungent seeds like A. melegueta’s ones | |||
Okpogloé | Mahi | Fruits emerging from the ground | |
Ebo | Itcha | Red fruit | |
Aframomum angustifolium
| Tchankoko | Ifè, Nago Tchabè, | – |
Sankoko | – | ||
Aframomum melegueta
| Takù | Adja | – |
Clausena anisata
| Azizinma | Fon | Repel the ants |
Tchakatouma | Fon | Leaves used for making magic to counter tchakatou dark magic | |
Gbozohouin | Fon | – | |
Ewé kikani | Idatcha | – | |
Cymbopogon giganteus
| Oflin | Idatcha | – |
Gbézin | Fon | – | |
Lippia multiflora
| Nyenya | Fon | – |
Aglàla | Fon, Mahi | – | |
Aklala sê | Mahi | Plant with aromatic flower introduced from Accra (Ghana) | |
Kanhoun | Idatcha | – | |
Tchagara | Ifè | Mint flavor | |
Tchagà | Itcha | – | |
Kinhoun kinhoun | Nago | Pleasant flavor | |
Kanhoun kanhoun | Tchabè | Pleasant flavor | |
Monodora tenuifolia
| Ariwo | Idatcha | – |
Piper guineense
| Kanlin man | Adja | Liana habit |
lènlènkoun | Adja | – | |
Securidaca longipedunculata
| Attakpa wanon, Attakpa wanhuin huin | Fon | Persistent scent of the root’s bark |
Kpatalè | Idatcha | – | |
Thonningia sanguinea
| Atin madodè | Idatcha | Leafless plant |
Otchoulélé | Ifè | The flowers appear with the new moon | |
Uvaria chamae
| Yaha | Idatcha | – |
Yalaha | Fon | ||
Xylopia aethiopica
| Esso | Adja | – |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
| Tchanouwèlè | Itcha | Pungent taste and pleasant flavor |
Sanouyèlè | Tchabè | Pungent taste and pleasant flavor |
Local perception on the distributional pattern of species across habitat types
Traditional knowledge and cultural importance of the wild spices
Traditional knowledge (TK) on the wild spices
Informants consensus factors (Fic) among and across use categories
Use categories |
n
ur
| % ur |
n
t
| % taxa |
F
ic
#
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | 434 | 53.45 | 10 | 71.43 | 0.98 |
Medicine | 304 | 37.44 | 14 | 100.00 | 0.96 |
Cultural | 21 | 2.59 | 2 | 14.29 | 0.95 |
Ceremony | 26 | 3.20 | 8 | 57.14 | 0.72 |
Other uses | 26 | 3.20 | 5 | 35.71 | 0.84 |
Total | 811 | 99.88 | 14* | 100.00* |
nur* | % ur |
N
|
n
t
| % taxa |
F
ic
#
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phytodistrict | ||||||
Bassila | 280 | 34.57 | 61 | 5 | 35.71 | 0.99 |
South-Borgou | 239 | 29.51 | 60 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.99 |
Zou | 291 | 35.93 | 97 | 11 | 78.57 | 0.97 |
Sex | ||||||
Men | 478 | 59.01 | 110 | 14 | 100 | 0.97 |
Women | 332 | 40.99 | 108 | 12 | 85.71 | 0.97 |
Sociolinguistic group | ||||||
Adja | 70 | 8.64 | 20 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.96 |
Fon | 94 | 11.6 | 37 | 8 | 57.14 | 0.92 |
Idatcha | 60 | 7.41 | 20 | 8 | 57.14 | 0.88 |
Ifè | 74 | 9.14 | 20 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.96 |
Itcha | 92 | 11.36 | 21 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.97 |
Mahi | 90 | 11.11 | 20 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.97 |
Nago | 161 | 19.88 | 40 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.98 |
Tchabè 1 | 55 | 6.79 | 20 | 2 | 14.29 | 0.98 |
Tchabè 2 | 114 | 14.07 | 20 | 4 | 28.57 | 0.97 |
Cultural importance (CI) of the wild spices
Use category* | Phytodistrict | ||
---|---|---|---|
Bassila | South-Borgou | Zou | |
Food | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.14 |
Medicine | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.10 |
Cultural | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
Ceremony | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
Other use | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Total CI | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.27 |
Species | Sociolinguistic group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adja | Fon | Idatcha | Ifè | Itcha | Mahi | Nago | Tchabè1 | Tchabè2 | |
Aeollanthus pubescens
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Aframomum alboviolaceum
| 1.10 | 1.35 | 0.85 | 1.50 | 1.33 | 1.20 | 1.47 | 1.25 | 1.30 |
Aframomum angustifolium
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.60 |
Aframomum melegueta
| 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Clausena anisata
| 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cymbopogon giganteus
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Lippia multiflora
| 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 1.55 | 1.57 | 3.20 | 1.66 | 1.50 | 1.90 |
Monodora tenuifolia
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Piper guineense
| 1.10 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Securidaca longipedunculata
| 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Thonningia sanguinea
| 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Uvaria chamae
| 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Xylopia aethiopica
| 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.90 |
Species | CIcom | CIinf |
---|---|---|
Aeollanthus pubescens
| 0.40 | 0.12 |
Aframomum alboviolaceum
|
3.00
|
1.28
|
Aframomum angustifolium
|
0.90
| 0.19 |
Aframomum melegueta
| 0.40 | 0.08 |
Clausena anisata
| 0.20 | 0.02 |
Cymbopogon giganteus
| 0.30 | 0.02 |
Lippia multiflora
|
2.10
|
1.42
|
Monodora tenuifolia
| 0.30 | 0.05 |
Piper guineense
|
0.60
| 0.14 |
Securidaca longipedunculata
| 0.30 | 0.03 |
Thonningia sanguinea
| 0.20 | 0.06 |
Uvaria chamae
| 0.20 | 0.02 |
Xylopia aethiopica
| 0.20 | 0.05 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
| 0.50 |
0.24
|
Use values of the wild spices (UV)
Species | ∑U | UV |
---|---|---|
Aeollanthus pubescens
| 18 | 0.08 |
Aframomum alboviolaceum
| 202 | 0.93 |
Aframomum angustifolium
| 40 | 0.18 |
Aframomum melegueta
| 13 | 0.06 |
Clausena anisata
| 3 | 0.01 |
Cymbopogon giganteus
| 2 | 0.01 |
Lippia multiflora
| 166 | 0.76 |
Monodora tenuifolia
| 4 | 0.02 |
Piper guineense
| 17 | 0.08 |
Securidaca longepedunculata
| 4 | 0.02 |
Thonningia sanguinea
| 13 | 0.06 |
Uvaria chamae
| 3 | 0.01 |
Xylopia aethiopica
| 8 | 0.04 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
| 26 | 0.12 |
Use category | Plant part | Processing method | Form of use | Purpose of use | Frequency of citation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ba (n = 61) | Sb (n = 59) | Zou (n = 93) | |||||
Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Crush fresh leaves and mix with seasoning and sesame | Eat as sauce | Human nutrition | – | 17 | – |
Milk production stimulation for nursing women | – | 1 | – | ||||
Diarrhea | – | 2 | – | ||||
Intestinal worms | – | 1 | – | ||||
Above ground | Crush and mix with seasoning and sesame | Eat as sauce | Stop hemorrhage for nursing women | – | 2 | – | |
Medicine | Leaves | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Fever | – | 2 | – |
Other | Pound the fresh leaves and mix with traditional soap koto | Take a shower with | Deodorant for nursing women | – | 1 | – | |
Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridley) K.Schum. | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Boil young leaves and mix with seasoning | Eat as vegetable | Human nutrition | 1 | ||
Fruits | Remove the cockleshell | Eat the pulp | Human nutrition | 57 | 53 | 86 | |
Malaria | 1 | 5 | 1 | ||||
Cough | – | 1 | – | ||||
Crushed dried cockleshells as condiment in sauce | Eat | Human nutrition | 2 | – | – | ||
Root | Crushed roots as aromatic spice in sauce | Eat as sauce, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Milk production stimulation for nursing women | 3 | – | – | |
Medicine | Leaves | Boil leaves with stem and roots in water as decoction | Drink the liquid and take a shower 3 times/day | Fever and malaria | 5 | 3 | 6 |
Drink the liquid 2 times/day | Stomach-ache | – | 1 | – | |||
Milk production stimulation for nursing women | 1 | – | – | ||||
Soak dried leaves in water for 2–3 days | Drink the liquid and take a shower 3 times/day | Fever and malaria | 1 | – | – | ||
Boil leaves in water as decoction | Take a shower | Fortify infants | 2 | – | – | ||
Drink the liquid, a glass for adult, half for children | Dermatosis | 1 | – | 1 | |||
Boil in water with Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves, then add a piece of sugar | Drink a small glass 2 times/day | Icterus and yellow-fever | 2 | – | – | ||
Triturate the leaves | Drink the juice 2 times/day | Hemorrhoid | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil dried leaves in water as decoction. Add 2–3 pieces of sugar | Drink the liquid 4–5 times/day | Anemia for children | 1 | – | – | ||
Boil in fermented corn water the yellowed leaves with A. angustifolium fruits plus tough potash | Drink a glass/day | Sexual weakness | 1 | – | – | ||
Boil in the fermented corn water yellowed leaves with cockleshells of A. angustifolium fruits and tough potash | Drink the liquid 2 times/day | Painful menstruation | 1 | – | – | ||
Fresh leaves | Rub the leaves juice against the body | Stop itching or insect bite | – | 1 | – | ||
Fruits | Remove the cockleshell and Soak the pulp including the seeds in water for 2–3 h | Drink the liquid | Malaria | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Hematuria | – | 1 | – | ||||
Pound dried cockleshells with dried seeds of A. melegueta | Make 9 scarifications at the hip | Hip-ache | – | – | 1 | ||
Remove the cockleshells | Smell the scent or eat the pulp | Nausea for pregnant women | 2 | – | – | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid once the day | Fortify infants | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil 4 fruits with other ingredients as decoction | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Infertility for women | – | – | 1 | ||
Pound fresh fruits and make small bowls | Insert the bowls in the vagina before sleeping | Absence of menstruation | 1 | – | – | ||
Soak in water with roots | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Strengthening of bones | 2 | – | – | ||
Root | Wash fresh roots | Eat raw and swallow the juice | Snake bite | – | – | 1 | |
Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | ||||
Pounded fresh roots mix with other ingredients | Make a poultice | Snake bite | 1 | – | 3 | ||
Soak in Sodabi or in sorghum fermented beverage for 2–3 days | Drink a small glass 2 times/day - contra-indicated with pregnant women | Stomach-ache | 1 | – | – | ||
Soak with 7–8 M. myristica seeds and 4 Garcinia kola seeds | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Sexual weakness | – | – | 1 | ||
Dried roots and dried fruits plus tough potash crushed: mixed the powder palm almonds oil | Eat the mixture, on the morning after eating something sweetened | Intestinal worms | – | 1 | – | ||
Crush dried roots with tough potash as powder | Lap 3 times/day | Intestinal worms | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil in water with roots of Imperata cylindrica | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Tuberculosis | 1 | – | – | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Rinse the mouth | Tooth decay | 1 | – | – | ||
Take a shower | Fever | – | 1 | – | |||
Rub the liquid against the wound | Wound healing | 1 | – | – | |||
Drink the liquid 3 times/day - contra-indicated with pregnant women | Malaria | 1 | – | – | |||
Crushed with M. myristica seeds, warm | Rub the mixture against the body | Swelling and edema | 1 | – | – | ||
roast with Imperata cylindrica roots, 10 pods of M. myristica, 10 Garcinia kola seeds and tough potash as powder | Mix with porridge, once on the morning | Infertility for women | – | 1 | – | ||
Soak in water for 4 days | Drink the liquid and take a shower 2 times/day | Fortify the body | – | 1 | – | ||
Cut and Soak in the water of beverage | Drink | Poultry disease healing | – | 1 | – | ||
Stem | Cut the stem and add 3 seeds of A. melegueta | Eat and swallow the juice | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | |
Boil in water as decoction, add shea butter | Drink the liquid | Cough | – | 1 | – | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Miscarriage | 1 | – | – | ||
Seeds | Macerate in the traditional palm alcohol (sodabi) dried seeds with papaya’s dried seeds | Drink a small glass 3 times/day | Stomach-ache | 1 | – | – | |
Take some seeds and add with a Garcinia kola seed | Eat | Cough | 1 | – | – | ||
roast dried seeds as powder and mix with porridge | Drink the porridge | Vertigo | – | – | – | ||
Other | Leaves | Triturate the leaves in water | Take a shower | Bad body smells | – | 1 | – |
Fresh leaves | Wrap up maize based paste (akassa) | Trade | – | – | 5 | ||
Stem | Fresh stems | As string to attach luggage on the field | Home use | – | 6 | – | |
As wipe to punish children | Home use | – | 5 | – | |||
Ceremony | Seeds | Dried seeds | Eaten by fetishist to activate incantations | Magico-religious | – | 2 | – |
Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum. | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Crushed leaves as aromatic spice in sesame sauce | Eat the sauce | Human nutrition | 2 | – | – |
Stop hemorrhage for nursing women | – | 1 | – | ||||
Fruits | Remove the cockleshell | Eat the pulp | Human nutrition | 5 | – | – | |
Root | Crushed roots as aromatic spice in sauce | Eat as sauce | Human nutrition | 1 | – | – | |
Fortify nursing women | 1 | – | – | ||||
Icterus | 1 | – | – | ||||
Headache | 1 | – | – | ||||
Medicine | Leaves | Crushed leaves mixed with salt or in sauce | Drink the mixture or eat the sauce | Stomach-ache | 1 | – | – |
Soak fresh leaves in water | Rinse the face 3 times/day | Swelling of the face | – | 1 | – | ||
Fresh leaves | Rub the leaves juice against the face 3 times/day | Swelling of the face | – | 1 | – | ||
Leaves, roots and fruits as key ingredients for the recipe | Drink | Discard snakes and snake bite healing | 1 | – | – | ||
Fruits | Remove the cockleshell and Soak the pulp including the seeds in water | Drink the liquid | Malaria | 1 | – | – | |
Hematuria | – | 1 | – | ||||
Crush or pound and mix with shea butter | Rub the mixture against the body | Ache | 1 | – | – | ||
Soak in water with roots | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Strengthening of bones | 1 | – | – | ||
Root | Boil in water as decoction with potash | Drink the liquid | Anemia | – | 1 | – | |
Crush or pound fresh roots | Rub the mixture against the body | Swelling and edema | 1 | 2 | – | ||
Crush or pound fresh roots | Rub the mixture against the head | Headache | 7 | – | – | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Take a shower | Ache | – | 1 | – | ||
Fever | – | 1 | – | ||||
Crush or pound fresh roots | Put a little in the nostrils | Cold | 1 | – | – | ||
Crush fresh roots | Put the paste obtained on the decayed tooth | Tooth decay | – | 1 | – | ||
Soak in water for 5 min the crushed fresh roots | Rub against the head and rinse the face | Vertigo | – | 1 | – | ||
Soak in water with fruits peduncle and leave under the sun | Take a shower | Measles | 1 | – | – | ||
Stem | Soak in germinated corn beverage | Rinse the face | Swelling of the face | – | 1 | – | |
Cut the fresh stems | Eat and swallow the sap | Cough | 1 | – | – | ||
Other | Stem | Fresh stems | As string to attach luggage on the field | Home use | – | 2 | – |
As wipe to punish children | Home use | – | 1 | – | |||
Ceremony | Seeds | Dried seeds | Eaten by fetishist to activate incantations | Magico-religious | 1 | 1 | – |
Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) | |||||||
Medicine | Fruits | Remove the cockleshell and Soak the pulp including the seeds in water | Drink the liquid | Malaria | 1 | – | – |
Hematuria | – | 1 | – | ||||
Crush or pound and mix with shea butter | Rub the mixture against the body | Ache | 1 | – | – | ||
Soak in water with roots | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Strengthening of bones | 1 | – | – | ||
Root | Sock in palm wine | Drink the liquid for 9 days (men) or 7 day (women) | Asthenia | – | – | 1 | |
Seeds | Crush dried seeds and mix with water | Drink the liquid and drip on the eyes, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Anemia | – | – | 1 | |
Drink the liquid 2–3 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Diarrhea | – | – | 1 | |||
Crush dried seeds and mix with palm alcohol | Drink the liquid 2 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | ||
Soak with X. aethiopica fruits | Drink a small glass 2 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | ||
Crush dried seeds as powder | Make scarifications for 9 days (men) or 7 days (women) | Paralysis | – | – | 1 | ||
Soak in palm alcohol with P. guineense and X. aethiopica fruits, ginger and lemon | Drink the liquid 3 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Ulcer | – | – | 1 | ||
Ceremony | Seeds | Dried seeds | Eaten by fetishist to activate incantations | Magico-religious | – | – | 10 |
Clausena anisata (WilId.) Hook.f. ex Benth. | |||||||
Medicine | Leaves | Boil in water as decoction | Take a shower | Dermatosis | – | – | 1 |
Root | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid 2 times/day | Hemorrhoid | – | – | 1 | |
Ceremony | Leaves | Fresh leaves | Make magic to counter tchakatou dark magic | Magico-religious | – | – | 1 |
Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Attach the leaves and use as aromatic in Cleome gynandra leaves sauce | Eat the sauce | Human nutrition | – | – | 2 |
Lippia multiflora Moldenke | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Crush the young shoots and mix with seasoning and crushed sesame or peanut as aromatic spices | Eat the sauce | Human nutrition | 49 | 54 | 29 |
Boil in water and mix with seasoning as vegetable sauce | 1 | – | 2 | ||||
Dry and reduce in powder | Sprinkle the sauce | Human nutrition | 43 | 35 | 17 | ||
Boil fresh leaves in water with corn | Eat | Human nutrition | – | 2 | 2 | ||
Soak in water with corn and grind | Eat as akassa | Human nutrition | – | – | 1 | ||
Infuse dried leaves in warm water as aromatic tea | Drink the tea | Human nutrition | 1 | 1 | – | ||
Flower | Dried flowers in whole or crushed | Sprinkle the sauce | Human nutrition | 44 | 35 | 17 | |
Milk production stimulation for nursing women | 2 | 1 | – | ||||
Healing uterine wounds for nursing women | 3 | 1 | – | ||||
Indigestion, constipation and stomach-ache | 8 | 5 | – | ||||
Dysentery and Hemorrhoid | 2 | 1 | – | ||||
Boil flower or leaves in water with seasoning as spice for spicy meat | Eat | Human nutrition | – | 1 | 5 | ||
Medicine | Leaves | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid and take a shower 3 times/day | Fever and malaria | 6 | 9 | 25 |
Fortify infants | 2 | 5 | 6 | ||||
constipation and Stomach-ache | 1 | 1 | 7 | ||||
Diarrhea | – | 3 | – | ||||
Measles | 1 | 1 | – | ||||
Cover the head and take a steam bath | Headache | 2 | – | – | |||
Rinse the eyes | Sore eyes | – | – | 1 | |||
Boil in water as decoction or Soak in alcohol | Drink the liquid | Blood-pressure | 3 | – | – | ||
Boil in water with stem and roots as decoction | Cold and cough | 2 | – | 2 | |||
Dysentery and Hemorrhoid | – | 1 | 2 | ||||
Drink the liquid and rinse the body or take a shower 2 times/day | Dermatosis and wound healing | – | 2 | 5 | |||
Boil in water leaves and roots | Drink the liquid | Healing uterine wounds for nursing women | 4 | – | – | ||
Nausea and vomiting | 3 | 1 | – | ||||
Triturate the leaves | Inhale the gas and drip on the eyes | Headache | – | – | 1 | ||
Put the juice into the nostrils | Cold | – | – | 1 | |||
Drink the juice before going to hospital | Snake bite | 1 | – | – | |||
Fresh leaves | Eat and swallow the juice | Cough | – | – | – | ||
Root | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid 2–3 times/day | Anemia for children | 1 | – | 1 | |
Nausea and vomiting | 10 | – | – | ||||
Indigestion and Stomach-ache | 2 | 9 | – | ||||
Diarrhea | – | 1 | – | ||||
Ulcer | – | 2 | – | ||||
Intestinal worms | 2 | – | – | ||||
Drink the liquid and take a shower | Fever and malaria | – | 12 | 2 | |||
Fortify infants | – | 3 | – | ||||
Boil in water as decoction with small red onions, X. aethiopica fruits and M. myristica seeds | Drink the liquid and take a shower | Dermatosis and wound healing | – | 7 | 1 | ||
Crush or pound fresh roots | Rub the mixture against the body | Swelling and edema | 1 | – | 1 | ||
Soak in water for 2 h | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Painful menstruation | 1 | – | – | ||
Soak in water for 3 days with X. aethiopica fruits | Rinse the eyes | Sore eyes | – | 1 | – | ||
Crush dried roots with 9 A. melegueta seeds and X. aethiopica fruit as powder | Inhale the powder | Headache | 1 | – | – | ||
Stem | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Asthma | – | 1 | – | |
Cultural | Flower | Dried flowers | Use to spicy sauce | Food | – | 21 | – |
Monodora tenuifolia Benth. | |||||||
Food | Seeds | Roast the seed to remove the cockleshells and crush the almond, use as aromatic spice in sauce | Eat the sauce | Human nutrition | – | – | 1 |
Crush almonds with X. aethiopica fruits and mix with pepper, chili, other spices and seasoning | Eat as sauce | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | ||
Medicine | Seeds | Boil in water with X. aethiopica fruits, U. chamae roots and small red onions | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 |
Black menstruations and absence of menstruations | – | – | 1 | ||||
Crush the almond and mix with palm almond oil | Rub the mixture against the body | Fever | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Take a shower | Fever | – | – | 1 | ||
Flower | Char flowers with U. chamae roots as powder and an A. melegueta fruit pod | Sprinkle wounds | Incurable wounds healing | – | – | 1 | |
Bark | Crush dried bark and 7 A. melegueta seeds as powder and mix with palm almond oil | Put the mixture in the wounds | Wound healing | – | – | 1 | |
Soak fresh barks in the water | Rinse a wound | Wound healing | – | – | 1 | ||
Root | Pound dried roots and mix with sugar and sulfur as powder | Mix the powder with the porridge | Dysentery and Hemorrhoid | – | – | 1 | |
Ceremony | Seeds | Dried seeds | Used by fetishist for various ceremonies | Magico-religious | – | – | 4 |
Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. | |||||||
Food | Leaves | Fresh leaves crushed or in whole as aromatic spice in sauce | Eat | Human nutrition | – | – | 13 |
Fruits | Crush dried fruits and mix with seasoning | – | – | 11 | |||
Stem | Cut fresh stems and put in the sauce | – | – | 2 | |||
Root | Put fresh roots in the sauce | – | – | 1 | |||
Medicine | Leaves | Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid | Dermatosis | – | – | 1 |
Fruits | Sock in water dried fruits with ginger and fruit of X. aethiopica | Drink the liquid, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Dermatosis | – | – | 1 | |
Soak in alcohol dried fruits with A. melegueta and X. aethiopica fruits | Ulcer | – | – | 1 | |||
Hematuria | – | – | 1 | ||||
Soak dried fruits in alcohol | Drink the liquid 2 times/day | Blood-pressure | – | – | 1 | ||
Crush dried fruits and mix with salt | Drink the mixture | – | – | – | |||
Ceremony | Fruits | Dried fruits | Used by fetishist for ceremonies of fâ | Magico-religious | – | – | 5 |
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. | |||||||
Medicine | Root | Crush or pound the roots | Make a poultice | Edema and abscess | – | – | 2 |
Soak in water with X. aethiopica fruits and M. myristica seeds | Drink the liquid | antibiotic | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil in water with U. chamae and Z. zanthoxyloides roots, X. aethiopica fruits, M. myristica seeds and small red onions | Drink the liquid once the day | Stomach-ache | – | – | 1 | ||
Soak in alcohol with garlic and A. melegueta seeds | Drink the liquid | Fever | – | – | 1 | ||
Thonningia sanguinea Vahl | |||||||
Medicine | Root | Rub against a rock | Rub the root juice against the body | Edema, abscess, swelling, wound and mumps | 10 | – | 1 |
Dry and reduce in powder the roots with papaya roots and fruits of A. melegueta | Hemorrhoid | 1 | – | – | |||
Crush the roots | Rub the past against the body | Guinea-worm disease | – | – | 1 | ||
Uvaria chamae P.Beauv. | |||||||
Food | Fruits | Ripe fruit | Eat | Human nutrition | – | – | 1 |
Root | Crush and mix with seasoning as aromatic spice | Eat | Human nutrition | – | – | 1 | |
Medicine | Leaves | Boil in water as decoction | Take a shower | Fever | – | – | 1 |
Root | Soak in alcohol with X. aethiopica fruits, M. myristica and A. melegueta seeds | Drink the liquid 2 times/day | Stomach-ache | – | – | 2 | |
Boil in water with ripe palm fruits | Drink the liquid | Anemia | – | – | 1 | ||
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. | |||||||
Medicine | Fruits | Boil or soak in water with A. melegueta seeds | Drink the liquid 3 times/day | Stomach-ache | – | – | 3 |
Dried fruits | Eat the fruit and swallow the juice | Nausea and vomiting | – | – | 1 | ||
Boil in water with other ingredients as decoction | Drink the liquid | Infertility for women | – | – | 2 | ||
Boil in water as decoction | Drink the liquid | Fortify infants | – | – | 1 | ||
Crush dried fruits and mix with alcohol | Rub the mixture against the body | Edema, swelling and dermatosis | – | – | 2 | ||
Crush dried fruits as powder and mix with sugar | Mix the powder with the beverage and drink | Asthenia | – | – | 1 | ||
Ceremony | Fruits | Dried fruits | Used by fetishist for various ceremonies | Magico-religious | – | – | 2 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick & Timler | |||||||
Food | Root | Remove, dry and crush roots’ barks as powder | Spicy sauces and eat, contra-indica with pregnant women | Human nutrition | 25 | – | – |
Milk production stimulation for nursing women | 9 | – | – | ||||
Stomach-ache and ulcer | 4 | – | – | ||||
Dysentery and diarrhea | 2 | – | – | ||||
Healing uterine wounds for nursing women | 5 | – | – | ||||
Medicine | Root | Soak the roots’ barks in alcohol | Drink the liquid 2–3 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Stomach-ache | 14 | – | – |
Nausea and vomiting | 1 | – | – | ||||
Intestinal worms | 1 | – | – | ||||
Sexual weakness | 1 | – | – | ||||
Soak the roots’ barks in alcohol with A. melegueta seeds | Abortion | 2 | – | – | |||
Soak the roots’ barks in alcohol with garlic, pepper, chili, X. aethiopica fruits, M. myristica and A. melegueta seeds | Drink the liquid 2–3 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Ulcer | 3 | – | – | ||
Menstruation issue | 1 | – | – | ||||
Boil in water the roots’ barks with garlic, pepper, chili, X. aethiopica fruits, M. myristica and A. melegueta seeds | Drink the liquid 2–3 times/day, contra-indicated with pregnant women | Sexually transmissible infections | 1 | – | – | ||
Boil in water the roots’ barks with ginger leaves as decoction | Drink the liquid | Painful and dark menstruation | 2 | – | – |
Uses diversity
Local perception of the dynamic of wild spices populations and threatening factors
Local perception of the nutritional value of the wild spices
Priority wild spices for conservation
Species | PSP | PSPW | CRS | BRS | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aframomum alboviolaceum
| x | x | x | x | 4 |
Lippia multiflora
| x | x | x | x | 4 |
Xylopia aethiopica
| x | x | x | x | 4 |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
| x | x | x | x | 4 |
Monodora tenuifolia
| x | x | x | x | 4 |